Non-biological methods for phosphorus and nitrogen removal from wastewater: A gap analysis of reinvented-toilet technologies with respect to ISO 30500

The aims of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge (RTTC) include creation of an off-the-grid sanitation system with operating costs of less than US$0.05 per user per day. Because of the small scale at which many reinvented toilets (RT) are intended to operate, non-biological treatment has been generally favored. The RTTC has already instigated notable technological advances in non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS). However, increasingly stringent liquid effluent standards for N and P could limit the deployment of current RT in real-world scenarios, despite the urgent need for these systems. The newly adopted ISO 30500 standards for water reuse in NSSS dictate minimal use of chemical/biological additives, while at the same time requiring a 70% and 80% reduction in total nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. This document provides a brief overview of the mature and emerging technologies for N and P (specifically ammonia/ammonium and orthophosphate) removal from wastewater. At present, the dearth of nutrient removal methods proven to be effective at small scales is a significant barrier to meeting ISO 30500 standards. Closing the gap between RTs and ISO 30500 will require significant investments in basic R&D of emerging technologies for non-biological N and P remediation and/or increased reliance on biological processes. Adaptation of existing nutrient-removal technologies to small-scale NSSS is a viable option that merits additional investigation.

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Non-biological methods for phosphorus and nitrogen removal from wastewater: A gap analysis of reinvented-toilet technologies with respect to ISO 30500

Gates Open Research ◽

10.12688/gatesopenres.12931.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 559 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lena Trotochaud ◽

Brian T. Hawkins ◽

Brian R. Stoner

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Removal ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Emerging Technologies ◽

Gap Analysis ◽

Small Scale ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Removal Technologies ◽

Sanitation Systems ◽

Biological Methods

The aims of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge (RTTC) include creation of an off-the-grid sanitation system with operating costs of less than US$0.05 per user per day. Because of the small scale at which many reinvented toilets (RT) are intended to operate, non-biological treatment has been generally favored. The RTTC has already instigated notable technological advances in non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS). However, increasingly stringent effluent standards for N and P could limit the deployment of current RT in real-world scenarios, despite the urgent need for these systems. The newly adopted ISO 30500 standards for water reuse in NSSS dictate minimal use of chemical/biological additives, while at the same time requiring a 70% and 80% reduction in total nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. This document provides a brief overview of the mature and emerging technologies for N and P removal from wastewater. At present, the dearth of nutrient removal methods proven to be effective at small scales is a significant barrier to meeting ISO 30500 standards. Closing the gap between RTs and ISO 30500 will require significant investments in basic R&D of emerging technologies for non-biological N and P remediation and/or increased reliance on biological processes. Adaptation of existing nutrient-removal technologies to small-scale NSSS is a viable option that merits additional investigation.

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WERF Nutrient Challenge investigates limits of nutrient removal technologies

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.617 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 945-953 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. B. Neethling ◽

D. Clark ◽

A. Pramanik ◽

H. D. Stensel ◽

J. Sandino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Removal ◽

Collaborative Research ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Aquatic Environments ◽

Research Projects ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

New Information ◽

Research Initiative ◽

Treatment Facilities ◽

Removal Technologies

The WERF Nutrient Challenge is a multi-year collaborative research initiative established in 2007 to develop and provide current information about wastewater treatment nutrients (specifically nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater), their characteristics, and bioavailability in aquatic environments to help regulators make informed decisions. The Nutrient Challenge will also provide data on nutrient removal so that treatment facilities can select sustainable, cost-effective methods and technologies to meet permit limits. To meet these goals, the Nutrient Challenge has teamed with a wide array of utilities, agencies, consultants, universities and other researchers and practitioners to collaborate on projects that advance these goals. The Nutrient Challenge is focusing on a different approach to collaborating and leveraging resources (financial and intellectual) on research projects by targeting existing projects and research that correspond with its goals and funding those aspects that the Nutrient Challenge identified as a priority. Because the Nutrient Challenge is focused on collaboration, outreach is an absolutely necessary component of its effectiveness. Through workshops, webinars, a web portal and online compendium, published papers, and conference lectures, the Nutrient Challenge is both presenting important new information, and soliciting new partnerships.

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The Introduction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Technologies for Decreasing Pollution of the Elbe River in Czechoslovakia

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0293 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 205-209

Author(s):

Jirí Wanner ◽

Miroslav Kos

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Removal ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus Removal ◽

Removal Technologies ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Total Capacity ◽

The Elbe River

A short state-of-the-art-review in nutrient removal technologies is given and problems connected with nutrient removal in the activated sludge process enumerated. The present level of BOD and nutrient load to the Elbe in the Czech Basin and possible means of improvement are discussed. Seven municipal wastewater treatment plants, planned to be built in 1990-2000, are briefly described. The total capacity of these plants represents about 280000 kg BOD5/d and 29000 kg TKN/d.

