Problems of tax incentives for development of small innovative enterprises at institutions of higher education

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Михаил Кучин ◽  
Mikhail Kuchin ◽  
Елена Егорова ◽  
Elena Egorova ◽  
Людмила Черникова ◽  
...  

One of the main areas of the economy currently is the development of innovative businesses. To help with this, the state is using direct and indirect methods of support and tax incentives for science, technology and innovation businesses. Tax incentives have become one of the main tools of innovation policy of developed countries, which are used not only to support and stimulate innovation, but also to create a favorable national environment in order to attract foreign R & D. Tax incentives are one of the most flexible tools. The system of tax incentives does not require the creation and maintenance of a separate administrative apparatus, since it is based on the existing tax system, which reduces the costs of its application to public authorities. Tax incentives are more efficient due to the stability of tax benefits in comparison to direct subsidies, since the levels of subsidization are reviewed annually and may vary considerably, and the tax rates change much less frequently. In modern conditions high expectations are associated with medium and small innovative enterprises at universities and research institutes, they play the role of the engine of the country in an innovative track of development. Thanks to this special purpose medium and small enterprises have tax benefits that would increase their investment attractiveness. The needs of innovative businesses at universities and research institutes are reflected in the Tax Code of Russia. For example, the recently adopted amendments to Article 346.12 of the second part of the Tax Code, which increase the possibility of small innovative enterprises on the use of different tax regimes and tax benefits. However, small and medium-sized innovative enterprises have still many problems, most of which are associated with funding sources.

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Є. М. Найдьон ◽  
В. А. Сандул

The relevance of the article is that tax benefits play a significant role in shaping a sustainable and developed economy because the system of benefits is a kind of guide for legal entities and individuals when choosing their field of activity, forms of income, benefits reduce tax pressure on taxpayers. The task of tax benefits is not only the equality of all in the field of taxation, but also to stimulate enterprises, including enterprises that use IT technologies, a tool to improve the economic situation in Ukraine. This issue becomes especially relevant in the context of the European integration process, when our country is increasingly entering the European economic arena. Accordingly, Ukraine needs to develop an effective tax system for providing benefits and advantages to progressive industries, including IT. The purpose of the article is to identify areas for improvement of the procedure for providing tax benefits to businesses operating in the field of IT, taking into account European standards. In the article the author considers the peculiarities of the purpose of tax benefits for the IT industry. Relevant issues of tax policy development related to the support and development of the IT industry have been identified. The normative legal acts in the field of taxation of the IT industry and the main directions of its improvement in accordance with international standards are studied. The need to create a preferential tax regime for companies operating in the IT industry has been established. It is concluded that the growth of the IT industry requires a stable fiscal policy, which would provide benefits and advantages to new progressive companies, thereby helping to fill the state treasury. However, today Ukraine is only taking the first steps to improve the taxation system of the IT industry, develops and improves legislation in this area, in accordance with the problems of practice, and therefore the issue of creating an effective preferential tax regime for IT industries remains open and needs further study. taking into account the experience of European and other developed countries, the taxation models of which can serve as a basis for the Ukrainian tax system and tax regimes.


Author(s):  
Dinara Ibragimova

This article examines the available approaches towards tax incentivization of the activity of subjects in the industrial and innovative clusters. Analysis is conducted on the tax benefits that could be received by the residents of preferential regimes, such as special economic zones, free economic zones, territories of advanced socioeconomic development within the framework of membership in the Skolkovo Innovation Center, as well as regime for the participants of innovative scientific and technological centers. The peculiarity this research is that tax incentives are examined from the perspective of their relevance on each stage of the lifecycle of an industrial product and innovation. The author's special contribution lies in the selected approach towards assessment of the effect of preferential tax regimes from the standpoint of the development of industrial and innovative clusters. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. Currently existing territorial regimes of taxation are aimed primarily at attraction of new investments to the Russian regions and include a range of tax support measures effective for the limited period on the first stage of lifecycle of the product or innovation; 2. From the perceptive of stimulation of participation in the industrial clusters, the available preferential regimes contain attractive and essential benefits for manufacturing industrial products, however, traditional regimes, such as special economic zones and territories of advanced socioeconomic development, no longer meet the needs of innovative companies. For stimulation of participation in the innovative clusters, tax regime for the Skolkovo Innovation Center currently seems most attractive. 3. Due to the fact that the existing regimes of special economic zones, free economic zones, territories of advanced socioeconomic development are aimed at the attraction of investment and focused on the first years of implementation of the project. For incentivization of the qualitative development of industrial and innovative clusters it is reasonable to assess the possibility of more even distribution of tax benefits or introduce other long-term methods of support.


