PRODUCTIVITY OF GRAIN PRODUCTION IN RUSSIA: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Alfira Kumratova ◽  
Vitaliy Aleschenko
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
World Market ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Growth Trends ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Leguminous Crops

The purpose of this study is to assess and predict the factors of productivity of Russian grain production in the context of the ongoing territorial and sectoral structural changes. The research methodology includes a retrospective assessment of the production of major grain crops in the key grain-producing zones of the country. The identification of tendencies and trends was carried out using the methods of nonlinear dynamics. The time period of the study covers 1990-2020. Calculations show that, in Russia as a whole, by 2030 there will be a stable growth in the values of the yields of grain and leguminous crops. The maximum growth rate will be demonstrated by rye (1.9 times more than the average), buckwheat (1.5) and corn (1.3). Wheat and barley yields will grow at the average level. A significant part of the structure of grain production with growth trends will be wheat (winter and spring), as well as barley and corn for grain. The following federal districts will be the leading regions of Russia in grain production: Southern, Central, Povolzhsky, Siberian, North Caucasian. Russia has a enough margin of stability in the productivity of grain production. The growth trends of the main indicators of the productivity of grain production in Russia will continue: the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops due to the factors of intensification of production has a reserve of 10.4 - 25.7 million tons in excess of the officially planned indicators by 2030. The extensive option of grain production (expansion of the sown area while maintaining the global growth rates of yield) is additionally estimated at 24.5 - 42.6 million tons of the planned values of strategic documents. An increase in demand for grain in the world market will lead to the strengthening of wheat in the structure of grain production in Russia, a sharp increase in specialized zones for the production of corn for grain

Ukraine’s foreign trade in meat and meat products: trends and geographical aspects

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Olena Lyakhovska
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
World Market ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Geographical Structure

Current trends in meat and meat products exports are considered. The dynamics and structural changes in meat exports by types and degree of processing (beef and veal, pork, poultry, finished meat products) are analyzed. The paper proves that in recent years, only meat and edible poultry by-products have taken a competitive position in the world market. Accordingly, the dynamics of exports of this type of meat is positive, and the share of these products in the structure of exported meat is the largest (86.09%). Possible threats to the growth of import dependence on certain types of meat products, in particular, chilled and frozen beef and veal, pork, are indicated. The rating of the largest countries-importers of meat and meat products (by types) from Ukraine is built, their share in the structure of meat exports is determined. Changes in the geographical structure of exports have been studied, which indicate a low level of diversification of the geography of exports of certain types of meat (pork, beef). At the same time, a positive development of the geographical structure of poultry meat exports (exported to more than 100 countries) was revealed. Problems of the export potential development in the meat industry of Ukraine are revealed. In particular, the problems of livestock development (outdated technologies and production techniques that reduce the efficiency and productivity; inefficiency of the organization of purchase and processing of meat, which leads to reduced breeding in small businesses and households; inefficiency of state incentives, etc.) and industrial meat production (lack of raw materials, obsolescence of fixed assets and production technologies, poorly developed logistics, etc.). The solution of these problems requires: a systematic approach, which will encourage the cooperation of agricultural and industrial production, cooperation with importers of meat products and protection of domestic producers in the domestic and international markets, creating a favorable investment and information environment that will promote the meat industry development.

scholarly journals Optimizing of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Biomass Production in Wet Market Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2216
Author(s):  
Najeeha Mohd Apandi ◽  
Mimi Suliza Muhamad ◽  
Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed ◽  
Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar ◽  
Adel Al-Gheethi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Wet Market ◽  
Central Composite

The present study aimed to optimize the production of Scenedesmus sp. biomass during the phycoremediation process. The biomass productivity was optimized using face centred central composite design (FCCCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of two independent variables that included wet market wastewater concentrations (A) with a range of 10% to 75% and aeration rate (B) with a range of 0.02 to 4.0 L/min. The results revealed that the highest biomass productivity (73 mg/L/d) and maximum growth rate (1.19 day−1) was achieved with the 64.26% of (A) and 3.08 L/min of (B). The GC-MS composition analysis of the biomass yield extract revealed that the major compounds are hexadecane (25%), glaucine (16.2%), and phytol (8.33%). The presence of these compounds suggests that WMW has the potential to be used as a production medium for Scenedesmus sp. Biomass, which has several applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry.

A note on growth curves of rabbit lines selected on growth rate or litter size

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Blasco ◽  
E. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Using Data

Two synthetic lines of rabbits were used in the experiment. Line V, selected on litter size, and line R, selected on growth rate. Ninety-six animals were randomly collected from 48 litters, taking a male and a female each time. Richards and Gompertz growth curves were fitted. Sexual dimorphism appeared in the line V but not in the R. Values for b and k were similar in all curves. Maximum growth rate took place in weeks 7 to 8. A break due to weaning could be observed in weeks 4 to 5. Although there is a remarkable similarity of the values of all the parameters using data from the first 20 weeks only, the higher standard errors on adult weight would make 30 weeks the preferable time to take data for live-weight growth curves.

