scholarly journals Rethinking the defining contextualization of in-work poverty: the challenge of individualism and globalization

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Family Head ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Current Article ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Perspective

AbstractGrowing empirical evidence reveals the dramatic expansion in the risk of in-work poverty on a global scale over the last half-century. The current article reviews research on in-work poverty, illustrates how in-work poverty developed from a regional phenomenon into a global issue, and considers recent studies that have reexamined the concept of “in-work poverty” from the original “male family head” to further call on respecting the individual perspective and gender dimension. On the one hand, few studies have provided evidence on the gendered trends in in-work poverty; women’s situation in in-work poverty has not been particularly researched, and the gender dimension is often invisible. On the other hand, the existing literature does not consider this poverty issue much in developing countries, even though this does not mean that in-work poverty in developed countries is only a “side effect.” Hence, an international comparative setting with the gender dimension is needed, and more research is required to explore this construct within the context of the developing world.

scholarly journals Evaluating the individual- and country-level variations in tax morale

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 816-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin C. Williams ◽  
Besnik Krasniqi
Keyword(s):  
Tax Compliance ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Actor ◽  
Actor Model ◽  
Tax Morale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Recently, a small but burgeoning literature has argued that tax non-compliance cannot be fully explained using the conventional rational economic actor approach which views non-compliance as occurring when the pay-off is greater than the expected cost of being caught and punished. Instead, a social actor approach has emerged which views tax non-compliance as higher when “tax morale”, defined as the intrinsic motivation to pay taxes, is low. To advance this social actor model, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the individual and national heterogeneity in tax morale, which is crucial if tax compliance is to be improved. Design/methodology/approach To do this, the authors report data from the 2010 Life in Transition Survey on tax morale in 35 Eurasian countries. Findings Logit econometric analysis reveals, on the one hand, that there is higher tax morale among middle-aged, married, homeowners with children, with a university degree and employed, and on the other hand, that there is higher tax morale in more developed countries with stronger legal systems and less corruption, and higher levels of state intervention in the form of both taxation and expenditure. Research limitations/implications Rather than continue with the rational actor approach, this paper reveals that how an emergent social actor approach can help to more fully explain tax non-compliance and results in a different policy approach focused upon changing country-level economic and social conditions associated with low tax morale and thus non-compliance. Practical implications These results display the specific populations with low tax morale which need targeting when seeking to tackle tax non-compliance. Originality/value This paper provides a new way of explaining and tackling tax non-compliance in Eurasian countries.

The developments in the business models of biotechnology in the Central and Eastern European countries: The example of Estonia

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Suurna
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Institutional Convergence ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The One

In light of the current debate on the validation of the prevalent business models and trends taking place in the field of biotechnology in developed countries (see here in particular Pisano versus Glick), it is relevant to explore whether, and if so in which form and circumstances, the set arguments hold up and could be complemented by the context prevalent in transition countries. As one of the main concerns for the long-term development in the area relies on Pisano's argument that the sector is moving towards greater fragmentation, the deep analysis of that becomes particularly important in an environment where the very same problems are somewhat rooted in the local policymaking context and business environment. A specific example can be drawn here from the Central and Eastern European countries (CEE). Derived from this, the aim of the current article is to trace the trends in biotechnology business models in one of the rather well-performing CEE countries: Estonia. The article argues that the developments in the business models in Estonia are led by two rather contrary directions, where on the one hand increasing specialization and fragmentation and on the other hand movements towards geographical and institutional convergence can be detected.

The Gendered Dimensions of Mining

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-44
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Cultural Lag ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The costs and benefits of large mines to local communities and the relationship between mining multinational corporations (MNCs), government, and communities are subjects that have become important in developing and developed countries alike. To date, there has been a dearth of comprehensive study on roles and responsibilities of mining MNCs with respect to women and gender equality. Given that the relationship between mining MNCs and communities is changing rapidly—albeit unevenly and unsystematically—the need to develop understanding to better assess the gender impact of different approaches on this relationship and on the ability to maximise sustainable benefits from mining has become paramount. This chapter identifies the linkages between, on the one hand, work and labour-relations issues (e.g., long hours), reform of gender diversity policies and initiatives in mining, as well as the cultural lag between policy and practise; and, on the other hand, the impact of mining on women in mining towns/communities, a gendered impact assessment tool, and the relationship between mining and socioeconomic wellbeing.

scholarly journals Achieving positive social outcomes through participatory urban wildlife conservation projects

