scholarly journals Cardiovascular, carcinogenic and reproductive effects of nicotine exposure: A narrative review of the scientific literature

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
Leonie R. Price ◽  
Javier Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Nicotine Exposure ◽  
Health Related

The emergence of new tobacco heating products and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is changing the way humans are exposed to nicotine. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a broad overview of published scientific literature with respect to the effects of nicotine on three key health-related areas: 1) cardiovascular risk, 2) carcinogenesis and 3) reproductive outcomes. These areas are known to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cigarette smoke, and in addition, nicotine has been hypothesized to play a role in disease pathogenesis. Acute toxicity will also be discussed. The literature to February 2019 suggests that there is no increased cardiovascular risk of nicotine exposure in consumers who have no underlying cardiovascular pathology. There is scientific consensus that nicotine is not a direct or complete carcinogen, however, it remains to be established whether it plays some role in human cancer propagation and metastasis. These cancer progression pathways have been proposed in models in vitro and in transgenic rodent lines in vivo but have not been demonstrated in cases of human cancer. Further studies are needed to determine whether nicotine is linked to decreased fertility in humans. The results from animal studies indicate that nicotine has the potential to act across many mechanisms during fetal development. More studies are needed to address questions regarding nicotine exposure in humans, and this may lead to additional guidance concerning new ENDS entering the market.

scholarly journals Biological effects of nicotine exposure: A narrative review of the scientific literature

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
Leonie R. Price ◽  
Javier Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Nicotine Exposure

The emergence of new tobacco heating products and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is changing the way humans are exposed to nicotine. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a broad overview of published scientific literature with respect to the effects of nicotine on three key health-related areas: 1) cardiovascular risk, 2) carcinogenesis and 3) reproductive outcomes. These areas are known to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cigarette smoke, and in addition, nicotine has been hypothesized to play a role in disease pathogenesis. Acute toxicity will also be discussed. The literature to February 2019 suggests that there is no increased cardiovascular risk of nicotine exposure in consumers who have no underlying cardiovascular pathology. There is scientific consensus that nicotine is not a direct or complete carcinogen, however, it remains to be established whether it plays some role in human cancer propagation and metastasis. These cancer progression pathways have been proposed in models in vitro and in transgenic rodent lines in vivo but have not been demonstrated in cases of human cancer. Further studies are needed to determine whether nicotine is linked to decreased fertility in humans. The results from animal studies indicate that nicotine has the potential to act across many mechanisms during fetal development. More studies are needed to address questions regarding nicotine exposure in humans, and this may lead to additional guidance concerning new ENDS entering the market.

scholarly journals Prebiotics from Seaweeds: An Ocean of Opportunity?

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cherry ◽  
Supriya Yadav ◽  
Conall R. Strain ◽  
Philip J. Allsopp ◽  
Emeir M. McSorley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Previous Discussion ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health Related

Seaweeds are an underexploited and potentially sustainable crop which offer a rich source of bioactive compounds, including novel complex polysaccharides, polyphenols, fatty acids, and carotenoids. The purported efficacies of these phytochemicals have led to potential functional food and nutraceutical applications which aim to protect against cardiometabolic and inflammatory risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and some cancers. Concurrent understanding that perturbations of gut microbial composition and metabolic function manifest throughout health and disease has led to dietary strategies, such as prebiotics, which exploit the diet-host-microbe paradigm to modulate the gut microbiota, such that host health is maintained or improved. The prebiotic definition was recently updated to “a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit”, which, given that previous discussion regarding seaweed prebiotics has focused upon saccharolytic fermentation, an opportunity is presented to explore how non-complex polysaccharide components from seaweeds may be metabolised by host microbial populations to benefit host health. Thus, this review provides an innovative approach to consider how the gut microbiota may utilise seaweed phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and carotenoids, and provides an updated discussion regarding the catabolism of seaweed-derived complex polysaccharides with potential prebiotic activity. Additional in vitro screening studies and in vivo animal studies are needed to identify potential prebiotics from seaweeds, alongside untargeted metabolomics to decipher microbial-derived metabolites from seaweeds. Furthermore, controlled human intervention studies with health-related end points to elucidate prebiotic efficacy are required.

scholarly journals MiR-203 Determines Poor Outcome and Suppresses Tumor Growth by Targeting TBK1 in Osteosarcoma

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1956-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiping Liu ◽  
Peng Feng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Gene Assay

Background/Aims: Increasing evidence has shown that miR-203 plays important role in human cancer progression. However, little is known about the function of miR-203 in osteosarcoma (OS). Methods: The expression of miR-203 in OS tissues and cell lines were examined by qRT-PCR. The biological role of miR-20 in OS cell proliferation was examined in vitro and in vivo. The targets of miR-203 were identified by a luciferase reporter gene assay. Results: miR-203 was down regulated in OS tissues and cell lines; decreased miR-203 was associated with a poor overall survival in OS patients. Restoration of miR-203 expression reduced cell growth in vitro and suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. In contrast, inhibition of miR-203 stimulated OS cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) was identified as a direct target of miR-203; overexpression of TBK1 partly reversed the suppressive effects of miR-203. Furthermore, TBK1 was found up-regulated and inversely correlated with miR-203 in OS tissues. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-203 acts as a tumor suppressor via regulation of TBK1 expression in OS progression, and miR-203 may be a promising therapeutic target for OS.

