scholarly journals The oral and gut microbiota: beyond a short communication

2021 ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
Sabino CECI ◽  
Pula BERATE ◽  
Sebastian CANDREA ◽  
Anida-Maria BABTAN ◽  
Daniela AZZOLLINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Introduction. The current treatment and prevention of oral disorders, dental caries, periodontal and gum diseases, follow a very non-specific control of plaque as the main causative factor. The main therapeutically approach is carried out on the sole perspective to keep the levels of oral bacteria in an acceptable range compatible with one-way vision of oral-mouth health, as something completely separated from a systemic microbial homeostasis (dysbiosis) concomitant present in the gut. A sealed compartmental view which sees separate and incommunicable responses to a specific condition without considering the presence of interacting confounding factors can negatively influence the diagnosis a diseases and of course its progression. A general non-specific antimicrobial with more general antiplaque therapy based mainly on oral care products together with surgery interventions represent at the moment the only mechanical responses in treating oral diseases. Material and method. The present paper is a narrative review concening interractions between oral and gut microbiota, with a focus on the interdisciplinary approach in antimicrobial treatment. Pubmed, Cochrane Library database were used for searching engines. Key words used were as follows: “inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS)”, “ulcerative colitis”, “oral dysbiosis”, “gut dysbiosis”, “probiotics”, “periodontitis”. Results and discussions. Literature research showed that there are few issues to be discussed the ever increasing resistance to antibiotics, the high consumption of industrial food and sugars and their negatively effect on gut and oral microbiota. There is a need to highlight and develop a novel philosophical approach in the treatments for oral diseases that will necessarily involve non-conventional antimicrobial solutions. Such approaches should preferably reduce the consumption of both intestinal and oral microbiota, that are intimately connected and host approximately well over 1000 different species of bacteria at 108–109 bacteria per mL of mucous and saliva. Preventive approaches based upon the restoration of the microbial ecological balance, rather than elimination of the disease associated species, have been proposed. Conclusions. Having both oral-gut microbiota screened is an essential moment that influence the healthy immune modulatory and regenerative capacity of the body and, the new proposed formula integrates a wider screen on the patients where oral condition is strictly evaluated together with gut screen; therefore any proposed treatment will be inevitably sustained by the use of prebiotics and probiotics to promote health-associated bacterial growth. Keywords: inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis, oral dysbiosis, gut dysbiosis, probiotics, periodontitis,

Rebalance the oral microbiota as efficacy tool in endocrine, metabolic, and immune disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Gargiulo Isacco ◽  
Andrea Ballini ◽  
Danila De Vito ◽  
Kieu Cao Diem Nguyen ◽  
Stefania Cantore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Cardio Vascular Disease ◽  
Cardio Vascular

: The current treatment and prevention of oral disorders follow a very sectoral control and procedures considering mouth and its structures as system completely independent from the rest of the body. The main therapeutic approach is carried out on just to keep the levels of oral bacteria and hygiene in an acceptable range compatible with one-way vision of oral-mouth health completely separated from a systemic microbial homeostasis (eubiosis vs dysbiosis). This can negatively impact on the diagnosis of more complex systemic disease and its progression. Dysbiosis is consequence of oral and gut microbiota unbalance with consequences, as reported in current literature, in cardio vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Likewise, there is the need to highlight and develop a novel philosophical approach in the treatments for oral diseases that will necessarily involve non-conventional approaches.

scholarly journals Innate Immunity Modulation by the IL-33/ST2 System in Intestinal Mucosa

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina García-Miguel ◽  
M. Julieta González ◽  
Rodrigo Quera ◽  
Marcela A. Hermoso
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Surface Contact Area ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Innate immunity prevents pathogens from entering and spreading within the body. This function is especially important in the gastrointestinal tract and skin, as these organs have a large surface contact area with the outside environment. In the intestine, luminal commensal bacteria are necessary for adequate food digestion and play a crucial role in tolerance to benign antigens. Immune system damage can create an intestinal inflammatory response, leading to chronic disease including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an IBD of unknown etiology with increasing worldwide prevalence. In the intestinal mucosa of UC patients, there is an imbalance in the IL-33/ST2 axis, an important modulator of the innate immune response. This paper reviews the role of the IL-33/ST2 system in innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa and its importance in inflammatory bowel diseases, especially ulcerative colitis.

scholarly journals Protein Tyrosine and Serine/Threonine Phosphorylation in Oral Bacterial Dysbiosis and Bacteria-Host Interaction