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Hobbs ◽  
Piran C. L. White
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Urban Habitat ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
North East ◽  
Community Volunteers ◽  
Conservation Projects ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Context As urbanisation continues to increase on a global scale, people are becoming increasingly distanced from nature. Fewer opportunities to encounter nature mean that the benefits of engaging with nature are often not realised by urban residents. In response to this, there is a growing number of initiatives that aim to connect people with nature, for the benefit of individuals, communities and nature conservation. However, in order to maximise these benefits, it is important to understand the potential transformative effects for participants, both on a personal level and in terms of wider impacts. Aims In this study, we evaluate the social outcomes of a participatory wildlife conservation project in an urban area in north-east England, using hedgehogs as the focal species. Methods Based on an approach of community volunteers working alongside scientific researchers in an evaluation of hedgehog urban habitat use, we examine the transformative effects of this involvement at the individual and community levels via qualitative semi-structured interviews with community volunteers. Key results Participants were motivated by personal wellbeing factors such as enjoying proximity to the study species, learning and social factors. Participation in the study itself indicates a degree of motivation for engaging with a study of this sort. Nevertheless, involvement in the study was a successful vehicle for increasing participants’ engagement with nature both during the study and potentially into the future, particularly in terms of biological recording and gardening for wildlife. Conclusions Participation in a wildlife study is a positive experience for many volunteers, leading to actual and potential changes in both personal and wider social outcomes. Implications Participatory initiatives such as the one described have an important role to play in signposting and supporting volunteers to follow future environmental aspirations and maximise the personal and social benefits associated with participation. This could be enhanced by ensuring that volunteering opportunities are linked in with pre-existing community-based networks that can act as advocates for environmental and wildlife conservation.

Body and Gender within the Stratifications of the Social Imaginary

Hypatia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Alice Pechriggl ◽  
Gertrude Postl
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
The Social ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender Specific

Using the notion of a transfiguration of sexed bodies, this text deals with the stratifications of the gender-specific imaginary. Starting from the figurative—thus creative—force of the psyche-soma, its interaction with the configurations of a collective body will be developed from the perspectives of social philosophy and philosophy of history. At the center of my discussion is the interdependence between the individual psyche-soma, the socialized individual, and a collective bodily imaginary, on the one hand, and the strata of a gender imaginary on the other. The ontological metaphor (meaning the metaphor that brings about social modes of being) as well as the dimension of political action will be highlighted as playing a crucial role for these processes.

scholarly journals Towards an Idiographic Education

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Olof Savi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Perspective ◽  
Long Chain

Picture education as a long chain of interventions in a self-organizing developmental system. On the one extreme, such educational sequences can be identical for each and every student, whereas on the other extreme, each sequence may be perfectly tailored to the individual. The latter is what is meant with idiographic education. All educational programs can be seen to lie somewhere in between those extremes, and in this book, methods are explored that may help increase the tailoring of education.The book covers advances in three fundamental approaches. First, it discusses and illustrates an experimental approach: online randomized experiments, so-called A/B tests, that enable truly double-blind evidence-based educational improvements. Second, it introduces a diagnostic approach: a scalable method that helps identify students’ misconceptions. Third and finally, it introduces a theoretical approach: a formal conceptualization of intelligence that permits a novel educational, developmental, and individual perspective, and that may justify and ultimately guide the tailoring of education.

scholarly journals Muslim Population in the Siberian Cities according to the Census of 1897

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
Elena A. Brukhanova ◽  
Natalya V. Nezhentseva ◽  
Oksana I. Chekryzhova
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Community ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Occupational Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Processes of urbanization and modernization created preconditions for qualitative changes in the demographic, social and professional structure of the cities, as well as for the formation of specific socio-professional groups. Meanwhile the active region development contributed to the individual ethno-confessional communities and diasporas formation and institutionalization in cities. The main authors’ task in to identify the ways of forming and the role of the Muslim community in the Siberian cities, based on the analysis of aggregated and nominative materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The use of census lists makes for the specificity and novelty of the study. On the one hand, the data allow to obtain the most complete list of Muslim persons who were in the cities at the time of the census; on the other hand, it helps to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the demographic, social and occupational characteristics of the Muslim population. We present the socio-demographic characteristics of Muslims who lived in Siberia at the late 19th century including the map of the Muslims’ location in the counties, as well as their number and gender composition in the Siberian cities. The general portrait of the Muslim in the Siberian cities was shaped based on the aggregated data of the 1897 census. The information taken from the census lists made it possible to surmise on about the formation of the Muslim community in individual cities, and to characterize the Muslim society structure in the Tobolsk province cities. The article is intended for specialists-historians, ethnographers, social anthropologists and a wide range of readers.