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

Vortex evolution in a round jet

1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Becker ◽  
T. A. Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Ring Vortex ◽  
Acoustic Excitation ◽  
Light Scatter ◽  
Turbulent Eddies ◽  
Cylindrical Vortex ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Axisymmetrical Jet

A study has been made of the varicose instability of an axisymmetrical jet with a velocity distribution radially uniform at the nozzle mouth except for a laminar boundary layer at the wall. The evolutionary phenomena of instability, such as the rolling up of the cylindrical vortex layer into ring vortices, the coalescence of ring vortex pairs, and the eventual disintegration into turbulent eddies, have been investigated as a function of the Reynolds number using smoke photography, stroboscopic observation, and the light-scatter technique.Emphasis has been placed on the wavelength with maximum growth rate. The jet is highly sensitive to sound and the effects of several types of acoustic excitation, including pure tones, have been determined.

Plasma instabilities driven by pickup ions of ring-beam velocity distributions in the outer heliosheath 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameneh Mousavi ◽  
Kaijun Liu ◽  
Sina Sadeghzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Injection Velocity ◽  
Plasma Instabilities ◽  
Pickup Ions ◽  
Beam Velocity ◽  
Background Magnetic Field ◽  
Hybrid Simulations

<p><span>The stability of the pickup ions in the outer heliosheath has been studied by many researchers because of its relevance to the energetic neutral atom (ENA) ribbon observed by the Interstellar Boundary EXplorer. However, previous studies are primarily limited to pickup ions of near </span><span>90° </span><span>pickup angles, the angle between the pickup ion injection velocity and the background, local interstellar magnetic field. Investigations on pickup ions of smaller pickup angles are still lacking. In this paper, linear kinetic dispersion analysis and hybrid simulations are carried out to examine the plasma instabilities driven by pickup ions of ring-beam velocity distributions at various pickup angles between zero and </span><span>90°</span><span>. </span><span>Parallel propagating waves are studied in the parameter regime where the parallel thermal spread of the pickup ions falls into the Alfvén cyclotron stability gap. </span><span>The linear analysis results and hybrid simulations both show that the fastest growing modes are the right-hand helicity waves propagating in the direction of the background magnetic field, and the maximum growth rate occurs at the pickup angle of </span><span>82°</span><span>. The simulation results further reveal that the saturation level of the fluctuating magnetic fields for pickup angles below </span><span>45° </span><span>is higher than that for pickup angles above </span><span>45°</span><span>. So, the scattering of pickup ions at near zero pickup angles is likely more pronounced than that at near </span><span>90° </span><span>pickup angles</span> .</p>

RATING SCORE OF TECHNOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF CROP PRODUCTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Е. А. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Technological Efficiency ◽  
Statics And Dynamics ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Leguminous Crops

In order to identify the technological level of crop production development in the federal districts of the Russian Federation a rating assessment of technological efficiency was carried out using the methodological approach of calculating the Technological Efficiency Index for the period from 2016 to 2020. Each federal district has a rating based on the calculated indices in statics and dynamics for the main crops are cultivated in the country, including grain and leguminous crops, corn for grain, sugar beet, soy, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and berries. As a result, of the conducted research were obtained the rating assessment for the dynamic index of technological efficiency taking into account the calculation of the average indicator for 2016-2020, the growth rate and the prevailing technological features of the district as of 2020. The obtained results of the rating assessment allowed us to identify the five federal districts of the leaders in the technological efficiency of crop production in Russia. This rating approach can be used in relation to various territorial units and is adapted to any agricultural crops.

Interpretation of Experimental Data with Regard to the Activated Sludge Model No.1 and Calibration of the Model for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 167-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Siegrist ◽  
M. Tschui
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge Model

The wastewater of the municipal treatment plants Zürich-Werdhölzli (350000 population equivalents), Zürich-Glatt (110000), and Wattwil (20000) have been characterized with regard to the activated sludge model Nr.1 of the IAWPRC task group. Zürich-Glatt and Wattwil are partly nitrifying treatment plants and Zürich-Werdhölzli is fully nitrifying. The mixing characteristics of the aeration tanks at Werdhölzli and Glatt were determined with sodium bromide as a tracer. The experimental data were used to calibrate hydrolysis, heterotrophic growth and nitrification. Problems arising by calibrating hydrolysis of the paniculate material and by measuring oxygen consumption of heterotrophic and nitrifying microorganisms are discussed. For hydrolysis the experimental data indicate first-order kinetics. For nitrification a maximum growth rate of 0.40±0.07 d−1, corresponding to an observed growth rate of 0.26±0.04 d−1 was calculated at 10°C. The half velocity constant found for 12 and 20°C was 2 mg NH4-N/l. The calibrated model was verified with experimental dam of me Zürich-Werdhölzli treatment plant during ammonia shock load.

Dietary Protein Requirements of Fishes — A Reassessment

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1995-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Fish Physiology ◽  
Protein Retention

It is widely believed that fishes require more dietary protein than other vertebrates. Many aspects of fish physiology, nutrition, and trophic ecology have been interpreted within the context of this high protein requirement. Here, fishes are compared with terrestrial homeotherms in terms of (1) protein requirement for maintenance, (2) relative protein concentration in the diet required for maximum growth rate, (3) protein intake rate required for maximum growth rate, (4) efficiency of protein retention in growth, and (5) weight of growth achieved per weight of protein ingested. The two animal groups compared differ only in relative protein concentration in the diet required for maximum growth rate. This difference is explained in terms of homeotherms' greater requirement for energy and does not reflect absolute differences in protein requirement. The remaining measures of protein requirement suggest that fishes and terrestrial homeotherms are remarkably similar in their use of protein as a nutritional resource. Reinterpretation of the role of protein in fish physiology, nutrition, and trophic ecology is perhaps in order.

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