2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1063
Author(s):  
E.A. Nepochatenko ◽  
E.T. Prokopchuk ◽  
B.S. Guzar

Subject. The article considers financial regulation through the use of tax mechanisms. Objectives. The aim of the study is to evaluate European and Ukrainian practices of fiscal incentives for farming through fiscal instruments with VAT playing the key role. Methods. In the study we employed economic and statistical research methods, like monographic, comparison, scientific generalization. Results. Based on the analysis of VAT implementation on farmers in developed countries in Europe we substantiated the conclusion about its focus on simplifying the tax procedures and eliminating the negative impact on operations of economic entities. Special tax treatment (including VAT collection) is mainly used to streamline tax relations, taking into account the specifics of farming, rather than to improve the financial support to farms. We revealed that in the Ukrainian practice its main task is financial support to agricultural production. Conclusions and Relevance. The experience of developed European countries on the use of special tax regimes and taxation procedures should serve as a model for Ukraine. Financial incentives for agricultural production development should be directly supported by the State, and special tax treatment and tax administration should be focused on streamlining tax relations in the region, based on the practice of developed European countries such as UK, Germany, Italy and France.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Barth ◽  
Yanfei Sun ◽  
Shen Zhang

Purpose The exact criteria used by state governors for choosing opportunity zones (OZs) are not publicly available. This paper aims to examine whether state governors selected the most distressed communities, or those with the highest proportions of minorities, as OZs. Design/methodology/approach This paper compares the distressed communities chosen as OZs in states throughout the country to an equal number of those eligible distressed communities but not selected. Moreover, this paper uses regression analysis to determine whether the poverty rate, median family income, population, percentage of population that is minority and the percentage of population that is African American are significant explanatory factors in the choice of OZs. Findings After describing the tax incentives for investing in OZs, this paper documents that governors did not select many of the most distressed communities, or those with high proportions of minorities, in their individual states. Originality/value This paper describes in some detail the way in which investors may generate tax benefits by investing in eligible property or businesses in OZs. It also examines the extent to which the degree of poverty and the percentage of the population that is minority (and African American) were key factors in the selection of OZs. It arises an issue that the chosen communities are not necessarily those most in need of more investment or those heavily populated by minorities, particularly African Americans.


2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Fracalossi Rediguieri

The study shows how nanotechnology evolves in developed countries and Brazil, raising aspects of private and governmental initiatives. The investigation was based in scientific literature, electronic articles and conference reports. Several sources of literature were used, including electronic databases and reference lists. By this study, it was observed that, although nanotechnology is in initial stage of development all over the world, the developed countries have had growing public and private investments in the area each year. In those countries, there is a concern toward both, the formation of specialists in nanotechnology and the transference of technology developed in universities and research institutes to industry. In Brazil, the study showed that despite the growing concern of investigators, national research centers and financial centers toward the development of the nanotechnology, there is still a need for more investment and formation of area specialists.