scholarly journals Demand for Space: Elderly Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People, Healthcare, and Theological Ethics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Wirth
Keyword(s):  
Applied Ethics ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Theological Ethics ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
In Trans ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Basic Medical ◽  
Made In

Abstract Visibility for transgender and gender nonconforming people and the elderly is growing; however, thus far the overlap of the two groups has rarely been considered. Trans persons therefore remain largely invisible in the context of older people’s care and medicine. The discrimination faced by this group is at least twofold: they are the targets of aggression incited by transphobia, and also by ageism. Although older trans and gender nonconforming people exist as a greatly marginalized group within another already marginalized group, even the field of theological ethics has neglected to grant them ethical attention. This leads to especially harsh consequences for elderly transgender and gender nonconforming people due to their specific vulnerabilities. There are reports from trans persons who have resolved never to make use of health services again due to regular experiences of transphobia in medical settings. There are religious components within transgender and gender nonconforming issues that should not be overlooked in this context. On the one hand, medical staff, in the name of their Christian beliefs, have refused to provide trans persons with basic medical care. On the other hand, demands for places of visibility, and spaces for the individual, are regularly made in trans-positive studies, and can be linked to discussions within theological ethics about giving space. Some ethical formulas within the Hebrew and Christian traditions focus on the creation of space in which other beings may exist, as found in concepts like brother–sisterhood, friendship, and Sabbath. By casting light on elderly trans and gender nonconforming people, and on their demands for space, via reflections on ethical concepts of space-making, this study develops a specific understanding of space for elderly trans persons. The paper aims to develop an understanding of trans-positive spaces within theological ethics and applied ethics. Spaces that assume a withdrawal or contraction by all those who have previously taken up trans spaces through ignorance, contempt, or violence, should not thereby become spaces of absence: indeed, elderly trans and gender nonconforming people might be in need of both kinds of spaces, those where otherness enables withdrawal, and those where the helping presence of others continues.

scholarly journals “I’m a mother, but I’m also a facilitator in her every-day life”: Parents’ voices about barriers and support for internet participation among young people with intellectual disabilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Sorbring ◽  
Martin Molin ◽  
Lotta Löfgren-Mårtenson
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Young Person ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Current Article ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

In general, the Internet is an arena where parents (as well as other adults) have limited insight and possibilities to support the young person. However, several studies indicate that parents are one of the most important facilitators in the every-day life of young persons with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, the aim of the current article is to highlight parents’ perceptions and actions in relation to opportunities and barriers for these young people when using the Internet. The empirical material consists of interviews with 22 parents of intellectually challenged young people in Sweden. The transcribed interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis, which is a method of identifying, analysing and reporting patterns within data sets. The results show that parents’ views are double-edged; on the one hand, they see great possibilities for their children, thanks to the Internet, but on the other hand, they are afraid that due to their disability, their children are more sensitive to different contents and interactions on the Internet. Furthermore, the results indicate that parents believe that the Internet can facilitate participation in social life, but that it precludes young people with intellectual disabilities from being part of society in general when it comes to community functions and services. This article will discuss barriers and support in relation to the individual and her or his support system, which brings into focus the parent’s responsibility and support for young people, helping them to surmount barriers – instead of avoiding or ignoring them – and find ways to take action to do so.

Energy Poverty: Energy Equity in a World of High Demand and Low Supply

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Michael Brunner ◽  
Sylvia Mandl ◽  
Harriet Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rural Electrification ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Sustainable Energy System ◽  
Different Characteristics

The chapter provides insights into the different characteristics and manifestations of energy poverty—a condition that prevents the achievement of socially and materially necessary levels of domestic energy services. On the one hand, the discourse on energy poverty in developed countries (known as “fuel poverty”) is discussed (especially in the European Union), focusing on different forms of definitions and measurement, coping strategies, and attempts to combat the problem. On the other hand, the discourse on energy poverty in developing countries is outlined, highlighting especially rural electrification processes and gender relations. It is shown that energy poverty is deeply embedded in wider social, economic, political, and cultural structures, reflecting inequalities both within and across nations. Therefore, the chapter concludes that measures and interventions to tackle energy poverty must take into account wider societal structures and power relations in order to achieve a just and sustainable energy system and society.

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