scholarly journals Distribution and abundance of ticks infesting livestock population along Karakorum highway from Mansehra to Gilgit, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD SOHAIL SAJID ◽  
ZAFAR IQBAL ◽  
ASIM SHAMIM ◽  
RAO MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE ◽  
MUHAMMAD JAWAD UL HASSAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Livestock Population ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Husbandry System ◽  
Karakoram Highway ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan ◽  
Tick Burden

Ticks and tick-borne infections pose major economic threats to the livestock industry throughout the world. The present study reports the point prevalence of ticks in the free range livestock population of the plain and hilly areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Mansehra, Haripur, Shangala, Kohistan), and Gilgit Baltistan (Diamer, Gilgit, Astor) along the Karakoram highway. Through convenient and snowball sampling techniques, a total of 813 animals, consisting of 232 sheep, 163 cattle, 365 goats and 53 buffaloes were screened for their tick burden. During the study, the two tick species identified were Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus. The overall prevalence of tick infestation among the screened livestock was 75.03%, with the highest distribution in sheep (81.47%) followed, in order, by cattle (77.91%), goats (72.05%) and buffalo (58.49%). The district-wise prevalence of ticks was the highest in Haripur (85.58), followed, in order, by Gilgit (83.10%), Mansehra (81.14%), Batagram (81.05%), Shangala (77.78%), Kohistan (75.38%), Diamer (72.28%) and Astor (32.22%). The prevalence of ticks was found to be higher (85.67%) in younger livestock than adults (66.44%), and in females (80.33%) than males (66.44%). The present study provides the first report of the tick distribution in higher altitudes of northern Pakistan and confirms the presence of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus ticks in the plains, as well as the hilly geoclimates of Pakistan. Furthermore, the data on risk factors allows us to make recommendations to restructure the existing husbandry system of northern areas of Pakistan with the aim of reducing the tick burden on livestock.

Illegal rattan extraction trends in the Ankasa Conservation Area in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
R. Obour, D. Amankwaa, A. Asare
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
The North ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Protected Areas (PAs) are created for the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, but many of Ghana’s PAs are subjectto severe pressures and threats, the main pressures being the illegal extraction of natural resources. Rattans are indisputablyone of the most important Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Ghana’s Protected Areas that is without doubt one of thereasons for which it has drawn the attention of researchers. In this study the illegal rattan extraction patterns in the AnkasaConservation Area (ACA) in Ghana was inspected. Simple random sampling and Snowball sampling techniques were used. Datacollection employed the use of semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and field enumeration of rattans as well as an analysisof Effective Patrol Man-days (EPMDS) from 2004 to 2012. The results showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.75, p<0.05, r2 = 0.557) between patrol effort and rattan extraction encounters. In addition, there was a general reduction in illegalrattan extraction encounters from 2004 to 2012 at a rate of 4.3 per year. The highest illegal rattan extraction incidences wererecorded in 2006 (76 encounters), 2005 (35 encounters), 2008 (22 encounters), 2004 (18 encounters) and the least incidencewere recorded in both 2010 (3 encounters) and 2011 (3 encounters).The research also revealed that Eremospatha macrocarpawas the most extracted rattan species followed by Laccosperma secundiflorum. The major rattan extraction and trade routesoriginate in the northern parts and in the area east of the reserve and also south of Draw River Forest Reserve. Generally, rattanpoaching in Ankasa Conservation Area has declined, but there are still human incursions in the northern part of the reserve. Thestudy recommended an intensification of patrols in the north of the reserve. Also, enrichment planting and Agroforestry practicesof inter-cropping rattans with seasonal crops should be pursued vigorously for the local communities.

“I Was Able to Still Do My Job on the Field and Keep Playing”: An Investigation of Female and Male Athletes’ Experiences With (Not) Reporting Concussions

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Sanderson ◽  
Melinda Weathers ◽  
Katherine Snedaker ◽  
Kelly Gramlich
Keyword(s):  
Group Theory ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Athletic Competition ◽  
Concussion Management

This research applied muted group theory to investigate female and male athletes’ experiences with not reporting concussions sustained during athletic competition. Using snowball-sampling techniques, a total of 365 women and 247 men completed an online open-ended questionnaire about their reasons for not reporting a concussion. Results indicated that male athletes were more likely to continue to play through and not report a concussion than female athletes. Participants also indicated that they did not report concussions due to (a) perceived lack of resources, (b) perceived lack of severity, (c) conformance to sport cultural norms, which was comprised of two subthemes: adherence to the pain principle and team allegiance. The results suggest that efforts to address concussion management in sport need to focus on the communicative and structural elements that privilege hegemonic masculinity and playing through pain, as they contribute to muting athletes in advocating for their health.

