scholarly journals Establishing a long-term monitoring network for assessing potential climatic refugia in cold alpine streams

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Lusha Tronstad ◽  
J. Joseph Giersch ◽  
Scott Hotaling ◽  
Lydia Zeglin ◽  
Oliver Wilmot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Alpine Streams ◽  
Teton Range

Managing landscapes to maintain climate refugia is likely the best strategy to promote persistence of temperature-sensitive species with limited dispersal capacity. Rare, cold-stenothermic taxa occupy mosaic mountain stream networks due largely to hydrological source heterogeneity. We collected environmental and biological data from alpine streams in the Teton Range, Wyoming representing runoff from snowpack (N=3), glaciers (N=4) and subterranean ice (N=4), every summer from 2015-2017. We quantified differences in habitat among the streams according to a glaciality index that included bed stability, suspended solids, temperature and conductivity, and by comparing annual water temperature profiles for each stream. We measured to what degree macroinvertebrate and diatom assemblages varied by stream type. Abiotic and biotic characteristics appeared to differ among sources. Notably, streams fed by subterranean ice (icy seeps) maintained extremely low (mean <2°C) and stable water temperature. Rare, cold-stenothermic stonefly species (Zapada glacier and Lednia tetonica) were indicators for, although not exclusive to, icy seeps. Icy seeps and their sources may be refugia for temperature-sensitive taxa, as the subsurface ice is more insulated from warmer air temperatures.   Featured photo by Nicole Y-C on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/9XixVlnUCbk

scholarly journals Long-term alpine stream monitoring in the Teton Range: Investigating multi-year patterns and thermal physiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Lusha M. Tronstad ◽  
J. Joseph Giersch ◽  
Scott Hotaling ◽  
Alisha A. Shah ◽  
Lydia H. Zeglin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Stream Monitoring ◽  
Alpine Zone ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Alpine Streams ◽  
Teton Range

Alpine streams and the biotic communities they contain are imperiled worldwide due to climate warming and the rapid decline of ice. The loss of glaciers and permanent snowpack may drive local populations to extinction, especially organisms with narrow habitat tolerances. We have been monitoring alpine streams in the Teton Range since 2015 that originate from three hydrological sources: surface glaciers, snowfields, or subterranean ice (e.g., rock glaciers). We call these stream types glacier-fed, snowmelt-fed, and icy seeps, respectively. We hypothesize that icy seeps may persist on the landscape longer than other hydrologic sources and that these features may act as a refuge for cold-adapted organisms such as the stoneflies Zapada glacier and Lednia tetonica. In November 2019, Z. glacier and a sister species of L. tetonica, Lednia tumana, were listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. This decision was based in part on work funded by the UW-NPS and highlights the pressing nature of our efforts. In 2019, we collected a 5th year of long-term data to begin investigating multi-year signals in the data. Our second 2019 objective was to further explore how thermal regimes affect tolerance of potentially imperiled insects. Because our annual data collection occurs in late summer with sample processing and analysis extending into the following year, this report will be a broad update on the project as whole, rather than 2019-specific. Through long-term monitoring of streams from different hydrological sources, we are building a dataset that will allow us to understand changes as air temperatures warm and permanent ice is lost in the alpine zone.   Featured photo by Nicole Y-C on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/9XixVlnUCbk

scholarly journals A unique “icy seep” aquatic habitat in the high Teton Range: Potential refuge for biological assemblages imperiled by climate change

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
Lusha M. Tronstad ◽  
J. Joseph Giersch ◽  
Scott Hotaling ◽  
Debra S. Finn ◽  
Lydia Zeglin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Alpine Stream ◽  
Alpine Streams ◽  
Teton Range ◽  
Stream Type

Alpine streams are threatened as meltwater sources diminish. We established baseline monitoring efforts of alpine streams in the Teton Range during 2015 by describing biotic and abiotic conditions of surface glacier and snowmelt streams. Our results indicated a third alpine stream type, icy seeps. Icy seeps are fed by subterranean ice melt, extremely cold but stable water temperature (summer mean <2°C), moderately high streambed stability (Pfankuch Index ~18-25), and relatively high specific conductivity (>50 μS cm-1). In 2016, we documented several icy seeps in the Teton massif, and our data suggest that they have the potential to serve as climate refugia for organisms and processes associated with extremely cold meltwater, due to the subterranean ice sources being more insulated from atmospheric conditions than surface glaciers and snowpack. Our 2016 work focused on locating icy seeps and documenting physical conditions, invertebrates, diatoms, and microbes in these alpine streams. We are processing the biological data, but microbial assemblages in icy seeps are similar to those found in streams fed by dwindling surface glacier ice. We are preparing to submit a paper about the microbial patterns, including how they compare to alpine streams representing comparable hydrological sources in Glacier National Park.   Featured photo by Nicole Y-C on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/9XixVlnUCbk

Skinfolds and resting heat loss in cold air and water: temperature equivalence

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Smith ◽  
J. M. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Heat Conductance ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Male Subjects