2020 ◽  
pp. 243-249

In parallel to the globalization of the modern world economy, the development of innovative policies for economic development is considered as a topical problem in a number of countries around the world. For developed countries, innovative economies have become one of the key preconditions for the country’s economic success. In Georgia, despite recent economic reforms, the country has not achieved tangible results in terms of innovation development. Hence the development of the economy needs to facilitate the formation of an innovative economy. Experience in developed countries shows that in a transformative economy the crucial role lies in the development of innovations and technological novelties. Accordingly, the article examines the contribution of innovation to the economic development of transformational countries. Priorities of innovation policy in Georgia have been identified, and the role of innovation in creating a competitive environment, increasing productivity and raising living standards has been assessed. The article uses the Global Innovation Index (GII) to assess the level of innovation in a country. There are discussed mechanisms that can help achieve long-term economic growth, productivity and job growth as well.


Percurso ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Valmir César POZZETTI ◽  
André Fregapani LEITE ◽  
Ana Carolina LUCENA

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar os critérios utilizados para aprovação dos incentivos fiscais as empresas produtoras de agrotóxicos, como objetivo específico analisar quais são os incentivos fiscais concedidos ás empresas produtoras de agrotóxicos, qual o processo e critérios para aprovação destes, verificar o atual cenário e quais as políticas públicas estão sendo implementadas, se o direito à alimentação saudável está sendo obeservado de acordo com a legislação vigente e agências fiscalizadoras, qual a repercussão do uso dos agrotóxicos no meio ambiente, nas lavouras, e quais as consequências do uso dos agrotóxicos na sáude da população. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi o método dedutivo; quanto aos meios foi desenvolvida através do método dedutivo/descritivo; quanto aos meios a análise foi a bibliográfica, com uso da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudencia. Quanto aos fins, a pesquisa foi qualitativa. Conclui-se que os incetivos fiscais à produção de agrotóxicos são injustificáveis, uma vez que a concessão desses benefícios não seguem critérios objetivos; que existe uma verdadeira relação feudal do Estado brasileiro e as empresas transnacionais produtoras de agrotóxicos; que o agronegócio brasileiro é totalmente depedente do uso desses produtos, criando uma relação servil; que o discurso utilizado para a concessão dos benefícios fiscais é de que o agrotóxico aumenta a produção agrícola gerando emprego e desenvolvimento econômico, mas as políticas públicas no que tange aos agrotóxicos, são dúbias e obscuras, não há transparência na concessão dos benefícios e nem quais são as empresas contempladas; que a falta de critérios objetivos traz prejuízos a economia brasileira, pois há redução nas receitas tributárias, recursos esses, que poderiam ser investidos em outras áreas, aumentando a margem de lucro das empresas; que os incentivos criam competição desleal entre os alimentos naturais e os cultivados com agrotóxicos, além de contaminar o meio ambiente, trabalhadores rurais e a população de forma indireta; que a concessão de incentivos não possui como critério a exigência da não produção de externalidades negativas que o Estado terá que arcar pelo uso indiscriminado e prolongado dos agrotóxicos. Concluiu-se que é necessário a imposição de critérios para a utilização dos agrotóxicos, transparência no processo de contemplação de isenções, valorização dos alimentos naturais e agricultura familiar, informando a população dos malefícios dos agrotóxicos, e a quebra do paradigma de dependência dos agrotóxicos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Agrotóxicos; Incentivos fiscais; Empresas.ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to analyze the criteria used to approve tax incentives for agrochemical companies, as a specific objective to analyze the tax incentives granted to companies, the process and criteria for approval of pesticides, to verify the current scenario and which public policies are being implemented, whether the right to healthy food is being observed in accordance with current legislation and enforcement agencies, what is the repercussion of the use of pesticides on the environment, on crops, and what are the consequences of the use of pesticides in health of the population. The methodology used in this research regarding the means was developed through the deductive, descriptive and qualitative method, through the doctrinal, bibliographical and jurisprudential analysis. As for the purposes, the research was qualitative. It is concluded that tax incentives are unjustifiable, since the concession of these benefits do not follow objective criteria, there is a true feudal relation of the Brazilian State and the transnational companies producing agrochemicals, the Brazilian agribusiness is totally dependent on the use of these chemicals, this dependence creates a true slavish relationship, the discourse used to grant tax benefits is that agrotoxicology increases agricultural production by generating jobs and economic development, but public policies regarding pesticides are dubious and obscure, there is no transparency in the the lack of objective criteria is detrimental to the Brazilian economy, since there is a reduction in tax revenues, money that could be invested in other areas, increase the profit margin of companies, creates unfair competition between food and contamination of the environment, rural workers and the population in an indirect way, and the negative externalities that the State will have to pay for the indiscriminate and prolonged use of agrochemicals do not enter into the criteria for granting fiscal benefits. The solution will be to change criteria for the use of pesticides, transparency in the process of contemplating exemptions, valuation of natural foods and family farming, informing the population of the harmful effects of pesticides, and breaking the paradigm of dependence on agrochemicals.KEYWORDS: Agrochemicals; companies; tax incentives.


