scholarly journals Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium sp. infection among free-range and intensive farm birds in Akure South LGA, Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinbode Ayekooto Olonisakin ◽  
Titus Adeniyi Olusi
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Poultry Birds ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Intensive System

Abstract Background Cryptosporidium spp. is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrhoeal disease of humans and domestic animals. Transmission of Cryptosporidiosis to humans and other animals is by ingestion of oocysts of the parasite and as low as ten oocysts can cause clinical infections in otherwise healthy persons. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and compare the rate of infection between free range bird and poultry bird reared in Akure South LGA, Ondo State, Nigeria. Result The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium reported in this study was 11.9%. Free-range birds show a higher prevalence rate 13.2% of Cryptosporidium oocysts than 10.9% in poultry birds. Aule recorded the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts infection (16.1%) followed by Ipinsa (12.2%), Onigari (10%), and FUTA (8.1%). The highest prevalence 15.9% was recorded in broilers, while turkey showed no infection (0%) by Cryptosporidium. Semi-intensive system of farming was showed to be more susceptible to Cryptosporidium oocysts infection at 13.3% followed by the 12.6%, 10.3% in deep litter and battery cage. The female birds recorded higher Cryptosporidium oocysts infection (12.2%) than the male (11.6%). Conclusion The study established the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts infection among studied birds in Akure South LG of Ondo State, Nigeria.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mozambican Children Younger than 5 Years Enrolled in a Matched Case-Control Study on the Aetiology of Diarrhoeal Disease

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Augusto Messa, Jr. ◽  
Pamela C. Köster ◽  
Marcelino Garrine ◽  
Tacilta Nhampossa ◽  
Sérgio Massora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Matched Case

Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of childhood diarrhoea and associated physical and cognitive impairment in low-resource settings. Cryptosporidium-positive faecal samples (n = 190) from children aged ≤ 5 years enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique detected by ELISA (11.5%, 430/3754) were successfully PCR-amplified and sequenced at the gp60 or ssu rRNA loci for species determination and genotyping. Three Cryptosporidium species including C. hominis (72.6%, 138/190), C. parvum (22.6%, 43/190), and C. meleagridis (4.2%, 8/190) were detected. Children ≤ 23 months were more exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. infections than older children. Both C. hominis and C. parvum were more prevalent among children with diarrhoeal disease compared to those children without it (47.6% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.007 and 23.7% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.014, respectively). A high intra-species genetic variability was observed within C. hominis (subtype families Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) and C. parvum (subtype families IIb, IIc, IIe, and IIi) but not within C. meleagridis (subtype family IIIb). No association between Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and child’s age was demonstrated. The predominance of C. hominis and C. parvum IIc suggests that most of the Cryptosporidium infections were anthroponotically transmitted, although zoonotic transmission events also occurred at an unknown rate. The role of livestock, poultry, and other domestic animal species as sources of environmental contamination and human cryptosporidiosis should be investigated in further molecular epidemiological studies in Mozambique.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linn. (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Menoponidae, Amblycera) upon poultry birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) of selected locality of district Chamoli Garhwal (Uttarakhand), India

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surman Arya ◽  
Sandeep Negi ◽  
Suneel Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Hygienic Condition ◽  
Infestation Intensity ◽  
Black Feather ◽  
Poultry Birds

Prevalence and intensity of infestation of Menopon gallinae (Linn.) was recorded from 688 poultry birds belonging to 30 selected locality of district Chamoli (Uttarakhand) during March, 2012 to February, 2013, out of which 310 were found infested (45.06%). Prevalence rate were higher in female (46.8%) than male (42%) birds in present investigation. Higher infestation were noted in certain parameters like captivity (larger group), poor health, poor hygienic condition, poor feather condition, black feather colour, desi breed and older birds. Singly reared, good health, good hygienic condition, good feather condition, mix colour, broiler breed and younger poultry birds were found to have least infestation. Intensity of infestation was noted by coding system. Maximum poultry bird bore very light (VL) infestation (29.68%) while very few were found with very heavy (VH) infestation (4.52%). Relative monthly intensity of infestation remained more or less similar in all the categories. Lice were peaked during summer in comparison to the winter. Strong positive correlation existed between monthly lice index and temperature (+0.79); lice index and photoperiod (+0.84), while the same were found insignificant with humidity (-0.23) and rainfall (-0.17).