scholarly journals OUTCOME AND ROOTS OF EARLY MARRIAGES IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN: A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saima Baig ◽  
Asmat Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan

The aim of this study was to find out the causes and outcome of the early marriages in the light of victims and gatekeepers observations. However, one-third of under-aged girls in the developing countries are married before the age of 18 years. Although in Northern areas of Pakistan, early marriage is a very common problem in both gender, especially, in Gilgit-Baltistan and the ratio is higher than any other part of the country. Moreover, in this region, early marriage is prevailed due to traditional customs, religious dominance and supernatural evil. The present study chose two categories, first category for victims which includes respondents of age group from 10 to 40 years old and married before 18 years of age. The second category was chosen for interpretation of the community gatekeepers. We utilized a quantitative survey method to collect data from each district and examined 200 sample. A sample is divided into two groups, the victim's group includes 150 respondents and the group of gatekeepers includes 50 sample size. The tailor-made close-ended questionnaire was designed for the collection of data. Beside this, a Likert scale was also used for Professionals.  There is a need to take some serious steps to eliminate this social disease which promotes the illiteracy, poverty, crime, economic burden, terrorism, domestic violence and rapid increase in population which is surmounting challenges in the pathway of regional development. Early marriage has psychological, physical and economic consequences; most girls remain unable to complete their primary and secondary education and also have the negative impact on their health.

scholarly journals Analysis of Market Structure-Conduct-Performance of Gurame Fish (Osphonemus gouramy) in Kediri Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 006 (02) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
BJ. Al-Baiquni ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Accounts Payable ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Marketing Margins

The role of marketing institutions is important for conducting marketing activities, so that research has a purpose for: 1) knowing the market structure of gurame fish, 2) describing the behavior of gurame fish marketing institutions, 3) knowing the performance of marketing institutions for gurame fish in Kediri Regency. Type of research is descriptive using analysis of structure, conduct, and performance. Sampling techniques using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques, data collection techniques by observation, direct interviews and documentation. The results of the study are based on market structure that is influenced by the number of sellers and buyers, barriers to entry and exit markets, and market information indicating that the formed market structure is oligopoly; There are still many marketing agency behaviors that harm several parties in marketing such as accounts payable, and other fraudulent practices; The marketing of gurame fish in Kediri Regecy cannot be said to be efficient because of the uneven distribution of marketing margins, costs, and profits of each institution, as well as the high margin value, costs, and profits from one of the marketing institutions, large-scale collectors.

scholarly journals Mencari Model Pendidikan Karakter Di Sekolah

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
M. Fahim Tharaba
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
School Management ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Extra Curricular Activities ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Education Model ◽  
Time Division

<p><em>The focus of this research is looking for a character education model that was developed on the research site (MAN 3 Malang, SMAN 1 Malang and MA Pondok Pesantren An-Nur Malang Regency). The study used a qualitative approach or in the field of education is often called the naturalistic approach with purposif sampling techniques and snowball sampling techniques as well as sampling time (time sampling). The results of this research are as follows: (1) prioritized values in character education i.e. religious character, honest, discipline, hard work, tolerance, independent, love of homeland, democracy, cooperation, creative, taste of Inging Tau, appreciating achievement; (2) Character education models are conducted through integration into the learning activities of each subject; (3) Character Education Model is done through habituation in daily life in school/Madrasah and integration into school management activities/Madrasah; (4) Character education models are conducted through integration with extra-curricular activities on all three research sites; and (5) constraints encountered in the implementation of character education and solution of its resolution on the three research sites, namely in MA An-Nur Bululawang. The position of the attend which is at one Pesantren Foundation, which makes the policy making should always seek approval from the Pesantren. In addition, the time division of activities is also a constraint. While the character education in the MAN 3 Malang is considered as less effective because it can not be converted in real time in the book Raport and lack of monitoring and evaluation, so that the character education is still limited to normative. While the obstacles faced at SMAN 1 Malang in the form of lack of control and support from the student family, so that each child at home back "loose" can not be monitored as done in the Madrasah.</em></p>