Author(s):  
Carlos Andrés Brando

This chapter traces the historical evolution of the Andean Financial Corporation (CAF), according to its changing mandates, from its initial role as financial catalyst of economic integration to the expanding range of tasks it has assumed over time. The chapter analyses the most salient trends and changes in the CAF’s nearly fifty years of operations; specifically, by looking at patterns of loan allocations and the evolving origins of funding sources through the distinctive operational phases that have come to characterize concrete periods of its existence. The analysis shows, that by fulfilling the original mandate of treating less-developed countries within the group of founding members in preferential terms, the CAF conformed to one of the major political goals set by the Andean-region agreements which created the Corporation. Despite profound political change in all of the CAF’s founding countries, this regional development bank has managed to continue to operate according to its constitutive principles.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Siqueira Rapini ◽  
Tulio Chiarini ◽  
Pablo Bittencourt ◽  
Thiago Caliari

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the academic side of university–firm linkages, reporting the results of research (called the “BR Survey”, a primary database) conducted in Brazil with leaders of research groups that interacted with firms. The authors analysed the answers from 662 research groups (from both universities and research institutes) to investigate whether the intensity of private funds affects the results of the interactions. The main intent is to answer the following question: Is there a difference between funding sources and the type of results achieved by research groups when interacting with firms? Design/methodology/approach To verify the impact of some variables on the perception of the main results of university–firm interactions, highlighting the impact of funding sources, the authors present a Logit Model defined with binary dependent variables. The null value is categorized as a “scientific result” (new scientific discoveries and research projects; publications, theses and dissertations; human resources’ and students’ education) and the value 1 is classified as an “innovative/technological result” (new products, artefacts and processes; improvement of industrial products and processes; patents, software, design and spin-off firms). Findings The authors found that the modes of interaction (relationship types) and some knowledge transfer channels, besides the number of interactions with firms, have statistically significant coefficients, so their values present different impacts on the results of the interaction. The results suggest that the Brazilian innovation policy towards a more active and entrepreneurial role of universities is fostering innovative/technological results from university–firm interactions. Originality/value The originality of the study lies on the results found that given the fact that private funding sources do not affect the conventional mission of Brazilian universities – teaching and research – university research groups should be even more incentivized to search for private funds to carry out their research. This may be a solution to the public fund scarcity and may help in reducing the historical distance between universities and firms in Brazil.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (33) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Vojtech Kollár ◽  
Jana Gasperová ◽  
Peter Poliak

Abstract Recently we have witnessed declining confidence of citizens in public authorities in developed countries. The paper provides an insight into the tools of e-democracy as a critical component of a developed democracy. We claim that one of the possible reasons for the loss of confidence of the citizens is that the traditional mechanisms of democracy do not often comply with the decision of those who govern. Only the citizens who show interest by watching and following current events, and who know where to look for this information, get to the final output in the form of regulations, decrees, laws, etc. Publication of the outcomes of public administration and governance on their web sites enables to keep track of the news and at the same time, creates a space for the development of the active participation of citizens in the management of public affairs with a feedback.


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