scholarly journals Nanomedicine-based technologies and novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: from current to future challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Cano ◽  
Patric Turowski ◽  
Miren Ettcheto ◽  
Jason Thomas Duskey ◽  
Giovanni Tosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIncreasing life expectancy has led to an aging population, which has consequently increased the prevalence of dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia worldwide, is estimated to make up 50–80% of all cases. AD cases are expected to reach 131 million by 2050, and this increasing prevalence will critically burden economies and health systems in the next decades. There is currently no treatment that can stop or reverse disease progression. In addition, the late diagnosis of AD constitutes a major obstacle to effective disease management. Therefore, improved diagnostic tools and new treatments for AD are urgently needed. In this review, we investigate and describe both well-established and recently discovered AD biomarkers that could potentially be used to detect AD at early stages and allow the monitoring of disease progression. Proteins such as NfL, MMPs, p-tau217, YKL-40, SNAP-25, VCAM-1, and Ng / BACE are some of the most promising biomarkers because of their successful use as diagnostic tools. In addition, we explore the most recent molecular strategies for an AD therapeutic approach and nanomedicine-based technologies, used to both target drugs to the brain and serve as devices for tracking disease progression diagnostic biomarkers. State-of-the-art nanoparticles, such as polymeric, lipid, and metal-based, are being widely investigated for their potential to improve the effectiveness of both conventional drugs and novel compounds for treating AD. The most recent studies on these nanodevices are deeply explained and discussed in this review. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Dielectric Constant and Conductivity of Blood Plasma: Possible Novel Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ernest Dallé ◽  
Musa V. Mabandla ◽  
William M. U. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
New Treatments

Alzheimer’s disease is a complex debilitating neurodegenerative disease for which there is no cure. The lack of reliable biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease has made the evaluation of the efficacy of new treatments difficult and reliant on only clinical symptoms. In an aged population where cognitive function may be deteriorating for other reasons, the dependence on clinical symptoms is also unreliable. However, it is well established that infusion of β-amyloid into the dorsal hippocampus of rats leads to cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, the blood plasma of β-amyloid-lesioned rats exhibits a distinct variation of the dielectric constant and conductivity when compared to that of normal rats in a time-dependent manner. These two electric parameters of blood plasma may therefore act as potential biomarkers for dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. This review is aimed at highlighting evidences that support blood plasma electrical properties, e.g., dielectric constant and conductivity as possible novel biomarkers for the early development and progression of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Early Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ausó ◽  
Violeta Gómez-Vicente ◽  
Gema Esquiva
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting the central nervous system (CNS) through the accumulation of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) and β-amyloid plaques. By the time AD is clinically diagnosed, neuronal loss has already occurred in many brain and retinal regions. Therefore, the availability of early and reliable diagnosis markers of the disease would allow its detection and taking preventive measures to avoid neuronal loss. Current diagnostic tools in the brain, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ and tau) detection are invasive and expensive. Brain-secreted extracellular vesicles (BEVs) isolated from peripheral blood have emerged as novel strategies in the study of AD, with enormous potential as a diagnostic evaluation of therapeutics and treatment tools. In addition; similar mechanisms of neurodegeneration have been demonstrated in the brain and the eyes of AD patients. Since the eyes are more accessible than the brain, several eye tests that detect cellular and vascular changes in the retina have also been proposed as potential screening biomarkers. The aim of this study is to summarize and discuss several potential markers in the brain, eye, blood, and other accessible biofluids like saliva and urine, and correlate them with earlier diagnosis and prognosis to identify individuals with mild symptoms prior to dementia.

scholarly journals Microarray Profile of Long Noncoding RNA and Messenger RNA Expression in a Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Linlin Wang ◽  
Li Zeng ◽  
Hailun Jiang ◽  
Zhuorong Li ◽  
Rui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ad Mouse Model

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a deficiency in cognitive skills. Although long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed as associated with AD, the aberrant lncRNAs expression and the co-expression of lncRNAs-mRNAs network in AD remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, lncRNA microarray was performed on the brain of APP/PS1 mice at different age, widely used as an AD mouse model, and on age-matched wide-type controls. Our results identified a total of 3306 lncRNAs and 2458 mRNAs as aberrantly expressed among AD mice at different age and their age-matched control. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis of the AD-related lncRNAs and mRNAs indicated that neuroinflammation-related and synaptic transmission signaling pathways represented the main enriched pathways. An lncRNA–mRNA–miRNA network between the differentially expressed transcripts was constructed. Moreover, an mRNA–miRNA network between both significantly dysregulated and highly conserved genes was also constructed, and among this network, the IGF1, P2RX7, TSPO, SERPINE1, EGFR, HMOX1, and NFE212 genes were predicted to play a role in the development of AD. In conclusion, this study illustrated the prognostic value of lncRNAs and mRNAs associated to AD pathology by microarray analysis and might provide potential novel biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of AD.

