Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer in females. The Pap smear is one of the most essential ways of diagnosing and screening for this malignancy, and any failure can be caused by a number of causes. The current study sought to investigate barriers to Pap smear in Iranian women. Method This qualitative content analysis study was conducted in Iran in 2019. Data was gathered through focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews with 32 women and health professionals. The interviewees were chosen using a combination of purposive and theoretical sampling. The data was then analyzed using the content analysis approach developed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln's criteria for establishing trustworthiness were explored. Results Data analysis resulted in the identification of four primary categories, seventeen subcategories, and 186 original concepts. The main categories include weakness of health system, difficult accessibility, low health literacy, and socio-cultural factors. Conclusion By informing women about the necessity and importance of Pap smear, providing the conditions, facilities, and equipment to facilitate the testing process, and paying more attention to cultural and social factors in cervical cancer and Pap smear planning, interventions, and policies, barriers to Pap testing can be eliminated.

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Factors Affecting Cervical Cancer Screening Behaviors Based On the Precaution Adoption Process Model: A Qualitative Study

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v8n6p211 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 211 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Afshin Bahmani ◽

Mohammah Hossein Baghianimoghadam ◽

Behnaz Enjezab ◽

Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad ◽

Mohsen Askarshahi

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Process Model ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Adoption Process ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Precaution Adoption Process Model ◽

Precaution Adoption

<p>One of the most preventable cancers in women is cervical cancer. Pap smear test is an effective screening program; however, it is not conducted very frequently. The aim of this study is explaining the determinants affecting women's participation in the Pap smear test based on precaution adoption process model with a qualitative approach. This study was a qualitative approach using a Directed Content Analysis methodology which was conducted in 2014. Participants were 30 rural women who participated in this study voluntarily in sarvabad, Iran. Purposive sampling was initiated and continued until data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were the primary method of data collection. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and continuous comparisons. Women`s information and awareness about cervical cancer and Pap smear is insufficient and most of them believed that they were not at risk; however, they perceived the severity of the disease. Some of them had no adequate understanding of the test benefits. They pointed to the lack of time, financial difficulties, fear of test result and lack of awareness as the main barriers against the Pap smear test; however, they did not say that they were not willing to do the test. Findings could help health policy makers to find the right area and purpose to facilitate the participation of women in the Pap smear test.</p>

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Exploring the Causes of Obesity Among Adults in the Kurdish Regions of Iran: A Qualitative Study

International Quarterly of Community Health Education ◽

10.1177/0272684x211006607 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0272684X2110066

Author(s):

Seyed Fahim Irandoost ◽

Bahman Bayangani ◽

Tahereh Dehdari ◽

Javad Yousefi Lebni ◽

Nafe Babasfari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Low Health Literacy ◽

Beliefs And Values ◽

And Control

Background Obesity is one of the most important public health problems in the world, which is occurred by various factors. The purpose of this study is to explore the causes of obesity in the Kurdish regions of Iran with a qualitative approach. Methods A qualitative content analysis study was conducted in the Kurdish regions of Iran from June 2019 to November 2019. The data were collected by holding focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with 111 obese and thin men and women, and experts from different fields, who were selected through purposive sampling. Additionally, the data were analyzed by the conventional content analysis approach following the steps proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. The researchers used ATLAS.ti (Version 2019) software for data analysis and management. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were used to assess the quality of the research. Results The results of the data analysis were classified into 5 categories and 16 sub-categories. The main categories included the modern lifestyle, sociocultural norms, indigenous culture of nutrition, lack of institutionalization of exercise, and low health literacy. Conclusion Changing people's beliefs and values about obesity and thinness, changing the dietary habits of individuals, expanding and institutionalizing exercise and physical activity, and enhancing health literacy can prevent and control obesity.

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Views about sensory modulation from people with schizophrenia and treating staff: A multisite qualitative study

British Journal of Occupational Therapy ◽

10.1177/0308022620988470 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030802262098847

Author(s):

Tawanda Machingura ◽

Chris Lloyd ◽

Karen Murphy ◽

Sarah Goulder ◽

David Shum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Treatment Option ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Occupational Therapists ◽

Sensory Modulation ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Effective Training

Introduction Current non-pharmacological treatment options for people with schizophrenia are limited. There is, however, emerging evidence that sensory modulation can be beneficial for this population. This study aimed to gain insight into sensory modulation from the user’s and the treating staff’s perspectives. Method A qualitative content analysis design was used. Transcripts from occupational therapists ( n=11) and patients with schizophrenia ( n=13) derived from in-depth semi-structured interviews were analysed for themes using content analysis. Results Five themes emerged from this study: Service user education on the sensory approach is the key; A variety of tools should be tried; Sensory modulation provides a valued treatment option; There are challenges of managing perceived risk at an organisational level; and There is a shortage of accessible and effective training. Conclusion People with schizophrenia and treating staff had congruent perceptions regarding the use of sensory modulation as a treatment option. The findings suggest that sensory modulation can be a valued addition to treatment options for people with schizophrenia. We suggest further research on sensory modulation intervention effectiveness using quantitative methods so these results can be further explored.