scholarly journals The novel circ_0028171/miR-218-5p/IKBKB axis promotes osteosarcoma cancer progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Pan ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Benseng Tang ◽  
Li Jing ◽  
Bing Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Migration And Invasion

Abstract Background Recently, it has been demonstrated that circular RNA (circRNA) contributes to the production and progression in human cancer. However, the specific function and underlying mechanism of circ_0028171 in osteosarcoma (OS) still remain largely unclear and require to be investigated. Methods In our study, we confirmed differentially expressed circRNAs by microarray analysis in normal bone cells vs. OS cell lines. The expression of circ-0028171 in OS was measured by qRT-PCR. Nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation was employed to identify the localization of circ-0028171, and RNase R and actinomycin D treatment were used to prove its circular characteristic. In vitro experiments, such as CCK-8 method, cell count, cell colony formation, transwell migration and invasion assays, and in vivo tumor models were adopted to evaluate the effect of circ_0028171. Further, luciferase reporter, RIP and RNA pull-down assays were conducted to confirm the binding sites of circ_0028171 with miR-218-5p. Results We found that circ_0028171 displayed a remarkably higher expression in both OS tissues and cell lines. Circ_0028171 mainly located in the cytoplasm as a stable cyclic transcript. Knockdown of circ_0028171 suppressed OS tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, while up-regulated circ_0028171 remarkably enhanced cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities in OS. Several mechanistic experiments revealed that circ_0028171 served as a sponge of miR-218-5p to increase IKBKB expression. Conclusions our research reveals that circ_0028171 might promote the malignant behavior of OS tissues through miR-218-5p/IKBKB axis, which could be a potential novel marker for early diagnosis of OS.

scholarly journals MiR-590-3p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by targeting TEAD1

Tumor Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 101042831769594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Ge ◽  
Liansheng Gong
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis

MicroRNA signature is altered in different disease states including cancer, and some microRNAs act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. MiR-590-3p has been shown to be involved in human cancer progression. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma remains unknown. In this study, miR-590-3p level was measured, and clinicopathological features were determined in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. The function of miR-590-3p was examined in vitro and in vivo. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated downregulation of miR-590-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, and its downregulation was associated with a poor overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Ectopic expression of miR-590-3p promoted growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, whereas its depletion inhibited cell growth. Transcriptional enhancer activator domain 1 was identified as a validated miR-590-3p target. Upregulation of transcriptional enhancer activator domain 1 was found in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and inversely correlated with miR-590-3p. Our results indicate a tumor suppressor role of miR-590-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma through targeting transcriptional enhancer activator domain 1 and suggest its use in the diagnosis and prognosis of liver cancer.

scholarly journals Myxoma Virus Expressing Interleukin-15 Fails To Cause Lethal Myxomatosis in European Rabbits

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 5933-5938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Sonia Wennier ◽  
Mary Reinhard ◽  
Edward Roy ◽  
Amy MacNeill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Myxoma Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
Interleukin 15 ◽  
European Rabbits

ABSTRACT Myxoma virus (MYXV) is a poxvirus pathogenic only for European rabbits, but its permissiveness in human cancer cells gives it potential as an oncolytic virus. A recombinant MYXV expressing both the tdTomato red fluorescent protein and interleukin-15 (IL-15) (vMyx-IL-15-tdTr) was constructed. Cells infected with vMyx-IL-15-tdTr secreted bioactive IL-15 and had in vitro replication kinetics similar to that of wild-type MYXV. To determine the safety of this virus for future oncolytic studies, we tested its pathogenesis in European rabbits. In vivo, vMyx-IL-15-tdTr no longer causes lethal myxomatosis. Thus, ectopic IL-15 functions as an antiviral cytokine in vivo, and vMyx-IL-15-tdTr is a safe candidate for animal studies of oncolytic virotherapy.

scholarly journals Roles of regulator of chromosome condensation 2 in cancer: Beyond its regulatory function in cell cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Calderon-Aparicio ◽  
Ann Bode
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Chromosome Condensation ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition

