Networks in the Understanding of Economic Behaviors

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew O. Jackson

As economists endeavor to build better models of human behavior, they cannot ignore that humans are fundamentally a social species with interaction patterns that shape their behaviors. People's opinions, which products they buy, whether they invest in education, become criminals, and so forth, are all influenced by friends and acquaintances. Ultimately, the full network of relationships—how dense it is, whether some groups are segregated, who sits in central positions—affects how information spreads and how people behave. Increased availability of data coupled with increased computing power allows us to analyze networks in economic settings in ways not previously possible. In this paper, I describe some of the ways in which networks are helping economists to model and understand behavior. I begin with an example that demonstrates the sorts of things that researchers can miss if they do not account for network patterns of interaction. Next I discuss a taxonomy of network properties and how they impact behaviors. Finally, I discuss the problem of developing tractable models of network formation.

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pérusse

AbstractIn most social species, position in the male social hierarchy and reproductive success are positively correlated; in humans, however, this relationship is less clear, with studies of traditional societies yielding mixed results. In the most economically advanced human populations, the adaptiveness of status vanishes altogether; social status and fertility are uncorrelated. These findings have been interpreted to suggest that evolutionary principles may not be appropriate for the explanation of human behavior, especially in modern environments. The present study tests the adaptiveness of social status with actual mating and reproductive data in a representative sample of males from an industrial society. Reproductive success, even when assessed by a more reliable measure ofactualmale fertility than the one commonly used, fails to correlate with social status. In striking contrast, however, status is found to be highly correlated withpotentialfertility, as estimated from copulation frequency. Status thus accounts for as much as 62% of the variance in thisproximatecomponent of fitness. This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies and would result in a substantial positive relationship between cultural and reproductive success in industrial populations were it not for the novel conditions imposed by contraception and monogamy. Various underlying mechanisms are suggested for these findings, illustrating the value of current behavioral and reproductive data in the study of adaptation. It is concluded that evolutionary explanations of human behavior remain entirely relevant in modern societies.


Author(s):  
A. Musyarrafah Vetriyani ◽  
Alimuddin . ◽  
Syamsuddin .

This study aims to determine the existence of ukhuwah-based sharia accounting practices at 212 AlFatih Villa Mutiara Mart which is a sharia-based modern retail shop located on Jl. Ir. Soetami, Bringkanaya District, Makassar City. This research is a research in the field of qualitative ethnometodology. The ethnomethodology method is one of the approaches in qualitative research that seeks to describe how human behavior or actions within the "culture" are related to the interaction patterns that occur and the background of their actions, and the study leads to an effort to understand the meaning that exists in the life of an organization or group. the people inside. The results show that the ukhuwah-based sharia accounting practice is very distinctive, built by the 212 alumni community, which is a group of Islamic people who steadfastly defend their religion. So that the characteristics of accounting do not escape the cultural values that are covered by Islamic values, namely help, trust and affection and love. The syariah accounting system is based on brotherhood in the midst of the development of accounting in Indonesia, and incidentally was born from the womb of the Muslim community.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Ninglin Du ◽  
Yonghong Peng ◽  
Kuo Yang ◽  
Zixin Shu ◽  
...  

As a well-established multidrug combinations schema, traditional Chinese medicine (herbal prescription) has been used for thousands of years in real-world clinical settings. This paper uses a complex network approach to investigate the regularities underlying multidrug combinations in herbal prescriptions. Using five collected large-scale real-world clinical herbal prescription datasets, we construct five weighted herbal combination networks with herb as nodes and herbal combinational use in herbal prescription as links. We found that the weight distribution of herbal combinations displays a clear power law, which means that most herb pairs were used in low frequency and some herb pairs were used in very high frequency. Furthermore, we found that it displays a clear linear negative correlation between the clustering coefficients and the degree of nodes in the herbal combination network (HCNet). This indicates that hierarchical properties exist in the HCNet. Finally, we investigate the molecular network interaction patterns between herb related target modules (i.e., subnetworks) in herbal prescriptions using a network-based approach and further explore the correlation between the distribution of herb combinations and prescriptions. We found that the more the hierarchical prescription, the better the corresponding effect. The results also reflected a well-recognized principle called “Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi” in TCM formula theories. This also gives references for multidrug combination development in the field of network pharmacology and provides the guideline for the clinical use of combination therapy for chronic diseases.


Author(s):  
A. Epaneshnikov ◽  
S. Lipatova

This article discusses the motivation of workers of a machinebuilding organization. The theoretical aspects of motivation developed by various foreign and domestic authors are presented. It should be noted that many theoretical aspects of staff motivation remain controversial, the proposed recommendations are often not interconnected. There is also no analysis of the patterns of interaction of labor motivation and staff incentives in the organization. The study of labor motivation on the basis of substantive, procedural and sociopsychological theories. To study labor motivation in a machinebuilding organization, we selected the following methods: A. Maslow and D. McCleland; techniques based on models of human behavior, taking into account his cognition and perception; test “Group Attractiveness”.


