scholarly journals Racial representation of psychological services in a London male remand prison

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S72-S73
Author(s):  
Josh Covey ◽  
Joanne Williams ◽  
Radha Kothari ◽  
Scott Bartle
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Psychological Therapy ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Hearing Voices ◽  
Prison Populations

AimsTo investigate whether racial groups are proportionally represented in referrals for trauma, hearing voices, emotional regulation and psychological therapy.To understand the psychological needs across racial groups in HMP Wormwood Scrubs, the UK's 4th-most diverse prison.To see if the long-established under-representation of Asian males and over-representation of Mixed males in psychological services in the community is also occuring in the prison system.MethodPsychological referrals were recieved via the medical notes system (SystmOne), whereby a prisoner's name, age, location, racial group and reason for referral are trasnferred into the psychology referrals database.773 referrals were made between October 2018 and May 2020. As the prison's population throughout this time period was fluid, the month of December 2019 was used as a reference for the general prison poipulation.Racial groups were specified using the Office of National Statistics' 5-category classification system (White, Black, Asian, Mixed and Other).ResultThere is a consistent under-representation of Asian males in psychological referrals in relation to their general prison population. Whilst this group makes up 17% of the population of the prison, only 10% of prisoners referred to psychological services identified as Asian.Those identifying as Mixed are over-represented in trauma referrals and psychological therapy referrals. The prison's mixed population is 7%, whereas 16% of those being referred for these two reasons were from the same racial category.The proportion of patients who identified as Black, White or Other and were referred for psychology input were found to be representitive of the wider prison population, suggesting no clear over or under-representation.ConclusionTrends seen in the community in regards to Asian males being under-represented in psychological services are also evident in one of the UK's most diverse prison populations.Public health campaigning to reduce stigma and promote help seeking in BAME communities is of vital importance to provide the needed support for those silently dealing with psychological problems.The two largest racial groups in the prison, White and Black individuals, where found to be proportionally represented in their respective referrals to psychological services.One key finding was in regards to Mixed race individuals, who comprise 7% of the total prison population but 16% of psychology referrals. As this racial group is one of the fastest-growing in addition to be over-represented in referrals, it is vital to understand how provisions can be put in place to appropriately address the needs of this group.

The downside of downsizing: Persistence of racial disparities following state prison reform

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110060
Author(s):  
Amy E Lerman ◽  
Alyssa C Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Probation And Parole ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Double Digit

Nationwide, prison populations have declined nearly 5% from their peak, and 16 states have seen double-digit declines. It is unclear, though, how decarceration has affected racial disparities. Using national data, we find substantial variation in state prison populations from 2005–2018, with increases in some states and declines in others. However, although declines in the overall state prison population were associated with declines for all groups, states with rising prison populations experienced slight upticks in prison rates among the white population, while rates among Black and Latinx populations declined. As a result, greater progress in overall decarceration within states did not translate to larger reductions in racial disparities. At the same time, we do not find evidence that a decline in prison populations is associated with a rise in jail incarceration for any racial/ethnic group. In additional exploratory analyses, we suggest that recent incarceration trends may be driven by changes in returns to prison for probation and parole violations, rather than commitments for new crimes. Our results make clear that while efforts to reverse mass incarceration have reduced the size of prison populations in some states, they have not yet made substantial progress in resolving the crisis of race in American criminal justice.

Racial Group Responses to Work and Parent Care

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viola M. Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
Environmental Support ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Caregivers ◽  
Formal Services ◽  
Employed Caregivers

Utilizing stress theories, the author compared the experiences of 113 black and white employees who worked full time and cared for frail parents. Findings revealed that both racial groups had similar caregiving demands and similar levels of personal, social, work, mental, and physical strain. Their sources of environmental support varied. Black employed caregivers felt closer to their parents, whereas white employed caregivers received more assistance in the workplace. The parents of the black caregivers received more formal services. Black caregivers had less disposable income and were less likely to be married. Within-group comparisons indicated that work interferences (late arrivals, early departures, unscheduled days off, and excessive personal telephoning) significantly predicted more fragile mental health for whites and more fragile physical health for blacks. Implications of the findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Reading, seeing and hearing voices: What can autistic people teach social work?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobi McEvenue
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Self Advocacy ◽  
Hearing Voices ◽  
Grounded Theory Research ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Intersecting Identities ◽  
Theory Research

Social workers are prominent in the lives of autistic individuals in their capacity as intake workers, group facilitators, and counsellors. There are few examples of literature written by social workers regarding working with autistic individuals and groups, and even fewer studies which surface the voices of autistic individuals. Preliminary Grounded Theory research was conducted using asynchronous online interviews with three adult autistic participants to explain how they experienced the process of social work interventions in their lives. The emergent themes from this study include “I wouldn’t want a cure”, neurotypical assumptions of ability and disability, fluid and intersecting identities, help-seeking and autonomy, cautionary self-advocacy, neoliberal service provision and creating ineligibility, multiple categorizations and “body control”, “I don’t even really know what a social worker is supposed to do”, and critical social work facilitation. This preliminary grounded theory research may form the basis of a future larger, grounded theory study.