Fourteen male subjects with unweighted mean skinfolds (MSF) of 10.23 mm underwent several 3-h exposures to cold water and air of similar velocities in order to compare by indirect calorimetry the rate of heat loss in water and air. Measurements of heat loss (excluding the head) at each air temperature (Ta = 25, 20, 10 degrees C) and water temperature (Tw = 29–33 degrees C) were used in a linear approximation of overall heat transfer from body core (Tre) to air or water. We found the lower critical air and water temperatures to fall as a negative linear function of MSF. The slope of these lines was not significantly different in air and water with a mean of minus 0.237 degrees C/mm MSF. Overall heat conductance was 3.34 times greater in water. However, this value was not fixed but varied as an inverse curvilinear function of MSF. Thus, equivalent water-air temperatures also varied as a function of MSF. Between limits of 100–250% of resting heat loss the followingrelationships between MSF and equivalent water-air temperatures were found (see article).

scholarly journals Predicting harvest of non-native signal crayfish in lakes — a role for changing climate?

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Bohman ◽  
Lennart Edsman ◽  
Alfred Sandström ◽  
Per Nyström ◽  
Marika Stenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Signal Crayfish ◽  
Cool Water ◽  
Air Temperatures

The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) was introduced to Sweden in 1960, and it has a high commercial and recreational value, but it may also have negative effects on native ecosystems. To better predict how climate warming will affect population dynamics of this cool-water crayfish, we explored the role of temperature and density dependence as explanatory factors of the subsequent years’ catch rates of commercially sized signal crayfish in four Swedish lakes. We found air temperatures to be good proxies for water temperatures in all lakes, except during winter. We could only obtain water temperature data for Lake Vättern, and winter temperature data were therefore only included in the analysis of catch-per-unit-effort patterns in this lake. Our results indicate that increasing mean air temperatures will potentially affect the population dynamics of cool-water freshwater crayfish species such as the signal crayfish. Based on data from four lakes, it seems that the population dynamics of signal crayfish are lake-specific and could be affected by either recruitment during the juvenile stage, the survival and growth of adults, or both. Increased fluctuations in water temperature during winter may potentially influence adult survival. To better predict the effects of global warming on the dynamics of cool-water crayfish populations, we suggest that future studies should investigate recruitment in crayfish along temperature gradients and the influence of variations in water temperature on winter mortality.

scholarly journals Long-term temperature and precipitation trends at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie H. Laseter ◽  
Chelcy R. Ford ◽  
James M. Vose ◽  
Lloyd W. Swift
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Precipitation Record ◽  
Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory

Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, located in western North Carolina, USA, is a 2,185 ha basin wherein forest climate monitoring and watershed experimentation began in the early 1930s. An extensive climate and hydrologic network has facilitated research for over 75 years. Our objectives in this paper were to describe the monitoring network, present long-term air temperature and precipitation data, and analyze the temporal variation in the long-term temperature and precipitation record. We found that over the period of record: (1) air temperatures have been increasing significantly since the late 1970s, (2) drought severity and frequency have increased with time, and (3) the precipitation distribution has become more extreme over time. We discuss the implications of these trends within the context of regional and global climate change and forest health.

scholarly journals Interactive effects of temperature and light on reattachment success in the brown alga Fucus radicans

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Ellen Schagerström ◽  
Tiina Salo
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract Fucus radicans is an endemic habitat-forming brown macroalga in the Baltic Sea that commonly complements its sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction in F. radicans takes place through formation of adventitious branches (hereafter fragments), but the exact mechanisms behind it remain unknown. We assessed experimentally the importance of two environmental factors determining the re-attachment success of F. radicans fragments. By combining different light conditions (daylength and irradiance; high or low light) and water temperature (+14°C and +4°C), we mimicked ambient light and temperature conditions of winter, spring/autumn and summer for F. radicans. Fragments were able to re-attach in all tested conditions. Temperature and light had an interactive impact on re-attachment: the combination of high temperature and high light level resulted in the highest re-attachment success, while light level had no effects on re-attachment success in cooler water temperature and the re-attachment success in high temperature under low light levels was very low. The results suggest that rhizoid formation, and thus re-attachment success, may depend on the net primary production (metabolic balance) of the fragment. However, whether the re-attachment and asexual reproduction success simply depends on photosynthetic capacity warrants further mechanistic studies. Understanding the mechanisms of asexual reproduction in F. radicans is important in order to assess the dispersal capacity of this foundation species.

scholarly journals Exposure to Air Pollution and Particle Radioactivity With the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 858-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adjani A. Peralta ◽  
Mark S. Link ◽  
Joel Schwartz ◽  
Heike Luttmann-Gibson ◽  
Douglas W. Dockery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ventricular Arrhythmias ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Air Temperatures

