Salinity-induced Changes in Branchial Na+/K+- ATPase Activity and Transepithelial Potential Difference in the Brine Shrimp Artemia Sauna

1990 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES W. HOLLIDAY ◽  
DAVID B. ROYE ◽  
ROBERT D. ROER
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Transepithelial Potential

Silver staining of the adult brine shrimp, Artemia salina, revealed that only the metepipodites of the phyllopodia were significantly permeable to chloride and/or silver ions. The metepipodites stained in a reticulated pattern, possibly indicating areas in the cuticle over cells specialized for chloride secretion. Crude homogenates of metepipodites had very high Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme specific activity (ESA) which increased in proportion to the salinity of the external medium and, thus, in proportion to the need for outward salt transport in these strongly hypoosmoregulating animals. Metepipodite ESA as a percentage of whole-body ESA increased from 7.6% in 50% sea water (SW) to 25.0% in 400%SW. Gut and maxillary gland also had high Na+/K+-ATPase ESAs, implicating these organs in osmoregulatory processes as well. The time courses of increases in phyllopodial and gut ESAs in brine shrimps transferred from 100% SW to 400 % SW are consistent with the induction of new Na+/K+-ATPase; 4–7 days was required for significant increases to occur. Haemolymph ion analyses and transepithelial potential differences, measured in brine shrimp acclimated in all the SW media, indicate that chloride is actively transported out of the brine shrimp while sodium is very close to electrochemical equilibrium across the body wall. Thus, the metepipodites of the brine shrimp appear to possess cells with many functional similarities to the teleost branchial chloride cells.

A minimal model for human whole body cholesterol metabolism

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (3) ◽  
pp. E513-E520
Author(s):  
R. E. Ostlund
Keyword(s):  
Minimal Model ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mean Values

Important work by others has shown that human whole body cholesterol metabolism can be described by a three-compartment model computed from plasma cholesterol specific activity after an intravenous infusion of labeled cholesterol. However, some parameters of that model cannot be estimated precisely [coefficient of variation (CV) 15-19% after 40 wk of follow-up], making its use in routine clinical investigation difficult. On the other hand, a simpler two-compartment model can be calculated with excellent precision from only 10 wk of data (CV 2-8%), but its parameters are inaccurate (for example, the size of the central pool is overestimated by 20%, and the rate constant for fractional excretion of cholesterol from the body is underestimated by 15%). Thus both three-compartment and two-compartment models of cholesterol turnover have important limitations. An alternative is provided by a minimal model that takes advantage of the increased precision expected in the solution of models with fewer parameters. A three-compartment structure is used, but only four (rather than 6 or more) parameters are calculated: the mass of the rapidly mixing central cholesterol compartment, the fractional rate of cholesterol elimination from the body, and the average forward and reverse rate constants for cholesterol transfer between the rapid compartment and both slower compartments. Each of these parameters can be determined unambiguously (without the need to use a minimum or maximum estimate), accurately (mean values within 2% of theory), and with precision (CV 3-13%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Temperature-Dose Relationships with Aflatoxin on the Brine Shrimp, Artemia salina

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Brown ◽  
J D Wildman ◽  
R M Eppley
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Temperature-dose relationships with aflatoxin B1 were studied, using the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Increase in temperature resulted in increased sensitivity by the brine shrimp to aflatoxin. Optimum sensitivity occurred at 37.5°C. Positive results were obtained at 0.5 μg aflatoxin B1/ml artificial sea water with a mortality of over 60%. Greater than 90% mortality occurred at dose levels of 1.0 μ/ml and above. The test can be conducted in 24 hours, and highly trained personnel are unnecessary.