States' Budget Investments in Technology and Improving Criminal Justice Outcomes

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-105
Author(s):  
Deborah Mohammed-Spigner ◽  
Brian E. Porter ◽  
Lois M. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Drug Courts ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Criminal Justice Reform ◽  
Prison Populations

Investments in criminal justice have been expanding over the decades especially as specific outcomes have been sought to address the issues surrounding crime and public safety. Reducing crime and the rate of imprisonment can both significantly impact public safety and cost savings, as well as address outcomes for the justice-involved population in reducing the rate of return to imprisonment, or recidivism. Lessening sentences for non-violent crimes and expanding drug courts as an alternative to incarceration, along with other major criminal justice reform, have led some states to experience a reduction in crime and prison population. New Jersey, Hawaii, and California have made significant strides to reduce its crime and prison populations and are leaders in achieving major criminal justice reform. This chapter seeks to examine corrections spending for these three leading states that have implemented evidence-based policies and adapted information technology to improve criminal justice outcomes. It will also outline states spending on corrections over the past five years.

The Global Racial Order

2019 ◽  
pp. 182-210
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Donahue-Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Social Status ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Global Society ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
The World

Chapter 7 offers a differential diagnosis of global racial injustice. Against Charles W. Mills’s theory that we live under global white supremacy, the chapter argues that the white racial group no longer dominates all other racial groups in the world. In particular, those raced as yellow by global society—roughly, East Asians and their descendants—are no longer dominated by racial whites and whiteness. More than this, the supreme political and social status enjoyed by whites over all other racial groups is also waning. The chapter therefore argues that our global racial order is best understood as a system of “partitioned white primacy.” In this system, racial whites exert racial primacy over racial reds, browns, and blacks; but the system is partitioned, because whites do not exert such primacy over those raced as yellow. Moreover, such primacy as whites do exert over other racial groups is less than supremacy, and it is even now being challenged. The chapter then shows how such primacy still suppresses resistance and thereby makes all unfree.

scholarly journals BIDIL: A RACE-TARGETED DRUG FOR BLACK AMERICAN’S ONLY

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Naveen Chandra Talniya
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Racial Disparities In Health ◽  
Targeted Medicine

  It has been noted that pharma research toward race-targeted medicine and it criticism is going on simultaneously over the past few years. Some argued that drugs specifically target to cure particular racial groups could play a vital role against racial disparities in health. While others claimed that race-targeted medicine inappropriately treats race as a biological reason for racial disparities when broader social and environmental factors may offer better descriptions. Much of this debate includes the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of drug BiDil in 2005, which became the first drug to be marked for a specific racial group black Americans who suffers from heart failure (HF). This controversial drug was declared failed due to less attention of physician’s as well as its high cost in market. The highlighted part of this review is that besides much criticism still this drug prescribed by majority of physicians. Moreover, BiDil is not only one which is race specific but also there are more drugs which have been claimed to have different effects in different racial or ethnic groups.  

An Examination of Follow-up Services Received by Vulnerable Burn Populations: A Burn Model System National Database Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-383
Author(s):  
Lynne Benavides ◽  
Vivian Shie ◽  
Brennan Yee ◽  
Miranda Yelvington ◽  
Laura C Simko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Model System ◽  
Psychological Therapy ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
National Database ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Term Care