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Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plants for Biological Nutrient Removal

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1990.0229 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (7-8) ◽

pp. 53-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. Rabinowitz ◽

T. D. Vassos ◽

R. N. Dawson ◽

W. K. Oldham

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Nutrient Removal ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Design Flow ◽

Biological Nutrient Removal ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Removal Technology ◽

Biological Nitrogen

A brief review of recent developments in biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal technology is presented. Guidelines are outlined of how current understanding of these two removal mechanisms can be applied in the upgrading of existing wastewater treatment plants for biological nutrient removal. A case history dealing with the upgrading of the conventional activated sludge process located at Penticton, British Columbia, to a biological nutrient removal facility with a design flow of 18,200 m3/day (4.0 IMGD) is presented as a design example. Process components requiring major modification were the headworks, bioreactors and sludge handling facilities.

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Making Waves: Why water reuse frameworks need to co-evolve with emerging small-scale technologies

Water Research X ◽

10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 100094

Author(s):

Eva Reynaert ◽

Angelika Hess ◽

Eberhard Morgenroth

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Small Scale

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Adapting Santiago Method to Determine Appropriate and Resource Efficient Sanitation Systems for an Urban Settlement in Lima Peru

Water ◽

10.3390/w13091197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1197

Author(s):

Ainul Firdatun Nisaa ◽

Manuel Krauss ◽

Dorothee Spuhler

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Informal Settlement ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Appropriateness Criteria ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Novel Technologies ◽

Sanitation Systems

The pre-selection of locally appropriate sanitation technologies and systems is crucial for strategic sanitation planning as any decision is only as good as the options presented. One approach that allows us to systematically consider the local conditions and a diverse range of conventional and novel technologies and systems is the Santiago method. In this paper, we discuss whether the Santiago method can be applied to the case of Latin America and what we would gain from this application. We do so by expanding the Santiago technology library with technologies that have been shown to be promising in metropolitan areas of Latin America, such as condominial sewer, container-based sanitation, and activated sludge. We then apply Santiago to the semi-informal settlement Quebrada Verde (QV) in Lima, Peru. Using Santiago, we were able to generate 265,185 sanitation system options from 42 technologies and 18 appropriateness criteria. A set of 17 appropriate and divers are then selected. The diversity is defined by 17 system templates. To further evaluate these 17 systems, resource recovery and loss potentials are quantified. Higher nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and total solids recovery are observed for systems that combine urine diversion and biofuel production. The case of QV shows that the Santiago method is applicable in the Latin American context.

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Nutrient Removal Using BauxsolTM for Treated Wastewater Reuse

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.626 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 695 ◽

pp. 626-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jung Soo Mun ◽

Sang Ho Lee ◽

Jung Hun Lee ◽

Jeong Yul Suh ◽

Ree Ho Kim

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Nutrient Removal ◽

Red Mud ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Sewage Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Treated Wastewater Reuse

Urban areas consume huge amounts of water and produce much wastewater, which deteriorate the aquatic environment and exhaust the country’s freshwater resources. Water reuse from sewage and wastewater is recognized as a good option for securing water. There are several kinds of processes for improving the water quality. Nutrient removal is very important for water reuse, especially in water supply for outdoor use, to prevent water quality deterioration via eutrophication. Moreover, low cost and easy maintenance should be considered for nutrient removal. In this study, red mud and BauxsolTM, a mixed mineral powder made of physicochemically modified red mud residue generated by the Bayer process for alumina refineries, was used for the removal of nitrate and heavy metals in artificial solution, and of phosphate in final effluent, from a sewage treatment plant in Dae-gu, Republic of Korea. Nitrate removal by red mud showed little efficiency while heavy metal removal showed high efficiency. The concentrations of the total phosphate in the effluent and treated water were 1.51 and 0.14 mg/L, respectively, which represent about 90.7% removal. Before and after the treatment, the pH was maintained at a neutral range of 6.5-7.2. BauxsolTM also showed a high heavy metal removal capacity. Therefore, BauxsolTM in powder and pellet form can be applied individually or mixed with soil to improve water quality for water reuse.

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Advanced Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0243 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 267-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Imura ◽

E. Suzuki ◽

T. Kitao ◽

S. Iwai

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Small Scale ◽

Experimental Plant ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Experimental Apparatus

In order to apply a sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process to small scale treatment facilities, various experiments were conducted by manufacturing an experimental apparatus made of a factory-produced FRP cylinder transverse tank (Ø 2,500mm). Results of the verification test conducted for one year by leading the wastewater discharged from apartment houses into the experimental apparatus were as follows. Excellent performance was achieved without any addition of carbon source, irrespective of the organic compound concentration and the temperature of raw wastewater. Organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorus were removed simultaneously. Due to the automated operation format, stable performance was obtained with only periodic maintenance. Though water depth of the experimental plant was shallow, effective sedimentation of activated sludge was continued during the experimental period. Regarding the aerobic and anaerobic process, nitrification and denitrification occurred smoothly.

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Where is biological nutrient removal going now?