scholarly journals Behavioral and physiological responses of different genetic lines of free-range broiler raised on a semi-intensive system

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Sicília Avelar Gonçalves ◽  
◽  
Rony Antonio Ferreira ◽  
Idalmo Garcia Pereira ◽  
Caroline Carvalho de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Intensive System

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium spp. Infections in Livestock and Wild Animals in Azerbaijan Territory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Simuzer Mamedova ◽  
Panagiotis Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Staining Method ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Acid Fast Staining

Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite and is increasingly gaining attention as a human and an animal pathogen, mainly due to its predominant involvement in worldwide waterborne outbreaks. This paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. in terrestrial and aquatic animals in Azerbaijan. The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis relies on the identification of oocysts in faecal samples released by the infected host. Stool specimens were processed using the modified acid-fast staining method (Ziehl-Neelsen) and microscopically examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Thirteen species of Cryptosporidium (C. fragile, C. ducismarci, C. serpentis, C. varani, C. baileyi, C. meleagridis, C. muris, C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. andersoni, C. bovis, C. hominis, C. suis) from amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have been identified as a result of studies conducted between 1987 and 2019 on the structural features of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Azerbaijan territory.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Blastocystis in Korean Water Deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 955
Author(s):  
Kyoo-Tae Kim ◽  
Gyeonguk Noh ◽  
Haeseung Lee ◽  
Seon-Hee Kim ◽  
Hyesung Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Korean Water Deer

Blastocystis is a protozoan parasite commonly detected in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It has been actively studied worldwide; however, information on Blastocystis is limited in Korea. Because there is an increasing concern about the contact between wildlife and domestic animals or humans, we assessed the infection status and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis in Korean water deer (KWD, Hydropotes inermis argyropus) using genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 125 fresh fecal samples were collected from KWD which were killed by vehicles on highways or roadsides in this study. Among the 125 samples, 51 (40.8%) were PCR positive. We performed nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 26 of the 51 PCR-positive samples. By analyzing Blastocystis 18S rRNA, two subtypes (ST4 and ST14) were identified in this study. Of the 26 samples analyzed, 25 were identified as ST14 and one as ST4. Infection of ST14 in humans has not been reported. Although only one ST4 sample was detected in this study, ST4 has zoonotic potential without showing ruminant specificity. Thus, continuous attention should be provided to the potential of transmission between wildlife and domestic animals and humans.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZOONOTIC Cryptosporidium spp. ISOLATES IN NJORO SUB_COUNTY NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Essendi Miding'a Walter ◽  
Muleke Charles ◽  
Otachi Elick ◽  
Miheso Manfred ◽  
Kyule Domitila
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Background: There is no information on human and animal Cryptosporidium spp. in Njoro sub- county. The risk posed to humans and animals within the sub-county is therefore unknown. Materials and Methods: A total of 1476 animal and 378 human fecal samples were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate association between infection status and the predisposing factors. Results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. Chi-square and Maentel–Haenszel tests were used to quantify relationships among variables. Results: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 9.8% in humans, 10.8% in cows, 19.6% in sheep and 4.5% in goats. Prevalence in humans was significantly higher in females 12/37. Infection was highest in the elderly (27.27%), and significantly lower in adolescents and adults at 8.66% and 9.59%, respectively. Goats had lowest overall parasitization at all levels, while sheep had the highest parasitization at levels (+1 and +2). Relatively, humans had the highest parasite counts +3 cases (1.5%). Conclusion: Cryptosporidium spp. is prevalent in Njoro sub-county and domestic animals are important reservoirs and a potential source of zoonosis in humans. Children, elderly and females are at increased risk of infection, especially during rainy season. The study recommends maintenance of proper sanitation when handling domestic animals, treatment of drinking water and use of alternative safer sources of water in order to reduce infection.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium spp. infections in livestock and wild animals in Azerbaijan territory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mamedova ◽  
P. Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

Abstract Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite, globally distributed and capable of infecting various vertebrate species, including humans as well as domestic and wild animals. Cryptosporidium is increasingly gaining attention as a human and an animal pathogen mainly due to its dominant involvement in worldwide waterborne outbreaks. The present paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. in terrestrial and water animals in Azerbaijan.

