scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZOONOTIC Cryptosporidium spp. ISOLATES IN NJORO SUB_COUNTY NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Essendi Miding'a Walter ◽  
Muleke Charles ◽  
Otachi Elick ◽  
Miheso Manfred ◽  
Kyule Domitila
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Background: There is no information on human and animal Cryptosporidium spp. in Njoro sub- county. The risk posed to humans and animals within the sub-county is therefore unknown. Materials and Methods: A total of 1476 animal and 378 human fecal samples were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate association between infection status and the predisposing factors. Results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. Chi-square and Maentel–Haenszel tests were used to quantify relationships among variables. Results: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 9.8% in humans, 10.8% in cows, 19.6% in sheep and 4.5% in goats. Prevalence in humans was significantly higher in females 12/37. Infection was highest in the elderly (27.27%), and significantly lower in adolescents and adults at 8.66% and 9.59%, respectively. Goats had lowest overall parasitization at all levels, while sheep had the highest parasitization at levels (+1 and +2). Relatively, humans had the highest parasite counts +3 cases (1.5%). Conclusion: Cryptosporidium spp. is prevalent in Njoro sub-county and domestic animals are important reservoirs and a potential source of zoonosis in humans. Children, elderly and females are at increased risk of infection, especially during rainy season. The study recommends maintenance of proper sanitation when handling domestic animals, treatment of drinking water and use of alternative safer sources of water in order to reduce infection.

Abstract WP200: Post-operative Infection Does not Increase Risk of Post-operative Stroke: Analysis From a Nationwide Quality Initiative Program

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R Kummer ◽  
Rebecca Hazan ◽  
Hooman Kamel ◽  
Alexander E Merkler ◽  
Joshua Z Willey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Postoperative Infection ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Postoperative Stroke ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Initiative Program ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Infection has been described as a trigger for acute ischemic stroke, but the relationship between postoperative infection and the risk of postoperative stroke is unclear. We investigated the association between postoperative infection and stroke using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Initiative Program (NSQIP) database. Hypothesis: Postoperative infection is associated with an increased risk of postoperative stroke. Methods: We used the NSQIP database to identify all patients who underwent surgery between the years of 2000 and 2010 and developed a postoperative stroke within 30 days of surgery. The group was further stratified according to the presence of infection preceding stroke. Using a logistic regression model adjusted for age, race, sex, medical comorbidities, surgical type, and dichotomized functional status, we compared the risk of stroke in patients with and without preceding infections, and investigated the risk of infection following stroke. Results: 729,886 surgical patients were identified, of whom 2,703 (0.3%) developed postoperative stroke. 848 (0.12%) patients developed both postoperative stroke and infection. Among patients who had postoperative stroke, 100 (3.7%) had developed an infection prior to developing a stroke. Patients with infection prior to stroke had a lower risk of stroke than patients who did not develop infection prior to stroke (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.25, 95%CI 0.20-0.32). 748 patients (0.1%) developed an infection after having a postoperative stroke. These patients had a higher risk of infection (incidence rate ratio 2.76, 95%CI 2.57-2.97) and a higher odds of infection (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.47, 95%CI 3.18-3.78) than patients who did not have a stroke. Conclusions: We found that the presence of a preceding infection was associated with a low risk of postoperative stroke in a large surgical inpatient sample. Although the total number of strokes may have been under-reported, these results conflict with other studies that report that infection is a trigger for ischemic stroke. Further analyses using more granular data are needed to investigate the relationship between postoperative infection and the risk of postoperative stroke.

Abstract 16584: Association of Lower Height and Higher LDL-c in a Statewide Schoolchild Cholesterol Screening Program