Ionoregulatory strategies and the role of urea in the Magadi tilapia (Alcolapia grahami)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M Wood ◽  
Paul Wilson ◽  
Harold L Bergman ◽  
Annie N Bergman ◽  
Pierre Laurent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Plasma Ions ◽  
Lake Magadi ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Alcolapia Grahami

The unique ureotelic tilapia Alcolapia grahami lives in the highly alkaline and saline waters of Lake Magadi, Kenya (pH ~10.0, alkalinity ~380 mmol·L–1, Na+ ~350 mmol·L–1, Cl– ~110 mmol·L–1, osmolality ~580 mosmol·kg–1). In 100% lake water, the Magadi tilapia maintained plasma Na+, Cl–, and osmolality at levels typical of marine teleosts and drank the medium at 8.01 ± 1.29 mL·kg–1·h–1. Gill chloride cells were predominantly of the sea water type (recessed, with apical pits) but a few freshwater-type chloride cells (surficial, with flat apical exposure) were also present. Whole-body Na+ and Cl– concentrations were relatively high and exhibited larger relative changes in response to salinity transfers than did plasma ions. All fish succumbed upon acute transfer to 1% lake water, but tolerated acute transfer to 10% lake water well, and gradual long-term acclimation to both 10 and 1% lake water without change in plasma cortisol. Plasma osmolytes were here maintained at levels typical of freshwater teleosts. Curiously, drinking continued at the same rate in fish adapted to 1% lake water, but chloride cells were now exclusively of the freshwater type. Significant mortality and elevated cortisol occurred after acute transfer to 200% lake water. However, the fish survived well during gradual adaptation to 200% lake water, although plasma cortisol remained chronically elevated. Urea levels accounted for only 2–3% of internal osmolality in 100% lake water but responded to a greater extent than plasma ions during exposure to 10 and 200% lake water, decreasing by 28–42% in the former and increasing by over 500% in the latter relative to simultaneous-control values. Urea thereby played a small but significant role (up to 8% of internal osmolality) in osmoregulation.

scholarly journals A study of whole-body isotope dilution of [14C]ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs with graded ascorbate intakes

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bates ◽  
Harumi Tsuchiya ◽  
P. H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of the present study was first to assess the extent to which unlabelled ascorbate in the diet of guinea-pigs can exchange with labelled ascorbate within their organs when the dietary intake is varied over a wide range, and second to determine whether the retention of label might be used to assess either the amount of ascorbate intake or its biological availability where these are not known. The retention of [14C]ascorbate in the body and in various organs of guinea-pigs were, therefore, measured following a 13 d period of graded dietary intakes of ascorbate. It was found first, that the amount of label retained in each of the organs, 13 d after the initial dose of labelled ascorbate, was much more closely related to the amount of ascorbate intake after labelling than to the intake (and tissue ascorbate levels) before and at the time of labelling. Second, most of the individual internal organs exhibited a constant relationship between the specific activity at 13 d and the dietary intake, except for brain which was flushed to a smaller extent. Third, in agreement with several previous studies a high proportion of the radioactive label in the tissues was found to be still present in ascorbate. The specific activity of column-purified ascorbate was very similar to the estimated specific activity in the crude extract, which implies that it may be possible to estimate specific activities (or stable isotope enrichments) at certain sites without rigorous isolation procedures. Fourth, the amount of radioactivity appearing in the urine 2 d before killing the animals was correlated with the amount of ascorbate intake and with tissue specific activities, suggesting that intakes (or bioavailability) might be predicted from the patterns of label-appearance in the urine

scholarly journals Toxicity Assay of Fermented Artocarpus altilis Leaves Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Hesti Riasari ◽  
Yessi Febriani ◽  
Winda A. Nurfauziah
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
X 24 ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Fermented  Artocarpus altilis leaves contains phenolic compound  that has pharmacological activity. Differences in fermentation method, i.e., aerobic and anaerobic fermentation might change its characteristics and biological activity. The purpose of this study was to compare toxicity properties between aerobically and anaerobically fermented  Artocarpus altilis leaves  using brine shrimp lethality (BSL) test. Both types of fermented leaves were cold extracted using ethanol solvent (1:6) for 3 x 24 hours. Phytochemical screening was then performed to examine the presence of secondary metabolite compounds. BSL test was performed in 7 treatment groups, i.e., negative control, 1000, 500, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 ppm of extract. Each vial contained 10 Artemia larvae, extract, and sea water up to 10 ml. Toxicity is measured by calculating LC50 after 24 hours observation. The  experiment was repeated three times. The results of the study showed that LC50 of aerobic extract was 712 ppm, thus it can be categorized as toxic, while that of anaerobic extract is 1.927 ppm, or non-toxic to the Artemia salina larvae. In conclusion, aerobically fermented  Artocarpus altilis leaves had toxicity potency, while anaerobically fermented  Artocarpus altilis leaves had no toxicity potency against Artemia salina in BSL test. Key words: Artocarpus altilis, brine shrimp lethality test, toxicity.

