Soot Wear in Diesel Engines

2006 ◽  
Vol 220 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Yamaguchi ◽  
M Untermann ◽  
S. H. Roby ◽  
P. R. Ryason ◽  
S. W. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Low Wear ◽  
Stribeck Curves ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
Lubrication Conditions ◽  
Ball On Disc

In response to regulatory requirements, lubricant manufacturers are seeking oils that minimize soot thickening and the accompanying soot wear. Formulation technology is being developed by additive manufacturers to satisfy these requirements. For example, such work is in progress at Chevron Oronite Company LLC, using the Cummins M-11 exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) engine test as a surrogate for the anticipated soot wear test for PC-10. Simultaneously, the authors developed bench tests to screen candidate formulations and reduce costs. A ball-on-disc sliding wear test, using a PCS Instruments MTM® tribometer, has been investigated. Sliding conditions at high pressure are required for soot polishing wear. Conditions that correlate tribometer test results with M-11 engine results at high soot concentrations (∼9 per cent) have been found. Both ball wear and Stribeck curves were determined in these tests. The high-wear oil progresses from mixed lubrication conditions to boundary lubrication at higher sliding speeds than the low-wear oil. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments were also conducted on the ball wear scars, revealing differences in the chemical constitution of the tribofilms from the two oils.

Effect of tribological parameters on sliding wear and friction coefficient which relates to preload loss in tapered roller bearing

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayush Jain ◽  
Abhishek Singh ◽  
Arendra Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Thickness Effect ◽  
Surface Parameters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tapered Roller Bearing ◽  
Tapered Roller ◽  
Tribological Parameters ◽  
Ball On Disc

Purpose This paper aims to study the sliding wear and coefficient of friction (COF) using “ball on disc” tribometer. Discs of bearing steel were subjected to different tribological parameters such as heat treatment (through hardening and case hardening), sliding speed, sliding distance and micro-geometry of the functional ball and disc point contact. Results obtained from tribometer were correlated with the preload loss in tapered roller bearing. Preload loss is subjected to wear rate pattern with respect to the internal geometry and micro-geometry of functional surfaces of the tapered roller bearing, caused by internal resistance between roller large ends sliding against cone supporting face. This confirms the optimum geometry and physical/mechanical property of the tapered roller bearing, which makes the use of these bearings under the demanding application in the automotive industry such as differential gears and installation of pinions of differential gears in power transmissions or wheels. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study using the design of experiments with full factorial method. The approach was to do ball on disc sliding wear test and correlate that sliding wear with preload loss in tapered roller bearing. Findings The paper provides the limit of preload loss in tapered roller bearing. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen research approach, the research lacks the effect of environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity and lube film thickness effect on wear test. It also lacks the validation part with actual preload loss on tapered roller bearings. Above work is included in future scope of work. Practical implications This paper includes the recommendation for surface parameters which can increase the bearing life by reducing the preload loss in tapered roller bearing. Social implications This paper includes the recommendation for surface parameters for bearing manufacturing industries. Originality/value This paper provides the relation between sliding wear and preload loss in tapered roller bearing.

scholarly journals Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Carburized 20CrNi2MoV Steel

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binzhou Li ◽  
Changsheng Li ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Xin Jin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment ◽  
Carburizing Process ◽  
Ball On Disc

This paper investigated the response of carburized 20CrNi2MoV steel to cryogenic treatment including microstructure and wear resistance. Two cryogenic treatment methods including cryogenic treatment at −80 °C (CT) and deep cryogenic treatment at −196 °C (DCT) as well as conventional heat treatment (CHT) were carried out after carburizing process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were employed for microstructure characterization. The wear resistance was investigated by ball-on-disc sliding wear test on a multi-functional tribometer. The results show that the wear resistance of the experimental steel has been improved by 17% due to CT and by 25.5% due to DCT when compared to CHT. This significant improvement in wear resistance after cryogenic treatment is attributed to the microstructural changes including the finer martensitic structure, the reduction of retained austenite and the development of fine and more numerous carbides. Among these factors, the precipitation of fine carbides plays a more prominent role in enhancing wear resistance.