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Factors associated with the intention to undergo Pap smear testing in the rural areas of Indonesia: a health belief model

Reproductive Health ◽

10.1186/s12978-021-01188-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sumarmi Sumarmi ◽

Yu-Yun Hsu ◽

Ya-Min Cheng ◽

Shu-Hsin Lee

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Health Beliefs ◽

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Health Belief ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test ◽

Smear Testing

Abstract Purposes This study aimed to understand the influence of health beliefs, demographic factors, and health characteristics on the intention to undergo Pap smear testing among women in rural areas of Indonesia. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and 687 married women participated in the study. A convenience sampling was applied to recruit the participants from community health centres in a rural region in Indonesia. Self-reported data using the Health Beliefs Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test was collected to assess the health beliefs. Independent t-tests, simple logistic regressions, and a hierarchical logistic regression with 3 steps were run. Statistical significance for analysis was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age of the participants was 42 years (SD = 8.4). Among the participants, 81% of the women had never undergone a Pap smear test, and 61% (n = 422) of the women reported a high intention of receiving a Pap smear test. Income and education Health beliefs regarding Pap smear testing were different between women who had low and high intentions to undergo Pap smear testing. Health beliefs, such as perceived benefits, severity, barriers to Pap smear testing, and health motivation for a Pap smear test were associated with the intention to undergo Pap smear testing among rural Indonesian women. Overall, the hierarchical multiple regression with 3 steps containing demographic, health characteristics, and health belief variables accounted for 31% variance of the intention to undergo Pap smear test among the Indonesian rural women. Conclusions Low screening rates of cervical cancer and high intentions to do the screening exist among rural Indonesian women. Health beliefs significantly affect the rural women’s intention of Pap smear testing in Indonesia.

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A Hierarchical Feature-Based Methodology to Perform Cervical Cancer Classification

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11094091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 4091

Author(s):

Débora N. Diniz ◽

Mariana T. Rezende ◽

Andrea G. C. Bianchi ◽

Claudia M. Carneiro ◽

Daniela M. Ushizima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Hierarchical Classification ◽

Cell Nuclei ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Microscopy Image ◽

Feature Based ◽

Cervical Cells ◽

Number Of Classes

Prevention of cervical cancer could be performed using Pap smear image analysis. This test screens pre-neoplastic changes in the cervical epithelial cells; accurate screening can reduce deaths caused by the disease. Pap smear test analysis is exhaustive and repetitive work performed visually by a cytopathologist. This article proposes a workload-reducing algorithm for cervical cancer detection based on analysis of cell nuclei features within Pap smear images. We investigate eight traditional machine learning methods to perform a hierarchical classification. We propose a hierarchical classification methodology for computer-aided screening of cell lesions, which can recommend fields of view from the microscopy image based on the nuclei detection of cervical cells. We evaluate the performance of several algorithms against the Herlev and CRIC databases, using a varying number of classes during image classification. Results indicate that the hierarchical classification performed best when using Random Forest as the key classifier, particularly when compared with decision trees, k-NN, and the Ridge methods.

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The Pap smear test value in dysplasia and cervical cancer diagnosis

Obstetrica şi Ginecologia ◽

10.26416/obsgin.69.1.2021.4788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (69) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Gheorghe Cruciat ◽

Iulia Popa ◽

Suzana Mariam Chaikh-Sulaiman

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Smear Test

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The Correlation between Characteristics, Knowledge and Motivation of Couples in Childbearing Age with the Early Detection of Cervical Cancer in Ulin General Hospital Banjarmasin

International Journal of Clinical Inventions and Medical Science ◽

10.36079/lamintang.ijcims-0201.73 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Anggrita Sari ◽

Ika Mardiatul Ulfa ◽

Dewi Pusparani Sinambela

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Early Detection ◽

General Hospital ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pap Smear Test ◽

Education And Employment ◽

Spearman Rank Correlation Test

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the cervix and often attack women. In Indonesia cervical cancer is the number one killer of all cancers. So early detection is very important. The incidence of cancer from year to year has been increasing significantly. On the contrary, the coverage of pap smear test has been decreasing. The aims are to determine the correlation of characteristics (age, education, and employment), knowledge and motivation and early detection of cervical cancer in couples of childbearing age in patients of Ulin General Hospital Banjarmasin. This type of research is analytic survey with cross sectional. The population is all couples of childbearing age who visit in obstetrics policlinic in Ulin General Hospital Banjarmasin. Sampling method was done by accidental sampling using a sample size of 30 people. Analysis using the spearman rank correlation test with 95% confidence value. Results find no correlation between age and early detection of cervical cancer (p=0,264>α=0,05), a correlation between education and early detection of cervical cancer (p=0,001<α=0,05), a correlation between employment with early detection of cervical cancer (p=0,003<α=0,05), no correlation between knowledge with the early detection of cervical cancer (p=0,425>α=0,05)), no correlation between motivation with the early detection of cervical cancer (p=0,264>α=0,05).

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Wrong Belief of Emergency Delay: A Qualitative Content Analysis in Iranian Context

Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly ◽

10.32598/hdq.5.4.209.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 199-206

Author(s):

Elham Sepahvand ◽

◽

Hamidreza Khankeh ◽

Mohammadali Hosseini ◽

Behnam Akhbari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Cultural Beliefs ◽

Professional Staff ◽

Medical Emergency ◽

Theory Approach ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Cord Injury

Background: During traffic accidents, professional staff provide care to the patient at the scene of the accident and then transport the victim to the hospital by ambulance. But sometimes this transition is carried out by relatives and laypeople. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting people’s involvement and transmission of the victims of the traffic accident. Materials and Methods: This study was done with a qualitative content analysis method in 2018. The study participants were 16 people. In this study, a purposeful sampling method with maximum diversity was used. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data using guiding questions. To observe the research ethics, the researcher, after obtaining permission from the University Ethics Committee, conducted interviews (IR.USWR.REC.1395.399). Results: In total, 15 spinal cord injury victims and their relatives or laypeople and medical emergency technicians were interviewed. The class of wrong belief of delay was the main class in all interviews. Concepts such as past experiences, the pressure time, the lack of emergency time, cultural beliefs, and the tension explaining the wrong belief concept. Conclusion: Wrong belief of delay was a concept that was extracted from the present study. It is recommended that the scene of the accident be examined in-depth and how to create a spinal cord injury in the injured with a grounded theory approach.

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