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Ren ◽  
Daonan Shen ◽  
Chengcheng Liu ◽  
Yi Ding
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Metabolism ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Systemic Health

The human oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and dysbiosis of the microflora and imbalanced microbiota-host interactions drive many oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Oral microbiota homeostasis is critical for systemic health. Over the last two decades, bacterial protein phosphorylation systems have been extensively studied, providing mounting evidence of the pivotal role of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation in oral bacterial dysbiosis and bacteria-host interactions. Ongoing investigations aim to discover novel kinases and phosphatases and to understand the mechanism by which these phosphorylation events regulate the pathogenicity of oral bacteria. Here, we summarize the structures of bacterial tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases and discuss the roles of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation systems in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans, emphasizing their involvement in bacterial metabolism and virulence, community development, and bacteria-host interactions.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Effect of Oral Rinsing with H2O2 on Clinical and Microbiological Parameters Related to Plaque, Gingivitis, and Microbes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Francisco Wilker Mustafa Gomes Muniz ◽  
Juliano Cavagni ◽  
Gerson Pedro José Langa ◽  
Bernal Stewart ◽  
Zilson Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Gingival Inflammation ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

Background. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been used for more than a century clinically to control plaque and gingival inflammation, with unclear supporting evidence. Aim. The aim of the present systematic review of the literature is to assess the effect of mouth rinses with H2O2 on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and oral microorganisms. Methods. Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched with the following focused question: what is the effect of hydrogen peroxide, in comparison to chlorhexidine or to a placebo solution, in oral microbiota control, dental plaque, and gingival inflammatory outcomes? Two independent examiners retrieved the articles and evaluated the evidence. Results. The majority of included studies were performed with 1.5% H2O2. Results related to plaque accumulation generally demonstrate a slightly better effect of H2O2 as compared to placebo mouth rinses, however with a lower performance as compared to chlorhexidine. In terms of gingival inflammation, H2O2 performs better than placebo and more clearly demonstrates an anti-inflammation effect. No studies evaluated the effect of H2O2 against viruses or fungi. In terms of bacteria, H2O2 demonstrates an antibacterial effect. Conclusion. Rinsing with H2O2 has the potential to affect plaque, gingivitis, and oral bacteria, as compared to placebo. However, the antibacterial results are not comparable to the performance of chlorhexidine.

scholarly journals Host–microbiota interactions in rheumatoid arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Maeda ◽  
Kiyoshi Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Th17 Cell ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Bacteria ◽  
Growing Body

AbstractThe gut microbiota has been proposed to be an important environmental factor in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we review a growing body of evidence from human and animal studies that supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota play a role in RA. Previous studies from we and others showed an altered composition of the microbiota in early RA patients. A recent study demonstrated that Prevotella species are dominant in the intestine of patients in the preclinical stages of RA. In addition, Prevotella-dominated microbiota isolated from RA patients contributes to the development of Th17 cell-dependent arthritis in SKG mice. Moreover, it was reported that periodontal bacteria correlates with the pathogenesis of RA. In this review, we discuss the link between oral bacteria and the development of arthritis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in terms of molecular mechanisms for the involvement of intestinal and oral microbiota in RA pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Role of Oral and Gut Microbiota in Dietary Nitrate Metabolism and Its Impact on Sports Performance

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3611
Author(s):  
Rocío González-Soltero ◽  
María Bailén ◽  
Beatriz de Lucas ◽  
Maria Isabel Ramírez-Goercke ◽  
Helios Pareja-Galeano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Dietary Strategy ◽  
Nitrate Metabolism ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation

Nitrate supplementation is an effective, evidence-based dietary strategy for enhancing sports performance. The effects of dietary nitrate seem to be mediated by the ability of oral bacteria to reduce nitrate to nitrite, thus increasing the levels of nitrite in circulation that may be further reduced to nitric oxide in the body. The gut microbiota has been recently implicated in sports performance by improving muscle function through the supply of certain metabolites. In this line, skeletal muscle can also serve as a reservoir of nitrate. Here we review the bacteria of the oral cavity involved in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and the possible changes induced by nitrite and their effect on gastrointestinal balance and gut microbiota homeostasis. The potential role of gut bacteria in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and as a supplier of the signaling molecule nitric oxide to the blood circulation and muscles has not been explored in any great detail.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Genomics and the Oral Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balachandran ◽  
K.L. Cross ◽  
M. Podar
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Single Cell Genomics