Correlation between Tribological Properties, sp²/sp³-Ratio and H-Content of Low-Wear Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Layers

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 2596-2601
Author(s):  
E. Vogli ◽  
Fabian Hoffmann ◽  
E. Bartis ◽  
G. S. Oehrlein ◽  
Wolfgang Tillmann
Keyword(s):  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Ion Energy ◽  
Capacitively Coupled ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Plasma Device ◽  
Low Wear ◽  
Ball On Disc

It has been established that hardness and density of diamond-like carbon (DLC) layers can be raised by increasing ion energy during deposition, decreasing H-content and by increasing sp3-fraction. To confirm differences in hydrogen content of hydrogen containing and hydrogen free DLC films deposited at different bias voltages, layers were etched in oxygen atmosphere in a capacitively coupled plasma device. By employing real-time ellipsometry measurements, the H-content of the hydrogen containing a-C:H layers were estimated by determining the optical constants n and k (n-real part and k-imaginary part of the refractive index). In addition, DLC layers were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to estimate the ratio of sp²- and sp³-hybridization. The mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated by means of nanoindentation and ball-on-disc-tests. Finally correlations between these properties, H-content and sp3/sp2-ratio were obtained in an effort to explain different tribological behaviors of DLC-layers.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Ti-6Al-4V Reciprocating Sliding Wear Test Behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
Nurarina Ahmad Nurdin ◽  
D. Harun ◽  
Abdul Latif Mohd Tobi ◽  
Ramdziah Md. Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding ◽  
Variable Duration ◽  
Low Wear ◽  
Mechanical Components ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding Wear

Sliding contact will experience wear in majority of mechanical components during their service life where it reduces the performance of the components. The capability to predict the evolution of reciprocating wear scars, such as the scar’s width and depth, would be a valuable tool when designing mechanical components. Wear scar mechanism behaviour is characterised during stabilized cycle reciprocating sliding wear test of Ti-6Al-4V investigated using pin-on-flat arrangement under variable duration of sliding. The test samples were analyzed using profilometer test, optical microscopy test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test, Energy Depressive X-ray (EDX) test and Vickers Hardness (HV) test. Stabilised high number of cycles shows low wear rate and initiation period of low cycles produced higher wear rate.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Plasticity Response for Reciprocating Sliding Wear Test of Ti-6Al-4V under Variables Number of Cycles

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
D. Harun ◽  
D. Nalatambi ◽  
Ramdziah Md. Nasir ◽  
Abdul Latif Mohd Tobi
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Track ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding Wear

Reciprocating sliding wear test of uncoated titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V is investigated using pin-on-flat contact arrangement of Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-6Al-4V pair under variable number of cycles at low number of cycles. The worn surfaces of the titanium alloy specimens were analyzed with the use of optical microscope (2D and 3D OM) and Vickers Hardness analysis was carried on. The pattern of the wear scar characteristics determined and the finding at the end of wear track had been focus through the presence at the end of wear track. It is suggesting an evidence of plastic deformation with the increasing in hardness value. The increase in hardness value at the end of wear track indicates increase in the plastic deformation with increasing number of cycles.

Tribological Properties of Calotropis Procera Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Epoxy Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 895 ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
M.J. Raghu ◽  
Govardhan Goud
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Dry Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Loss ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Three Body

Natural fibers are widely used for reinforcement in polymer composite materials and proved to be effectively replacing synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites to some extent in applications like domestic, automotive and lower end aerospace parts. The natural fiber reinforced composites are environment friendly, have high strength to weight ratio as well as specific strengths comparable with synthetic glass fiber reinforced composites. In the present work, hybrid epoxy composites were fabricated using calotropis procera and glass fibers as reinforcement by hand lay-up method. The fibre reinforcement in epoxy matrix was maintained at 20 wt%. In 20 wt% reinforcement of fibre, the content of calotropis procera and glass fibre were varied from 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%. The dry sliding wear test as per ASTM G99 and three body abrasive wear test as per ASTM G65 were conducted to find the tribological properties by varying speed, load, distance and abrasive size. The hybrid composite having 5 wt% calotropis procera and 15 wt% glass fibre showed less wear loss in hybrid composites both in sliding wear test as well as in abrasive wear test which is comparable with 20 wt% glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite which marked very low wear loss. The SEM analysis was carried out to study the worn out surfaces of dry sliding wear test and three body abrasive wear test specimens.