Retinal Changes in Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Guo ◽  
Nivedita Ravindran ◽  
Daniel Hill ◽  
M. Francesca Cordeiro
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
The Brain

: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, the most common form of dementia. AD is characterized by amyloid-ß (Aß) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brain, in association with neuronal loss and synaptic failure, causing cognitive deficits. Accurate and early diagnosis is currently unavailable in lifespan, hampering early intervention of potential new treatments. Visual deficits have been well-documented in AD patients, and the pathological changes identified in the brain are also believed to be found in the retina, an integral part of the central nervous system. Retinal changes can be detected by real-time non-invasive imaging due to the transparent nature of the ocular media, potentially allowing an earlier diagnosis as well as monitoring disease progression and treatment outcome. Animal models are essential for AD research, and this review has a focus on retinal changes in various transgenic AD mouse models with retinal imaging and immunohistochemical analysis as well as therapeutic effects in those models. We also discuss the limitations of transgenic AD models in clinical translations.

scholarly journals Discovery of Novel Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease from Blood

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jintao Long ◽  
Genhua Pan ◽  
Emmanuel Ifeachor ◽  
Robert Belshaw ◽  
Xinzhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Protein Feature

Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease would be very valuable because blood is a more accessible biofluid and is suitable for repeated sampling. However, currently there are no robust and reliable blood-based biomarkers for practical diagnosis. In this study we used a knowledge-based protein feature pool and two novel support vector machine embedded feature selection methods to find panels consisting of two and three biomarkers. We validated these biomarker sets using another serum cohort and an RNA profile cohort from the brain. Our panels included the proteins ECH1, NHLRC2, HOXB7, FN1, ERBB2, and SLC6A13 and demonstrated promising sensitivity (>87%), specificity (>91%), and accuracy (>89%).

Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 frazzles the brain in Alzheimer’s disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (504) ◽  
pp. eaay7697
Author(s):  
Gilbert Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Secretase Activity ◽  
The Brain

Inhibition of ADAM10 α-secretase activity in neurons by secreted frizzled-related protein 1 may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease progression.

scholarly journals The Other Side of Alzheimer’s Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Argentati ◽  
Ilaria Tortorella ◽  
Martina Bazzucchi ◽  
Carla Emiliani ◽  
Francesco Morena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Amyloid Cascade ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Genetic Form

Nowadays, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the dominant model to explain Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. By this hypothesis, the inherited genetic form of AD is discriminated from the sporadic form of AD (SAD) that accounts for 85–90% of total patients. The cause of SAD is still unclear, but several studies have shed light on the involvement of environmental factors and multiple susceptibility genes, such as Apolipoprotein E and other genetic risk factors, which are key mediators in different metabolic pathways (e.g., glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism, and inflammation). Furthermore, growing clinical evidence in AD patients highlighted the presence of affected systemic organs and blood similarly to the brain. Collectively, these findings revise the canonical understating of AD pathogenesis and suggest that AD has metabolic disorder features. This review will focus on AD as a metabolic disorder and highlight the contribution of this novel understanding on the identification of new biomarkers for improving an early AD diagnosis.

scholarly journals The State of The Art on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117957352110291
Author(s):  
Immacolata Vecchio ◽  
Luca Sorrentino ◽  
Annamaria Paoletti ◽  
Rosario Marra ◽  
Mariamena Arbitrio
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Clinical Level ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic disabling disease that affects the central nervous system. The main consequences of AD include the decline of cognitive functions and language disorders. One of the causes leading to AD is the decrease of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain, in part due to a higher activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for its degradation. Many acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), both natural and synthetic, have been developed and used through the years to counteract the progression of the disease. The first of such drugs approved for a therapeutic use was tacrine, that binds through a reversible bond to the enzyme. However, tacrine has since been withdrawn because of its adverse effects. Currently, donepezil and galantamine are very promising AChEIs with clinical benefits. Moreover, rivastigmine is considered a pseudo-irreversible compound with anti-AChE action, providing similar effects at the clinical level. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what has been published over the last decade on the effectiveness of AChEIs in AD, analysing the most relevant issues under the clinical and methodological profiles and the consequent possible welfare effects for the whole world. Furthermore, novel drugs and possible therapeutic approaches are also discussed.

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