The human oral cavity is one of the first environments where microbes have been discovered and studied since the dawn of microbiology. Nevertheless, approximately 200 types of bacteria from the oral microbiota have remained uncultured in the laboratory. Some are associated with a healthy oral microbial community, while others are linked to oral diseases, from dental caries to gum disease. Single-cell genomics has enabled inferences on the physiology, virulence, and evolution of such uncultured microorganisms and has further enabled isolation and cultivation of several novel oral bacteria, including the discovery of novel interspecies interactions. This review summarizes some of the more recent advances in this field, which is rapidly moving toward physiologic characterization of single cells and ultimately cultivation of the yet uncultured. A combination of traditional microbiological approaches with genomic-based physiologic predictions and isolation strategies may lead to the oral microbiome being the first complex microbial community to have all its members cultivable in the laboratory. Studying the biology of the individual microbes when in association with other members of the community, in controlled laboratory conditions and in vivo, should lead to a better understanding of oral dysbiosis and its prevention and reversion.

scholarly journals Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Barbara ◽  
Maria Raffaella Barbaro ◽  
Daniele Fuschi ◽  
Marta Palombo ◽  
Francesca Falangone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) is one of the largest interfaces between the environment and the internal milieu of the body. It is essential to limit the passage of harmful antigens and microorganisms and, on the other side, to assure the absorption of nutrients and water. The maintenance of this delicate equilibrium is tightly regulated as it is essential for human homeostasis. Luminal solutes and ions can pass across the IEB via two main routes: the transcellular pathway or the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions (TJs) are a multi-protein complex responsible for the regulation of paracellular permeability. TJs control the passage of antigens through the IEB and have a key role in maintaining barrier integrity. Several factors, including cytokines, gut microbiota, and dietary components are known to regulate intestinal TJs. Gut microbiota participates in several human functions including the modulation of epithelial cells and immune system through the release of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mediators released by immune cells can induce epithelial cell damage and TJs dysfunction. The subsequent disruption of the IEB allows the passage of antigens into the mucosa leading to further inflammation. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis, immune activation, and IEB dysfunction have a role in several diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gluten-related conditions. Here we summarize the interplay between the IEB and gut microbiota and mucosal immune system and their involvement in IBS, IBD, and gluten-related disorders.

scholarly journals Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzo A. Palombo
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Oral diseases are major health problems with dental caries and periodontal diseases among the most important preventable global infectious diseases. Oral health influences the general quality of life and poor oral health is linked to chronic conditions and systemic diseases. The association between oral diseases and the oral microbiota is well established. Of the more than 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the oral cavity, a number are implicated in oral diseases. The development of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric Gram-positive bacteria (mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and actinomycetes). Periodontal diseases have been linked to anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis,Actinobacillus,PrevotellaandFusobacterium). Given the incidence of oral disease, increased resistance by bacteria to antibiotics, adverse affects of some antibacterial agents currently used in dentistry and financial considerations in developing countries, there is a need for alternative prevention and treatment options that are safe, effective and economical. While several agents are commercially available, these chemicals can alter oral microbiota and have undesirable side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhea and tooth staining. Hence, the search for alternative products continues and natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used as traditional medicines are considered as good alternatives. In this review, plant extracts or phytochemicals that inhibit the growth of oral pathogens, reduce the development of biofilms and dental plaque, influence the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces and reduce the symptoms of oral diseases will be discussed further. Clinical studies that have investigated the safety and efficacy of such plant-derived medicines will also be described.

scholarly journals F. prausnitzii and its supernatant increase SCFAs-producing bacteria to restore gut dysbiosis in TNBS-induced colitis

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youlian Zhou ◽  
Haoming Xu ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Xue Guo ◽  
Hailan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

AbstractAn increasing number of studies have shown that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) is a promising anti-inflammatory bacterium that colonizes in the gut and that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we report the gut microbiota profile of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice treated with F. prausnitzii and its supernatant on the basis of high-throughput sequencing. We interestingly found that both F. prausnitzii and its metabolites exerted protective effects against colitis in mice, which ameliorated gut dysbiosis, with an increase in bacterial diversity and the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and a decrease in serum TNF-α and the abundance of Proteinbacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. These findings will provide further evidence of the anti-inflammatory effect of F. prausnitzii, which presents therapeutic potential for IBD treatment.

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