Glucose metabolism and bicarbonate turnover in dystrophic mice

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (5) ◽  
pp. 1161-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nome Baker ◽  
Robert Huebotter
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Littermate Control ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Total Glucose ◽  
Enzymatic Pathways ◽  
Dystrophic Mice

Hereditarily dystrophic and littermate control mice of the Bar Harbor strain 129 were injected with bicarbonate-C14 to compare rates of turnover of the body bicarbonate compartments. A separate group of dystrophic mice was also injected with glucose-U-C14 to study the turnover and oxidation to CO2 of body glucose. The total glucose pool size was also measured in four dystrophic mice and was found to be 50% greater per unit body weight than that of the previously published mean value for control mice. Since the plasma glucose concentration was the same in both groups, the increased glucose compartment size appears to reflect a relative increase in extracellular space. Specific activity-time curves of respiratory C14O2 were identical in both groups of mice after intravenous injection of bicarbonate-C14. Average values of plasma and whole body glucose specific activity 5–15 min after injection of glucose were lower than, but not significantly different from, those reported previously for control mice. The rate of formation of C14O2 from glucose-C14 was at least as fast in dystrophic mice as in controls. The data indicate that the enzymatic pathways involved in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, glucogenesis, and gluconeogenesis are functionally active in this disease.

Isolation and functional characterization of crustacean larval salt gland

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. R702-R708
Author(s):  
R. J. Lowy ◽  
F. P. Conte
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time

A batch method for isolating viable salt glands from the naupliar brine shrimp (Artemia salina) has been developed. This protocol produces a final preparation consisting of approximately 185 isolated salt glands, representing 1 X 10(4) secretory cells/g wet wt nauplii, with a final purity of 88%. Assays of cell integrity and function indicate good retention of in situ characteristics. Vital dye was excluded by 95% of the cells for at least 24 h. The O2 consumption rate was 22.7 nM O2 X min-1 X mg protein-1 and could be altered predictably by compounds known to affect oxidative phosphorylation and ion transport. The specific activity of the Na+-K+-ATPase in the salt gland, measured here for the first time, was 9.1 mM Pi X h-1 X mg protein-1. This is a substantial proportion of the body total, 17%, as expected for an active ion-transporting epithelium.

Postmoult Uptake of Calcium by the Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) in Water of low Salinity

1992 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS S. NEUFELD ◽  
JAMES N. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Moult Cycle ◽  
Transepithelial Potential ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

After moulting, blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) acclimated to a salinity of 2‰ were able to calcify as rapidly and accumulate as much calcium as crabs in sea water. Immediately after moult, the total masses of calcium, magnesium and strontium present in the whole body were 4.6, 15.6 and 3.0%, respectively, of their intermoult values. During the time of most rapid calcification, calcium uptake was 5.4±1.4mmoll−1, which is comparable to the maximum rate found in seawater-acclimated crabs. The concentrations of bound and free calcium in the blood changed very little with acclimation salinity, remaining at approximately 3 and 8mmoll−1, respectively, both during intermoult and 1 day postmoult. Free calcium changed relatively little through the moult cycle, varying between 6.9 and 8.1mmoll−1, but bound calcium rose to a peak of 6.4mmoll−1 prior to moult then dropped to 2.6mmoll−1 after moult, concurrent with a decrease of approximately 80% in the protein concentration of the blood. The concentration of total magnesium in the blood increased from a premoult low of 9.0mmoll−1 to a postmoult high of 11.7mmoll−1 and remained elevated throughout the period of rapid mineralization. During the postmoult period of rapid calcium uptake, the internal-to-external concentration ratio for total calcium was 6.6 to 1. The activity ratio, however, was only 2.5 to 1 because 28% of the calcium in the blood was bound to protein, and because the lower ionic strength of the medium resulted in a 2.5-fold higher activity coefficient for the water compared to blood. The transepithelial potential at postmoult (−5.4±0.7mV) was significantly more negative than at intermoult (−3.1±0.6mV). In artificial 2‰ sea water, the transepithelial potential (−9.3±0.7mV) was higher than the equilibrium potential for calcium (−12.0±0.5mV), implicating active transport in the uptake of calcium.