Abstract While disparities in healthcare outcomes and services for vulnerable populations have been documented, the extent to which vulnerable burn populations demonstrate disparities in long-term care is relatively underexplored. This study’s goal was to assess for differences in long-term occupational or physical therapy (OT/PT) and psychological service use after burn injury in vulnerable populations. Data from the Burn Model System National Database (2006–2015) were analyzed. The vulnerable group included participants in one or more of these categories: 65 years of age or older, nonwhite, no insurance or Medicaid insurance, preinjury receipt of psychological therapy or counseling, preinjury alcohol and/or drug misuse, or with a preexisting disability. Primary outcomes investigated were receipt of OT/PT and psychological services. Secondary outcomes included nine OT/PT subcategories. Outcomes were examined at 6, 12, and 24 months postinjury. One thousand one hundred thirty-six burn survivors (692 vulnerable; 444 nonvulnerable) were included. The vulnerable group was mostly female, unemployed at time of injury, and with smaller burns. Both groups received similar OT/PT and psychological services at all time points. Adjusted regression analyses found that while the groups received similar amounts services, some vulnerable subgroups received significantly more services. Participants 65 years of age or older, who received psychological therapy or counseling prior to injury, and with a preexisting disability received more OT/PT and psychological or peer support services at follow-up. Overall, vulnerable and nonvulnerable groups received comparable OT/PT and psychological services. The importance of long-term care among vulnerable subgroups of the burn population is highlighted by this study. Future work is needed to determine adequate levels of follow-up services.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in a Male Adult Prison Population and Its Association with the Offence Type

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey Mitchell ◽  
Alice Theadom ◽  
Elizabeth du Preez
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
Male Prisoners

Background: The prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in prison populations has been found to vary considerably. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TBI in a prison population in New Zealand and to identify whether age, ethnicity, offence type, security classification and sentence length were linked to TBI prevalence. Methods: All offenders admitted to a new Corrections Facility over a 6-month period (May-November 2015) were screened to understand their history of TBI. Data was merged with demographic information, details of the offence type, sentence length and security classification from the prison database. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the contribution of predictors on TBI history. Results: Of the 1,061 eligible male prisoners, 1,054 (99.3%) completed a TBI history screen. Out of the 672 (63.7%) who had sustained at least one TBI in their lifetime, 343 (32.5%) had experienced multiple injuries. One in 5 participants experienced their first TBI injury before the age of 15 years. A regression model was able to correctly classify 66.9% of cases and revealed that belonging to Māori ethnicity or being imprisoned for violent, sexual or burglary offences were independently predictive of TBI (χ2 = 9.86, p = 0.28). Conclusions: The high prevalence of TBI within male prisoners and a high proportion of injuries sustained in childhood suggest the need for routine screening for TBI to identify prisoners at risk of persistent difficulties. Interventions to support those experiencing persistent difficulties post-TBI are needed to optimise functioning and prevent reoffending.

scholarly journals Stereotypes About Political Attitudes and Coalitions Among U.S. Racial Groups: Implications for Strategic Political Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110371
Author(s):  
Maureen A. Craig ◽  
Linda X. Zou ◽  
Hui Bai ◽  
Michelle M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
American Identity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Political Coalitions ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Political Decision Making

What are people’s expectations of interracial political coalitions? This research reveals expectations of flexible interracial coalitions stemming from how policies and racial groups are viewed in terms of perceived status and foreignness. For policies seen as changing societal status (e.g., welfare), people expected Black–Hispanic political coalitions and viewed Asian Americans as more likely to align with Whites than with other minorities. For policies seen as impacting American identity (e.g., immigration), people expected Asian–Hispanic coalitions and that Black Americans would align with Whites more than other minorities. Manipulating a novel group’s alleged status and cultural assimilation influenced coalitional expectations, providing evidence of causality. These expectations appear to better reflect stereotypes than groups’ actual average policy attitudes and voting behavior. Yet these beliefs may have implications for a diversifying electorate as White Americans strategically amplified the political voice of a racial group expected to agree with their personal preferences on stereotyped policies.

scholarly journals The rules of implicit evaluation by race, religion, and age

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Axt
Keyword(s):  
Older Adult ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social World ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Social

The social world is stratified. Social hierarchies are known but oftendisavowed as anachronisms or unjust. Nonetheless, hierarchies may persistin social memory. In three studies (total *N* > 200,000), we foundevidence of social hierarchies in implicit evaluation by race, religion,and age. Across racial groups, implicit positive associations followedthis rule: *my racial group* > *Whites* > *Asians* > *Blacks *> *Hispanics*.Each racial group evaluated its own group most positively, with theremaining three groups ordered identically following it. Across religions,implicit positive associations followed this rule: *my religion* > *Christians> Jews > Hindus/Buddhists > Muslims*. A final task investigating positiveassociations with various age groups found this rule: *children > youngadult > middle-age adult > older adult *across all participant ages. Theseresults suggest that the rules of social evaluation are pervasivelyembedded in culture and mind.

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