Author(s):  
Jamaluddin Jamaluddin ◽  
◽  
Naikson Saragih ◽  
Roni Simamora ◽  
Rimbun Siringoringo

The conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic, which began to plague at the end of 2019, brought about major changes to the patterns of interaction in society. Activities that have been carried out directly have begun to shift to activities carried out online. The use of technology, especially in applications for online interaction patterns such as video conferencing applications, is an alternative. The Zoom Cloud Meeting application is widely used by people who initially had doubts about its security system. By implementing end-to-end encryption with AES-256-GCM, it has been able to convince clients on the information security side to keep using the Zoom Cloud Meeting application.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-175
Author(s):  
Yusra Jamali ◽  
Janawi Janawi ◽  
Rada Rada

Progress in information and technology simultaneously affect patterns of interaction and communication systems in education and learning. The availability of increasingly complex communication devices, is so simple that it is increasingly easy to use. Communication is a bridge to establish interactions between individuals and groups, sending messages between individuals and groups can be received directly without time difference even though far apart. The learning process as an interaction and communication is directed to help develop all the potential, skills, positive characteristics possessed by students. Learning interaction patterns and criteria can be done with basic patterns of interaction, interaction centered on content, interaction centered on the teacher, interaction centered on students, communication learning is very important in order to determine the success of education. The learning achievements of each graduate are also influenced by patterns of interaction and communication systems applied by educators. The teaching and learning process, mostly occurs because of the communication process, both which takes place intrapersonal and interpersonal. Progress an educational technology also results in the increasingly available educational devices based on optic / teleconference sources and learning materials available on the internet, media and learning tools based on visual and audio visual. Learning technology will lead to curriculum improvement, improvement of teacher / lecturer resources, improvement of graduate quality, absorption of graduates and satisfaction of alumni users.  Abstrak Kemajuan informasi dan teknologi secara simultan sudah mempengaruhi pola interaksi dan sistem komunikasi pendidikan dan pembelajaran. Ketersediaan perangkat komunikasi yang semakin kompleks, sangat sederhana sehingga semakin mudah digunakan. Komunikasi merupakan jembatan untuk menjalin interaksi antara individu dan kelompok, pengiriman pesan antar individu dan kelompok dapat diterima secara langsung tanpa perbedaan waktu meskipun tempat berjauhan. Proses pembelajaran sebagai interkasi dan komunikasi diarahkan untuk membantu mengembangkan semua potensi, kecakapan, karakteristik positif yang dimiliki oleh peserta didik. Pola dan kriteria interaksi pembelajaran dapat dilakukan dengan pola dasar interaksi, interaksi berpusat pada isi, interaksi berpusat pada guru, interaksi berpusat pada siswa, komunikasi pembelajaran sangat penting dalam rangka menentukan keberhasilan pendidikan. Capaian pembelajaran setiap lulusan dipengaruhi pula oleh pola interaksi dan sistem komunikasi yang diterapkan oleh tenaga pendidik. Dalam proses belajar mengajarnya, sebagian besar terjadi karena proses komunikasi, baik yang berlangsung secara intrapersona maupun secara antarpersona. Kemajuan teknologi pendidikan juga berakibat pada semakin tersedianya perangkat pendidikan yang berbasis optic/teleconference sumber dan bahan belajar yang tersedia di intenet, media dan perangkat pembelajaran yang berbasis visual dan audio visual. Teknologi pembelajaran akan bermuara pada perbaikan kurikulum, peningkatan sumberdaya guru/dosen, peningkatakan mutu lulusan, daya serap lulusan dan kepuasan pengguna alumni.  


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin S Hanson ◽  
Lorna Dougan

Globular protein hydrogels are an emerging class of materials with the potential for rational design, and a generalised understanding of how their network properties emerge from the structure and dynamics of the building block is a key challenge. Here we computationally investigate the effect of intermediate (polymeric) nanoscale structure on the formation of protein hydrogels. We show that changes in both the cross-link topology and flexibility of the polymeric building block lead to changes in the force transmission around the system, and provide insight into the dynamic network formation processes.


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Peter Gavora

AbstractThis paper is based on the analysis of a focus group interview of a moderator and a group of undergraduate students on the topic of self-regulation of learning. The purpose of the investigation was to identify interaction patterns that appeared in the talk of participants and the moderator. In the stream of communication two rudimentary interaction patterns were recognized. The first pattern was named the Catalogue. It consists of a sequence of turns of participants who respond to a request of the moderator and who provide their answers, one by one, without reacting on the content of the previous partner(s) talk. The other interaction pattern was called the Domino. In this pattern participants respond to each other. The Catalogue pattern prevailed in the interview. Alongside with identification of patterns of interaction the study demonstrated the functions of the common ground and its accomplishment in the talk of the moderator and participants.


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