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2006.088 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 155-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J.L. Barnard ◽

M.T. Steichen

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Removal ◽

Biological Nutrient Removal ◽

Years Of Experience ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

General Direction ◽

New Challenges

With more than 30 years of experience multiple options exist for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Communities that were exempt from nutrient removal for many years must now comply with imposed nutrient limits, and in areas where technology-based nutrient limits have been in place communities are now faced with more stringent mass-based limits that are becoming more difficult to meet as their populations increase. Recent efforts in the industry have been focused on getting more out of existing plants, or in many cases where land is not available, in intensifying existing processes to increase capacity and/or level of treatment. This paper will discuss some of these methods and the general direction in which biological nutrient removal is developing to address these new challenges.

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KINERJA KELOMPOK USAHA BERSAMA (KUB) NELAYAN GILLNET DI BARSELA ACEH

Marine Fisheries Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management ◽

10.29244/jmf.8.1.73-86 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Muhammad Rizal ◽

Budy Wiryawan ◽

Sugeng Hari Wisudo ◽

Iin Solihin ◽

John Haluan

Keyword(s):

Gap Analysis ◽

Economic Value ◽

Development Program ◽

Economic Aspect ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cultural Economic ◽

Environmental Aspect ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Strategic Issues ◽

Cultural Aspects

ABSTRACTNowadays, the development of fisheries strategic issues is related to poverty and welfare of fishermen. In 2010 - 2014, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries implemented Business Development Program of Rural Area by creating a Joint Business Group (JBG) to help traditional and small scale fishermen who categorized as poor. This study aimed to determine the performance of JBG of gillnet fishermen and to identify the attributes of performance (aspects of institutional, socio-cultural, economic, environmental and policy) in Barsela Aceh. Data was collected by purposive sampling method from 13 JBG of gillnet fishermen. IPA analysis and gap analysis were performed to measure each attribute and attribute's performance. The results showed that the value of the gap in the aspect of the institution of 1.87, and socio-cultural aspect of 1.91, which are categorized as good enough. Furthermore, the value of the economic aspect (2,12), environmental aspect (2,43) and policy aspect (2.21) are categorized as less good. The attributes which categorized as a top priority (in quadrant A) are the aspect of institution, namely; human resources quality of JBG, the level of utilization of information technology and marketing, participation in training event, frequency of training held by related agencies and traditional institutions and the effectiveness of PPTK. Socio-cultural aspects are the desire to be independent culture, work ethic culture, group cohesiveness, and JBG assets are jointly managed. In economic aspect are active savings and loan activities, the level of turnover development of JBG and the level of market opportunities for JBG fishermen's business. Environmental aspects are the effectiveness of target fish species catch, high economic value of fish and environment-friendly technologies. Policy aspects are sanctioned policies for fictitious JBG, policies about who can become a member of JBG, policy management in preparing a joint business plan and sanctions for members who violate the rules.Keywords: Barsela Aceh, JBG, gillnet fishermenABSTRAKPerkembangan isu strategis perikanan saat ini adalah kemiskinan dan kesejahteraan nelayan. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Tahun 2010-2014 melaksanakan Program Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan (PUMP) dengan membuat Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUB) untuk membantu nelayan tradisional dan kecil yang masih tergolong miskin. Penelitian ini bertujuan yaitu mengetahui kinerja KUB nelayan gillnet dan mengidentifikasi atribut kinerjanya (aspek lembaga, sosial budaya, ekonomi, lingkungan dan kebijakan) di Barsela Aceh. Metode pengambilan data purposive sampling, dimana data diambil secara sengaja pada 13 KUB nelayan gillnet. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis IPA untuk menilai setiap atribut dan analisis kesenjangan (gap) untuk menilai kinerja setiap atribut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kesenjangan pada aspek lembaga (1,87) dan aspek sosial budaya (1,91) yaitu katagori cukup baik. Selanjutnya nilai pada aspek ekonomi (2,12), aspek lingkungan (2,43) dan aspek kebijakan (2,21) yaitu katagori kurang baik. Serta atribut yang prioritas yaitu posisi atribut kuadran A (diprioritaskan) pada aspek lembaga adalah kualitas SDM KUB, tingkat pemanfaatan akses informasi teknologi dan pemasaran, keikutsertaan kegiatan pelatihan, intensitas pembinaan dari instansi terkait dan lembaga adat dan keefektifan PPTK. Aspek sosial budaya adalah budaya ingin mandiri, budaya etos kerja, kekompakan kelompok, dan aset KUB dikelola secara bersama. Aspek ekonomi adalah aktifnya kegiatan simpan pinjam, tingkat perkembangan omset KUB dan tingkat peluang pasar untuk usaha KUB nelayan. Aspek lingkungan adalah efektivitas jenis ikan target yang tertangkap, ikan ekonomis tinggi dan teknologi ramah lingkungan. Aspek kebijakan adalah aturan sanksi bagi KUB fiktif, kebijakan tentang yang bisa menjadi anggota KUB, kebijakan manajemen dalam menyusun rencana usaha bersama dan aturan sanksi bagi anggota yang melanggar.Kata kunci: Barsela Aceh, KUB, nelayan gillnet

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