Giardia infections

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Andrew Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Giardia is a ubiquitous intestinal protozoan parasite of vertebrates and the most common intestinal pathogen of humans and domestic animals with a worldwide distribution including both temperate and tropical regions.Giardia was first observed in 1681 by Antony van Leeuwenhoek in his own faeces (Dobell 1920), and the organism has intrigued biologists and clinicians ever since. However, the first detailed description of the parasite was not given until two centuries later by Lambl (1859). Koch’s postulation was proven by Rendtorff in 1954 when he successfully transmitted symptomatic Giardia infection to human volunteers following orally administered cysts. The first symptoms of clinical giardiasis were reported in the early 1920s, although the significance of Giardia as a cause of diarrhoeal disease was controversial for many years (see Farthing 1994; Cox 1998), and it is only recently that the significance of Giardia as a cause of chronic disease in children and its association with failure to thrive, wasting and malabsorption syndromes has been fully realised (reviewed in Farthing 1994; Hall 1994; Gracey 1994; Rabbani and Islam 1994; Hesham et al. 2005; Savioli et al. 2006; Thompson 2008).The question of Giardia ’s role as a source of zoonotically transmitted disease again has been controversial. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that Giardia should be considered as a zoonotic agent in 1979 (Anon. 1979). Since that time, increasing circumstantial epidemiological evidence from waterborne outbreaks, the results of some cross-infection experiments and molecular characterization studies of Giardia isolates from humans and other animals has led most authorities to conclude that Giardia should be considered a zoonotic parasite (Acha and Szyfres 2003; Savioli et al. 2006; and reviewed in Thompson 2004). However, as discussed below, the frequency of zoonotic transmission is uncertain.

scholarly journals Evaluation of three fast- and slow-growing chicken strains reared in two production environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-388
Author(s):  
A. Ghayas ◽  
J. Hussain ◽  
A. Mahmud ◽  
M.H. Jaspal
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Intensive System

The present study evaluated performance, physiological response and economics of commercial fast growing (CFG), commercial slow growing (CSG), and Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens under intensive and free-range rearing environments. After 21 days of rearing under the same intensive environment 240 birds from each strain were subjected to free-range and intensive rearing until they were 56 days old. Each treatment was replicated six times with 20 birds in each replicate. Body surface and cloacal temperatures, respiration and heart rates, feed intake, bodyweight and weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, growth efficiency, and liveability were recorded. Significant differences among strains were detected in physiological response and growth performance (except liveability). Rearing environment also caused significant differences in physiological parameters (except body surface temperature) and growth performance (except liveability). Significant interactions of the strains and production systems were detected. The CFG strain grew most rapidly under the intensive system with differences between strains being reduced in the free-range system. The RSG and CSG strains had similar respiration rates under the two production systems but differed significantly from each other. However, the CFG strain had a significantly elevated respiration rate in the free-range system. Total input cost of rearing CFG under the intensive system was highest ($3.54) among the treatments, whereas CSG under a free-range environment generated the highest profit ($0.37 per bird). In conclusion, rearing CSG under free range was the most economic farming strategy in today’s scenario.Keywords: economics, fast-growing, free range, growth, intensive system, physiology, slow-growing rural chickens

Cryptosporidium spp surveillance and epidemiology in Ireland: a longitudinal cohort study employing duplex real-time PCR based speciation of clinical cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 758-761
Author(s):  
Jennifer K O'Leary ◽  
Liam Blake ◽  
Dan Corcoran ◽  
Kristin Elwin ◽  
Rachel Chalmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp

Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of gastroenteritis (cryptosporidiosis), with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Irish cryptosporidiosis incidence rates are consistently the highest reported in Europe. A retrospective, longitudinal study of clinical Cryptosporidium isolates was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Cork, southern Ireland. Overall, 86.5% of cases were attributed to C. parvum, while the remaining 13.5% were caused by C. hominis. Despite the widespread implications of this protozoan parasite in sporadic and outbreak-related illness in Ireland, the current dearth of species-level epidemiological surveillance and clinical studies needs to be addressed in order to elucidate the national impact of this enteric pathogen.

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