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A Pyles ◽  
Christa Lilly ◽  
Eloise Elliott ◽  
William A Neal
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Primordial Prevention ◽  
Lipid Panel ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lower Height ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Introduction: The Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities (CARDIAC) Project has screened West Virginia 5th graders since 1998 to facilitate primordial prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in WV. LDL-c levels above 175 mg/dl in children suggest Familial Hyperlipidemia (FH) in the child’s family and a level above 160 mg/dl with history of CHD in relatives can also establish a diagnosis. Hypothesis: Based on previous adult literature, the association of lower height with higher LDL level observed in adults begins in childhood and is prominent in children with LDL in FH range. Methods: Fifth graders are screened yearly in WV schools with parental consent for Body Mass Index and lipid panel. Lipids were analyzed with respect to either short stature < 2 SD for height or comparing 1st (shortest) and 4th quartiles of the population. Statistical analysis for age- and gender-adjusted height percentiles was performed in SAS. Results: 59,386 children had lipid and height data. Mean LDL-c for 1st vs. 4th quartile of height was 94.08 mg/dl (95% Confidence Interval-CI 93.66-94.51) vs. 90.03 mg/dl (CI 89.65-90.42). First quartile of height students had average 4.05 mg/dl higher LDL-c (95% CI 3.48 -4.62 mg/dl). 4398 children had an LDL level above 130 g/dl, 632 above 160 mg/dl and 247 above 175 mg/dl. The Chi square analysis of short stature (height 130 g/dl was also significant (p=0.013) with increased odds of LDL-c above 130 g/dl compared to non-short stature (OR= 1.37, CL 1.07-1.75). Table 1 shows odds ratio for varying levels of elevated LDL-c for the first (shortest) vs. 4th (tallest) quartile of students. Conclusions: Shorter stature is associated with higher LDL-c level in WV 5th graders generally and in those children with increased risk for genetic dyslipidemia. The trend to increasing odds ratio in strata of higher LDL-c supports a recent report of association of single nucleotide polymorphisms selecting for lower genetic height and higher LDL-c.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hypertriglyceridemia in the Elderly Taiwanese population

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Chieh Lin ◽  
Tsai-Chung Li ◽  
Shih-Wei Lai ◽  
Chia-Ing Li ◽  
Kuo-Che Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Our study used data collected in Chung-Hsing Village in Taiwan in May 1998 to evaluate the distribution of triglycerides and the association between hypertriglyceridemia and its correlates in elderly people. All individuals aged 65 and over were recruited as study subjects. A total of 1093 persons, out of 1774 registered residents, were contacted in face-to-face interviews. The response rate was 61.6%. However, only 586 respondents had blood tests and completed questionnaires. Analysis in this study was based on these 586 subjects. To study the significant correlates of hypertriglyceridemia, t-tests, ANOVAs, chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used. Among the study population, 66.0% were men and 34.0% were women. The mean age was 73.1 ± 5.3 years. The mean triglyceride values were 1.65 ± 0.93 mmol/L in men and 2.02 ± 1.44 mmol/L in women (p < 0.01). The proportions of hypertriglyceridemia were 18.7% in men and 27.6% in women (p < 0.05). After controlling the other covariates, analysis by multivariate logistic regression showed that the factors significantly related to hypertriglyceridemia were high systolic pressure, abnormal glutamic pyruvic transaminase, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that it is important to examine the other cardiovascular risk factors if one cardiovascular risk factor is observed. The data also suggest one should determine the triglyceride level when abnormal glutamic pyruvic transaminase is identified in an elderly subject.

scholarly journals Increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron compared to Delta in vaccinated and previously infected individuals, the Netherlands, 22 November to 19 December 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Eggink ◽  
Stijn P. Andeweg ◽  
Harry Vennema ◽  
Noortje van Maarseveen ◽  
Klaas Vermaas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Substantial Decrease ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Gene Target ◽  
S Gene ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Induced Immunity

Infections by the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant are rapidly increasing worldwide. Among 70,983 infected individuals (age ≥ 12 years), we observed an increased risk of S-gene target failure, predictive of the Omicron variant, in fully vaccinated (odds ratio: 5.0; 95% confidence interval: 4.0-6.1) and previously infected individuals (OR: 4.9: 95% CI: 3.1-7.7) compared with infected naive individuals. This suggests a substantial decrease in protection from vaccine- or infection-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infections caused by the Omicron variant compared with the Delta variant.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoa infection in elderly residents at Long Term Residency Institutions in Southeastern Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katymilla Guimarães Girotto ◽  
Daliane Faria Grama ◽  
Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha ◽  
Elaine Silva Marques Faria ◽  
Jean Ezequiel Limongi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Stool Samples

This study determined the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in Long Term Residency Institutions for the Elderly (ILPI) in elders, nurses and food handlers, identifying the risk factors associated with the infections. Stool samples taken from the elderly (n = 293), nurses (63) and food handlers (19) were studied. Questionnaires were used with questions related to sociodemographic variables, health, behavior and health characteristics. Stool samples were examined using the techniques of Faust and Ziehl Neelsen, and the prevalence of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar in the elderly was 4.0%, 1.0% and 0.3% respectively. Nurses and food handlers showed 4.8% and 5.2% positivity only for G. duodenalis, respectively. The origin of the individuals and contact with domestic animals has been associated with infection by G. duodenalis in the elderly, and contact with domestic animals was considered a risk factor for infection. The last stool examinations were related to Cryptosporidium spp.. None of the variables were associated with E. histolytica/dispar. The frequency of hand washing was significantly associated with G. duodenalis among nurses. The frequency of positive samples of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar showed that ILPIs environments are conducive to this occurring due to contact between the elderly, nurses and food handlers, which are often poorly trained in hygiene procedures and food handling.