Tribological Properties of Ti-Al Alloy Self-Lubricating Composite Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Xiu Ling Wang ◽  
Li Ying Yang ◽  
Shou Ren Wang ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Solid Lubricant ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Hot Pressing Sintering ◽  
Worn Surface ◽  
Wear Tests ◽  
Self Lubricating Composites

A series of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb/62%BaF2-38%CaF2 (CB) self-lubricating composites with addition of different weight percentage of solid lubricant were prepared by vacuum hot pressing sintering. Sliding wear tests against 45#steel were performed on the specimen in dry conditions, worn morphology was observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The test results show that when addition of solid lubricant weight percentage is 10%, the worn surface of the composites is most smooth.The main wear mechanisms of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb/62%BaF2-38%CaF2 composite are abrasive wear and adherent wear.

Microstructure and wear resistance of Cuss-toughened Cr5Si3/CrSi metal silicide alloys

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.X. Yin ◽  
H.M. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Dry Sliding Wear ◽  
Metal Silicide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Wear-resistant Cu-based solid-solution-toughened Cr5Si3/CrSi metal silicide alloy with a microstructure consisting of predominantly the dual-phase primary dendrites with a Cr5Si3 core encapsulated by CrSi phase and a small amount of interdendritic Cu-based solid solution (Cuss) was designed and fabricated by the laser melting process using Cr–Si–Cu elemental powder blends as the precursor materials. The microstructure of the Cuss-toughened Cr5Si3/CrSi metal silicide alloy was characterized by optical microscopy, powder x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The Cuss-toughened silicide alloys have excellent wear resistance and low coefficient of friction under room temperature dry sliding wear test conditions with hardened 0.45% C carbon steel as the sliding–mating counterpart.

The role of surface topography and normal load in the initiation of ratchetting-peak friction, seizure, scuffing, and elastic shakedown

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Vimal Edachery ◽  
V. Swamybabu ◽  
Gurupatham Anand ◽  
Paramasamy Manikandan ◽  
Satish V. Kailas
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Critical Parameter ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Sliding Direction ◽  
Elastic Shakedown ◽  
Lubrication Conditions

Abstract Surface topography is a critical parameter that can influence friction and wear in engineering applications. In this work, the influence of surface topography directionality on seizure and scuffing initiation during tribological interactions is explored. For this, unidirectional sliding wear experiments were carried out in immersed lubrication conditions for various normal loads. The tribological interactions were studied using EN31-60 HRC flats and SAE52100-60HRC pins in a sphere on flat configuration. The results show that, in some cases, the sliding interactions in the initial cycles lead to a high friction coefficient of up to ∼0.68 in lubricated conditions, which was termed as ‘peak friction’, and this was accompanied by scuffing. The existence of peak friction was found to be dependent on surface topography directionality, especially when the directionality in topography was parallel to the sliding direction. Continuous ratchetting was found to be the cause of peak friction which was accompanied by seizure and scuffing. When the topography directionality was perpendicular or independent of sliding direction, elastic shakedown occurred at earlier cycles and prevented peak friction initiation, scuffing and also facilitated for higher steady-state friction values.

Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Hot Pressed Fe-28Al and Fe-28Al-10Ti Alloys

2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 425-428
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Xiao Hong Fan ◽  
De Ming Sun
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Dry Sliding Wear ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Worn Surface

Fe-28Al and Fe-28Al-10Ti alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying and hot pressing. The phases and dry sliding wear behavior were studied. The results show that Fe-28Al bulk materials are mainly characterized by the low ordered B2 Fe3Al structure with some dispersed Al2O3 particles. Fe-28Al-10Ti exhibits more excellent wear resistance than Fe-28Al, especially after long distance sliding wear test. There are obvious differences in wear mechanisms of Fe-28Al and Fe-28Al-10Ti alloys under different testing conditions. Under the load of 100N, there is plastic deformation on the worn surface of Fe-28Al. The main wear performance of Fe-28Al-10Ti is particle abrasion, the characteristics of which are micro cutting and micro furrows, but micro-crack and layer splitting begin to form on the surface of Fe-28Al. Under the load of 200N, serious plastic deformation and work-hardening lead to rapid crack propagation and eventually the fatigue fracture of Fe-28Al. Plastic deformation is the main wear mechanism of Fe-28Al-10Ti under the load of 200N, which are characterized by micro-crack and small splitting from the worn surface.

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