Determinants of COVID-19 Response Strategies in Selected African Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 193672442110557
Author(s):  
Peter Asare-Nuamah ◽  
Christopher Dick-Sagoe ◽  
Bernard Nsaidzedze Sakah ◽  
Hannah Muzee ◽  
Joycelyn Oteng Asamoah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
And Coping

Using protection motivation theory as the theoretical framework, this study investigates the factors that motivate COVID-19 response in Ghana, Cameroon, Lesotho and Uganda. Through simple random and snowball sampling techniques, 651 participants were selected. The study collected data with the aid of a survey questionnaire, which was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show high perceived COVID-19 threats among the respondents. Consequently, response strategies, such as wearing of nose mask, hand sanitizer application and social distancing, which are perceived to be effective, have been adopted. It is evident that respondents’ demographics influence their COVID-19 threats and coping strategies. Nevertheless, the severity of COVID-19 impacts ( p = .00), efficacy of response strategies ( p = .00) and access to COVID-19 information ( p = .02) were the significant predictors of COVID-19 response, even though the efficacy of COVID-19 response strategies (beta = .55) emerged as the best predictor. It is imperative for African governments to prioritize COVID-19 education to control the spread of the pandemic and minimize its impact.

Praktik Gadai Lahan Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kesejahteraan Al-Rahin Di Desa Gapura Kecamatan Pujut Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Muaidy Yasin ◽  
Muhammad Huzaini ◽  
Akhmad Jufri
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Meaningful Data

This study aims to find out and analyze the factors that cause a person to mortgage his land, how to implement a mortgage, whether the mortgage practice is in accordance with Islamic law and how the level of welfare of al-rahin in Gapura Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency. This research uses qualitative methods, because it examines reality, phenomena or symptoms that are holistic / intact, complex, dynamic and meaningful. Data collection techniques are carried out in natural conditions and carried out by means of observation, in-depth interviews and documentation in the form of sound recordings and photographs. Informants are set while in the field using snowball sampling techniques. Data analysis used is qualitative analysis. Research conclusion 1. Most farmers practice land pawning due to financial constraints and to obtain business capital; 2. The practice of pawning in Gapura Village, Pujut Subdistrict, is more colored by adat, which is a hereditary habit from its predecessors; 3. The practice of land pledges in Gapura Village, Pujut Subdistrict, is in accordance with the pillars and pawning conditions according to Islam, but if seen from the use of collateral goods, it is not in accordance with the pawning principle according to Islam, because it creates injustice between al-rahin and al-murtahin ; 4. Most of the pledges (al-rahin) in Gapura Village, Pujut Subdistrict, have not prospered from the perspective of Islam, and the part is already getting Islamic welfare, because the needs of dharuriyyat and hajiyat are fulfilled

Urbane Ökonomien und ethnische Ökologien im Karakorum-Gebirge Nordpakistans

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Dittmann ◽  
Eckart Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Short History ◽  
Urban Economies ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
History Of

Urban economies and ethnic ecologies in the Karakorum Mountains, Northern Pakistan.The article examines different social and economic patterns of cooperation and confrontation in urban settlements of the Karakorum Mountains in Northern Pakistan, which were manifested since the partition of British-lndia. The focus is put on the question, to what extent ethno-linguistic factors influence or even determine economic constellations. In this regard. the comparable short history of urban development in the Northern Areas of Pakistan and the very dynamic expansion of larger settlements in this area during the last two decades present a precious opportunity for a closer look at ethno-economic determination at initial stages of urban development.

Temporary Workers, (Im)Permanent Labour

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-21
Author(s):  
Melina Emilia Cortina-Castro ◽  
Karen Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Agricultural Worker ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Seasonal Agricultural Workers

The Canadian government co-manages the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) with the governments of Mexico and 11 Caribbean countries. The program brings in over 45,000 people to work on farms and in greenhouses across Canada on a temporary basis. According to a review of the literature, workers’ experiences under the SAWP are mainly characterized by poor living and working conditions, discrimination, and abuse (Binford, 2019; Choudry & Thomas, 2013; Strauss & McGrath, 2017). Using the province of British Columbia (BC) as a case example, this paper explores the lived experiences of Mexican seasonal agricultural workers in BC. In-depth interview data were collected and analyzed from six workers who were recruited using quota and snowball sampling techniques. The findings indicate that workers’ experiences have complex and intersecting political and racialized dimensions. Implications for policy and program changes are discussed.

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