scholarly journals Evaluation of variants in IL6R, TLR3, and DC-SIGN genes associated with dengue in sampled Colombian population

Biomédica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efren Avendaño-Tamayo ◽  
Alex Rúa ◽  
María Victoria Parra-Marín ◽  
Winston Rojas ◽  
Omer Campo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Allelic Combination ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Introduction: Host genetics is recognized as an influential factor for the development of dengue disease.Objective: This study evaluated the association of dengue with the polymorphisms rs8192284 for gene IL6R, rs3775290 for TLR3, and rs7248637 for DC-SIGN.Materials and methods: Of the 292 surveyed subjects, 191 were confirmed for dengue fever and the remaining 101 were included as controls. The genotypes were resolved using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP). In an attempt to determine the risk (Odds Ratio) of suffering dengue fever, data were analyzed using chi-square for alleles and logistic regression for both genotypes and allelic combinations. Confidence intervals were set to 95% for all tests regardless of the adjustment by either self-identification or ancestry.Results: For Afro-Colombians, the allele rs8192284 C offered protection against dengue [OR=0.425,(0.204-0.887), p=0.020]. The alleles rs7248637 A and rs3775290 A posed, respectively, an increased risk of dengue for Afro-Colombians [OR=2.389, (1.170-4.879), p=0.015] and Mestizos [OR=2.329, (1.283-4.226), p=0.005]. The reproducibility for rs8192284 C/C [OR=2.45, (1.05-5.76), p=0.013] remained after adjustment by Amerindian ancestry [OR=2.52, (1.04-6.09), p=0.013]. The reproducibility for rs3775290 A/A [OR=2.48, (1.09-5.65), p=0.033] remained after adjustment by European [OR=2.34, (1.02-5.35), p=0.048], Amerindian [OR=2.49, (1.09-5.66), p=0.035], and African ancestry [OR=2.37, (1.04-5.41), p=0.046]. Finally, the association of dengue fever with the allelic combination CAG [OR=2.07, (1.06-4.05), p=0.033] remained after adjustment by Amerindian ancestry [OR=2.16, (1.09-4.28), p=0.028].Conclusions: Polymorphisms rs8192284 for IL6R, rs3775290 for TLR3, and rs7248637 for DC-SIGN were associated with the susceptibility to suffer dengue fever in the sampled Colombian population.

scholarly journals Reasons for Surgery Cancellation in a General Hospital: A 10-year Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Sun Cho ◽  
Ye Lee ◽  
Sang Lee ◽  
Ji Kim ◽  
Tae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cancellation Rate

Background: This study researched related causes that make scheduled surgeries canceled not to be conducted and based on the research it is to derive issues in order to reduce surgery cancellation. Methods: We analyzed the association of surgery cancellation with patient characteristics, surgical characteristics and surgery schedule related characteristics, using electronic medical record (EMR) data on surgeries conducted at a university hospital in Korea over 10 years. Additionally, we examined the reasons for surgery cancellation based on patient and hospital characteristics. We used chi-square tests to analyze the distribution of various characteristics according to reasons for surgery cancellation. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the factors associated with surgery cancellation. Results: Among 60,333 cases, surgery cancellation rate was 8.0%. The results of the logistic regression indicated a high probability of surgery cancellation when the patient was too old (odds ratio [OR]: 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–1.59), when it was a neurosurgery case (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.21–1.59), when local anesthesia was used (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.24) or when it was a planned surgery (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 2.21–2.73). The surgery cancellation rate was lower when the patient was female (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82–0.93) or when the surgery was related to Obstetrics & Gynecology (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.46–0.60) or Ophthalmology (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.56–0.79). Among the canceled 4834 cases, the surgery cancellation rate for the reasons of patients was 93.2% and the surgery cancellation rate for the reasons of a hospital was 6.8%. Conclusions: This study found that there are related various causes to cancel operations, including patient characteristics, surgery related characteristics and surgery schedule related characteristics and it means that it would be possible for some reasons to be prevented. Every medical institution should consider the operation cancellation as an important issue and systematic monitoring should be needed.