Background: Individuals are exposed to air pollution and ionizing radiation from natural sources through inhalation of particles. This study investigates the association between cardiac arrhythmias and short-term exposures to fine particulate matter (particulate matter ≤2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter; PM 2.5 ) and particle radioactivity. Methods: Ventricular arrhythmic events were identified among 176 patients with dual-chamber implanted cardioverter-defibrillators in Boston, Massachusetts between September 2006 and June 2010. Patients were assigned exposures based on residential addresses. Daily PM 2.5 levels were estimated at 1-km×1-km grid cells from a previously validated prediction model. Particle gross β activity was used as a surrogate for particle radioactivity and was measured from several monitoring sites by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s monitoring network. The association of the onset of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) with 0- to 21-day moving averages of PM 2.5 and particle radioactivity (2 single-pollutant models and a 2-pollutant model) before the event was examined using time-stratified case-crossover analyses, adjusted for dew point and air temperatures. Results: A total of 1,050 VA were recorded among 91 patients, including 123 sustained VA among 25 of these patients. In the single-pollutant model of PM 2.5 , each interquartile range increase in daily PM 2.5 levels for a 21-day moving average was associated with 39% higher odds of a VA event (95% CI, 12%–72%). In the single-pollutant model of particle radioactivity, each interquartile range increase in particle radioactivity for a 2-day moving average was associated with 13% higher odds of a VA event (95% CI, 1%–26%). In the 2-pollutant model, for the same averaging window of 21 days, each interquartile range increase in daily PM 2.5 was associated with an 48% higher odds of a VA event (95% CI, 15%–90%), and each interquartile range increase of particle radioactivity with a 10% lower odds of a VA event (95% CI, –29% to 14%). We found that with higher levels of particle radioactivity, the effect of PM 2.5 on VAs is reduced. Conclusions: In this high-risk population, intermediate (21-day) PM 2.5 exposure was associated with higher odds of a VA event onset among patients with known cardiac disease and indication for implanted cardioverter-defibrillator implantation independently of particle radioactivity.

Allozyme Evidence of Genetic Differentiation Between Populations of Hediste Diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from the Western Mediterranean

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abbiati ◽  
F. Maltagliati
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Hediste Diversicolor ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Distance Model ◽  
Limited Dispersal

The occurrence of genetic differentiation among western Mediterranean Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae) populations was assessed by allozyme electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Seventeen loci were analysed in four populations. The level of the genetic variability was markedly low (mean HL range: 0.014–0.034), but comparable to that of other brackish water nereidids. The values of Nei genetic distance index (D) confirm the existence of genetic differentiation between the geographically isolated populations at Venice, Elba, Navicelli and Serchio D range: 0.128–0.356). However, the two samples from Serchio and Navicelli, ~15 km apart, were not genetically different (D=0·00005). The level of genetic differentiation in H. diversicolor populations followed the isolation-by-distance model. Reduced gene flow among H. diversicolor populations may be explained by its limited dispersal capacity and the eco-physiological barriers that occur between different brackish habitats.

Body temperature fluctuations in free-ranging eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi) during cold-water swimming

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A MacKinnon ◽  
Anna Lawson ◽  
E D Stevens ◽  
Ronald J Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Thermal Biology ◽  
Rapid Temperature ◽  
Free Ranging

We examined the thermal biology of free-ranging terrestrial eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi Conant, 1940) that were voluntarily swimming in cold water during spring, in Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada. Using temperature-sensitive radiotelemetry, we recorded body temperatures of foxsnakes during 12 cold-water swims, and subsequent warming on shore. During these swims, water temperatures were from 11 to 22 °C and distances of 85–1330 m were travelled. Snakes that were in cold water long enough equilibrated with water temperature and did not maintain a body temperature above ambient. The largest observed drop in body temperature was 22.6 °C (over 11 min) and the largest increase was 23 °C (over 66 min). Such large, rapid temperature fluctuations have not previously been reported in detail from snakes in the field. Twice as many telemetry observations as expected occurred between 1200 and 1400, suggesting that snakes chose to swim midday. Additionally, our results suggest that foxsnakes bask to raise their body temperature prior to swimming in cold water. We compared swimming speed and the coefficient of temperature change among foxsnakes and other snake species. Swimming speed was positively correlated with water temperature, similar to other findings. We found no clear trend between mass and the coefficients of cooling and warming; however, snakes cooled in water 2.8–8.6 times faster than they warmed in air.

Ice cover melting in a shallow river

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl J. Calkins
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuation ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Air Temperatures

The heat transfer coefficients computed from field data on both ice cover melting and water temperature attenuation are higher than the values one would compute based on extrapolation of previous laboratory flume data. The computed heat transfer coefficients were relatively consistent when calculated from the water temperature decay data. Consistent results were also obtained with one set of very detailed ice cover melting data.The diurnal fluctuation in water temperature from the freezing point to values of 0.4–0.6 °C was associated with the incoming solar radiation and the open water surface area. The measured water temperature distribution beneath the ice cover at a particular cross section varied from 0.2 to 0.6 °C due to the influence of frazil ice and flow distribution. In the open water reaches the water temperature was essentially fully mixed vertically but lateral variation across the river ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 °C.The average daily melting of the ice cover often exceeded 5.0 cm and at some locations the rate was as high as 8 cm/d. The melt was not uniform across the section but was highly dependent upon the flow conditions, velocity, and depth. The ice cover melting for this year only occurred during the daylight hours as the air temperatures dropped below 0 °C at night and the water temperature likewise decayed to its freezing point.

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