scholarly journals Effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) antifouling biocide on adult males and females of brine shrimp (Artemia salina)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Najla Mohamed Abu Shaala ◽  
Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli ◽  
Ahmad Ismail ◽  
Mohammed Noor Amal Azmai ◽  
Ferdaus Mohamat-Yusuff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Tributyltin Chloride ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

Elevation of tributyltin (TBT) concentration in marine environment could affect targeted and non-targeted organisms at any lifestage. The present study aimed to determine median lethal concentration (LC50) and morphological effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) on adult males and females of brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The adult males and females of A. salina were exposed to different concentration of TBTCl. Morphological condition of every A. salina individuals were observed under a microscope. Results showed the LC50 of TBTCl among adult males of A. salina was 146.99 ng.L-1 and for the females was 94.72 ng.L-1, respectively. The LC50 of TBTCl was significantly different among different sexes. There was also a significant difference in some morphological characters of males and females exposed to different TBTCl concentrations. These morphological changes include their total length, head width, abdominal width, and tail width after the 24hr exposure to TBTCl. These results suggested that suspensions of the TBTCl were toxic to Artemia, most likely due to the formation of benign TBTCl aggregates in water. However, the mortality increased with extended exposure to 24hr. Highest mortality occurred at 200 ng.L-1 TBTCl; 43.33% for male and 90% for female (LC50<150 ng.L-1) for both. Depended on this the female was more sensitive for TBTCl toxicity test when compared to male. These effects were attributed to changes in morphological characteristics of the body A. salina.

scholarly journals Uji Toksisitas Akut Kulit Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) Terhadap Larva Artemia salina Leach Dengan Metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Baterun Kunsah
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Potato Skin

Tanggal Submit:28 Januari 2019 Tanggal Review:30 April 2019 Tanggal Publish Online:17 Mei 2019 Potatoes are one of the vegetables that contain substances that are important for the formation of body tissues, such as protein and fat. Potatoes also form red blood cells or hemoglobin (Ca, P and Fe). In Indonesia tend to process potatoes using only meat. The skin is removed, even though the nutritional content of the skin is five times greater than the meat. Potato peels that supply querestin, antioxidants and flavonoids that act as free radical acceptors. (Free radicals are reactive molecules that cause damage to the body that can lead to diseases such as heart disease and cancer) in the skin of potatoes found also effective antioxidants, chlorogenic acid. Potato skin is also proven to increase hemoglobin levels (Khomsan, A, 2009). However, that does not mean potato skin does not have adverse side effects, if the use is not appropriate. In order to use it optimally, you need to know enough information about the advantages and disadvantages and the possibility of abuse. However, the level of toxicity from potato skin is still unknown. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) is one of the oxicity test methods that is widely used in tracing bioactive compounds that are toxic from natural materials. This research is an experimental research with post test-only control group design approach. Treatment with giving potato skin juice to Artemia salina Leach larvae with the aim to determine the potential of plant biological activity based on the toxicity of secondary metabolites contained in it, and at the same time as the initial screening test of anticancer activity of chemical compounds in potato skin juice. The results showed the LC50 value was at a concentration of 0.5% to 1% and based on the results of SPSS 21 analysis with probit analysis obtained LC50 price data of 0.746 gr / ml (7460 μgr / ml), based on the results of research and data analysis it can be concluded that potato skin has an LC50 value at a concentration of 0.746 gr / ml (7460 µgr / ml). With an LC50 price of more than 1000 µg / ml according to the BST method the potato skin does not have the potential for toxicity so the skin of the potato has the potential as an alternative to increasing hemoglobin levels.Keywords: potato skin, toxicity, BSlT

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