Scrubbing technique and surgical site infections: an analysis of 14,200 neurosurgical cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 580-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Kashkoush ◽  
Nitin Agarwal ◽  
Ashley Ayres ◽  
Victoria Novak ◽  
Yue-Fang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Resident Physicians ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Attending Physicians ◽  
Procedure Type ◽  
Single Versus

OBJECTIVEThe preoperative scrub has been shown to lower the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs). Various scrubbing and gloving techniques exist; however, it is unknown how specific scrubbing technique influences SSI rates in neurosurgery. The authors aimed to assess whether the range of scrubbing practice in neurosurgery is associated with the incidence of SSIs.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database to identify all 90-day SSIs for neurosurgical procedures between 2012 and 2017 at one of their teaching hospitals. SSIs were classified by procedure type (craniotomy, shunt, fusion, or laminectomy). Surveys were administered to attending and resident physicians to understand the variation in scrubbing methods (wet vs dry, iodine vs chlorhexidine, single vs double glove). The chi-square followed by multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify independent predictors of SSI.RESULTSForty-two operating physicians were included in the study (18 attending physicians, 24 resident physicians), who performed 14,200 total cases. Overall, SSI rates were 2.1% (296 SSIs of 14,200 total cases) and 2.0% (192 of 9,669 cases) for attending physicians and residents, respectively. Shunts were independently associated with an increased risk of SSI (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.3–2.1]), whereas laminectomies were associated with a decreased SSI risk (OR 0.4 [95% CI 0.2–0.8]). Wet versus dry scrub (OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.6–1.4]), iodine versus chlorhexidine (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4–1.1]), and single- versus double-gloving (OR 1.1 [95% CI 0.8–1.4]) preferences were not associated with SSIs.CONCLUSIONSThere is no evidence to suggest that perioperative infection is associated with personal scrubbing or gloving preference in neurosurgical procedures.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E virus: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 365-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vasickova ◽  
I. Psikal ◽  
P. Kralik ◽  
F. Widen ◽  
Z. Hubalek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Positive Sense

The hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is a non-enveloped RNA virus. The HEV genome is formed by a non-segmented positive-sense RNA chain. The 3´end of the chain is polyadenylated and the 5´end is structurally characterised by the so called “capping”. According to currently accepted taxonomy, HEV is classified in the genus <i>Hepevirus</i>, the only member of the Hepeviridae family. HE is usually transmitted via the faecal-oral route due to the fact that drinking water or water for industrial purposes is contaminated due to poor sanitation. This spread of HEV has been reported in developing countries of Asia, Africa, South and Central America. However, cases in countries with the sporadic occurrence of HEV have been associated with travelling to countries with an increased risk of infection (developing countries in Asia, Africa and America). HEV infections have subsequently been described in people who have not travelled to endemic countries. Further studies of the HEV suggested other routes of transmission and a zoonotic potential of the virus (pigs and deer as the potential source of human infection).

scholarly journals Risk of Infection and Types of Infection Among Elderly Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Database Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabeel Khan ◽  
Carlos Vallarino ◽  
Trevor Lissoos ◽  
Umar Darr ◽  
Michelle Luo
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Biologic Therapy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment in the elderly is challenging in part because of increased risk of infections. The aim of our study was to determine the absolute and relative risk of infections among the elderly IBD patient population and to identify factors affecting the risk of infections in the overall IBD patient population. Methods A retrospective study of patients with IBD initiating corticosteroids, immunomodulators (IM), or biologic therapy (January 2010–December 2014) was conducted using the Truven Market Scan database. IM and biologic exposure were assessed in a time-dependent manner. ICD-9 codes identified infection during follow-up. A Cox proportional hazards model was fitted to gauge the association between age, other covariates, and infection risk. Results We identified 63,759 patients with IBD. We found 2664 infections (incidence rate [IR] = 16.95/100 person-years) among 8788 elderly patients with IBD and 10,515 (IR = 10.49/100 person-years) among the nonelderly group. Pneumonia (39.8%), sepsis (13.2%), and candidiasis (12.9%) were the most common infections in the elderly. Factors associated with a higher risk of infection included being elderly (HR: 1.27, P < 0.0001), anti-TNF therapy (HR: 1.64, P < 0.0001), IM therapy (HR: 1.32, P < 0.0001), and polypharmacy (HR: 1.32, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Advanced age, anti-TNF (biologic) therapy, and IM therapy were associated with an increased risk of infection. Pneumonia was the most common infection among the elderly IBD population. Physicians should be mindful of these risks when prescribing medications for elderly patients with IBD, and ensure their patients are adequately vaccinated.

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