Regulator of chromosome condensation 2 (RCC2) is an essential protein in order for mitosis to proceed properly. It localizes in the centrosome of chromosomes where is involved in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Furthermore, RCC2 associates with integrin networks at the plasma membrane where participates in the control of cell movement. Because of its known role in cell cycle, RCC2 has been linked with cancer progression. Several reports show that RCC2 induces cancer hallmarks, but the mechanisms explaining how RCC2 exerts these roles are widely unknown. Here, we aim to summarize the main findings explaining the roles and mechanisms of RCC2 in cancer promotion. RCC2 is overexpressed in different cancers, including glioblastoma, lung, ovarian, and esophageal which is related to proliferation, migration, invasion promotion in vitro and tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. Besides, RCC2 overexpression induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and causes poorer prognosis in cancer patients. RCC2 overexpression has also been linked with resistance development to chemotherapy and radiotherapy by inhibiting apoptosis and activating cancer-promoting transcription factors. Unfortunately, not RCC2 inhibitors are currently available for further pre-clinical and clinical assays. Therefore, these findings emphasize the potential use of RCC2 as a targetable biomarker in cancer and highlight the importance for designing RCC2 chemical inhibitors to evaluate its efficacy in animal studies and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Engineered exosomes delivering specific tumor-suppressive RNAi attenuate oral cancer progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaro Kase ◽  
Katsuhiro Uzawa ◽  
Sho Wagai ◽  
Shusaku Yoshimura ◽  
Jun-Ichiro Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oncogenic Activity

AbstractExosomes are involved in a wide range of biological processes in human cells. Considerable evidence suggests that engineered exosomes (eExosomes) containing therapeutic agents can attenuate the oncogenic activity of human cancer cells. Despite its biomedical relevance, no information has been available for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and therefore the development of specific OSCC-targeting eExosomes (octExosomes) is urgently needed. We demonstrated that exosomes from normal fibroblasts transfected with Epstein–Barr Virus Induced-3 (EBI3) cDNA were electroporated with siRNA of lymphocyte cytoplasmic protein 1 (LCP1), as octExosomes, and a series of experiments were performed to evaluate the loading specificity/effectiveness and their anti-oral cancer cell activities after administration of octExosomes. These experiments revealed that octExosomes were stable, effective for transferring siLCP1 into OSCC cells and LCP1 was downregulated in OSCC cells with octExosomes as compared with their counterparts, leading to a significant tumor-suppressive effect in vitro and in vivo. Here we report the development of a new valuable tool for inhibiting tumor cells. By engineering exosomes, siLCP1 was transferred to specifically suppress oncogenic activity of OSCC cells. Inhibition of other types of human malignant cells merits further study.

scholarly journals The inhibition of in vivo tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma (OS)-732 cells by antisense human osteopontin RNA

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Jin Liu ◽  
Dao-Qiang Zhang ◽  
Xiu-Mei Sui ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Zi-Wei Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
Patient Prognosis ◽  
Cell Matrix Interactions

AbstractOsteopontin (OPN) is a secreted, non-collagenous, sialic acid-rich protein which functions by mediating cell-matrix interactions and cellular signaling via binding with integrins and CD44 receptors. An increasing number of studies have shown that OPN plays an important role in controlling cancer progression and metastasis. OPN was found to be expressed in many human cancer types, and in some cases, its over-expression was shown to be directly associated with poor patient prognosis. In vitro cancer cell line and animal model studies have clearly indicated that OPN can function in regulating the cell signaling that ultimately controls the oncogenic potential of various cancers. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that OPN is highly expressed in human osteosarcoma (OS) cell line OS-732. In this study, we successfully reduced the tumorigenecity of OS-732 cells xenotransplanted into nude mice, using the antisense human OPN (hOPN) RNA expression vector.

scholarly journals LncRNA-MIAT promotes thyroid cancer progression and function as ceRNA to target EZH2 by sponging miR-150-5p

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Guo ◽  
Kai Qian ◽  
Yuan Shi ◽  
Tuanqi Sun ◽  
Zhuoying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Cerna Network ◽  
Ezh2 Expression ◽  
And Migration

AbstractWhile long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play an important role in human cancer types, they remain poorly understood in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The aim of this study was to use genome-wide expression profiling to identify lncRNAs acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in PTC. We constructed a ceRNA network based on our lncRNA microarray data and validated the correlation between myocardial infarction-associated transcript lncRNA (MIAT), miRNA-150-5p, and EZH2 in vitro and in vivo. We found 15 lncRNAs, 28 miRNAs, and hundreds of mRNAs involved in this ceRNA network. Splendid positive correlations were found between the MIAT and EZH2 expression in types of cancer in TCGA data. Besides, significant differences in MIAT/EZH2 expression were found among various clinicopathological features. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed that MIAT inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Moreover, EZH2 was identified as a direct downstream target of miR-150-5p in PTC cells. Restoration of EZH2 expression partially abolished the biological effects of miR-150-5p. Furthermore, overexpression of MIAT was inversely correlated with miR-150-5p expression. Knockdown of MIAT produced significant behavioral alter maybe partly due to the function of the MIAT-150-5p-EZH2 network. Our findings suggest MIAT may inhibit EZH2 expression and promote PTC cell invasion via the miR-150/EZH2 pathway. Therefore, MIAT may serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PTC.

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