The Study of Availability, Affordability and Price Variation of Essential Antibiotics in Bangladesh

The increased prices and low availability of medicines are main obstacles to health care system in developing countries like Bangladesh. The main goal of this work is to gather and assessing the data on availability, affordability and price variations of essential antibiotics in Bangladesh. The data will help to improve the availability and affordability of essential antibiotics for the mass peoples. The present work was done using standard methodology described in guideline, “Price measurement, availability and affordability and price components of medicines. A total of eighteen essential antibiotics were surveyed and their prices and availability were determined. Prices from 2003 to 2019 were collected from different sources to make a comparative study of the price variations over the years. The overall prices of essential antibiotics are not much higher than international reference prices. The rate of increase of price from previous years is not so alarming. The numbers of manufacturing companies were collected from the Bangladesh National Formulary (BDNF) of different Volumes to compare the increasing number of manufacturers. Essential antibiotics affordability was determined by comparing the total cost of treatment of a particular disease to the monthly salary of the lowest paid unskilled laborer. There are several essential antibiotics for which the numbers of manufacturing companies are increasing in very high rate. This type of survey may be expanded to the national level for the data of different regions of Bangladesh.

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Eco - Friendly System of Cropping

Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika ◽

10.18805/bkap191 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Vijay Kumar ◽

Veer Sain ◽

D. P. Malik

Keyword(s):

Water Conservation ◽

Crop Production ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

National Level ◽

Cropping System ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

High Rate ◽

Average Yield ◽

Food Grain ◽

Very High

Suitable to environment or eco-friendly means not harmful to our system of environment i.e. not harmful to land, air etc. Presently, due to agriculture mainly a lot of pollutants are added day by day in our environment. Because of these pollutants, the soil fertility is decreasing, the fear of disease in living beings are increasing, a lot of poiseness chemicals and gases prevails in the environment. There is a great need to the use such a cropping system which is suitable to environment i.e Eco- friendly system of cropping. The Eco-friendless of cropping system may be viewed from two different angles i.e systems which help in soil and water conservation and system which reduce the use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, organic fertilizers. As far as the pesticides use is concerned at national level, it is a still for below the alarming proportions. Inclusion of such crops in the cropping systems in problem areas can play a significant role in minimizing the use of agro-chemicals in the crop production. In Haryana the use of fertilizer is increasing at a very high rate. The use of fertilizers (N, P, K) has increased 17.20 times in 2017-18 from 1970-71. The use of pesticides was also increased from 0.13 tonne to 0.57 tonnes per hectare in 2017-18 from 1970-71 and this increase is about 4.38 times. But the production of food-grain in the year 2016-17 increases only 3.79 times of production in 1970-71. Similarly, the average yield of important crops in Haryana shows a little increase in their production. There is only 1.5 to 2 times increase in average yield (kg/hec.) from that of average yield in 1970-71. It may be concluded that the consumption of fertilizer and pesticides are increasing at very high rate as compared to the production of the crops.

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The Greenland muskox population status 1990

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.12.1.1013 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

David Boertmann ◽

Mards Forchhammer ◽

Carsten Riis Olesen ◽

Peter Aastrup ◽

Henning Thing

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Indigenous Population ◽

High Rate ◽

Population Status ◽

Previous Estimate ◽

Ovibos Moschatus ◽

Population Decrease ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Very High ◽

Southwest Greenland

The indigenous population of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in North and Northeast Greenland is estimated at 9 500-12 500 which is about the half of the previous estimate. This difference is mainly explained by a much better basis for estimating and to a lesser extent by a general population decrease in Northeast Greenland. The introduced population in the Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord) area is still increasing, and is now (1990) estimated at c. 2 600. Quota based harvesting has been allowed since 1988. New populations have been introduced to the Ivittuut-area in Southwest Greenland in 1987 and to three locations in the Avanersuaq (Thule) area in Northwest Greenland in 1986. The present status of the latter populations are more or less unknown, while the Ivittuut population is thriving and has a very high rate of increase.

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A Study on the Characteristics of Academic Topics Related to Renewable Energy Using the Structural Topic Modeling and the Weak Signal Concept

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14051497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 1497

Author(s):

Chankook Park ◽

Minkyu Kim

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Storage ◽

Topic Modeling ◽

Academic Research ◽

High Rate ◽

Weak Signals ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Probabilistic Topic Modeling ◽

To Receive

It is important to examine in detail how the distribution of academic research topics related to renewable energy is structured and which topics are likely to receive new attention in the future in order for scientists to contribute to the development of renewable energy. This study uses an advanced probabilistic topic modeling to statistically examine the temporal changes of renewable energy topics by using academic abstracts from 2010–2019 and explores the properties of the topics from the perspective of future signs such as weak signals. As a result, in strong signals, methods for optimally integrating renewable energy into the power grid are paid great attention. In weak signals, interest in large-capacity energy storage systems such as hydrogen, supercapacitors, and compressed air energy storage showed a high rate of increase. In not-strong-but-well-known signals, comprehensive topics have been included, such as renewable energy potential, barriers, and policies. The approach of this study is applicable not only to renewable energy but also to other subjects.

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The Impact of an Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine with One Dose in Brazil: A Retrospective Time-Series

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9040407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 407

Author(s):

Ana Luiza Bierrenbach ◽

Yoonyoung Choi ◽

Paula de Mendonça Batista ◽

Fernando Brandão Serra ◽

Cintia Irene Parellada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Time Series Analysis ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

High Rate ◽

Series Analysis ◽

Annual Reduction ◽

The Impact ◽

Vaccination Period

Background: In 2014, a recommended one-dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was included in the Brazilian National Immunization Program targeting children 12–24 months. This decision addressed the low to intermediate endemicity status of hepatitis A across Brazil and the high rate of infection in children and adolescents between 5 and 19 years old. The aim of the study was to conduct a time-series analysis on hepatitis A incidence across age groups and to assess the hepatitis A distribution throughout Brazilian geographic regions. Methods: An interrupted time-series analysis was performed to assess hepatitis A incidence rates before (2010–2013) and after (2015–2018) hepatitis A vaccine program implementation. The time-series analysis was stratified by age groups while a secondary analysis examined geographic distribution of hepatitis A cases. Results: Overall incidence of hepatitis A decreased from 3.19/100.000 in the pre-vaccine period to 0.87/100.000 (p = 0.022) post-vaccine introduction. Incidence rate reduction was higher among children aged 1-4 years old, with an annual reduction of 67.6% in the post-vaccination period against a 7.7% annual reduction in the pre-vaccination period (p < 0.001). Between 2015 and 2018, the vaccination program prevented 14,468 hepatitis A cases. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the positive impact of a recommended one-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine for 1–4-years-old in controlling hepatitis A at national level.

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Effects of Technological Progress from Different Sources on Haze Pollution in China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052730 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2730

Author(s):

Yuan Zhao ◽

Tian Zhang ◽

Ting Wu ◽

Shujing Xu ◽

Shuwang Yang

Keyword(s):

Technological Progress ◽

Generalized Method Of Moments ◽

National Level ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Dynamic Panel Model ◽

Independent Innovation ◽

Haze Pollution ◽

Technology Introduction ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Sources

Technological progress has always been regarded as an important factor affecting haze pollution. A large number of academic studies have focused on the effect of technological progress on haze pollution, but there are few discussions on the effects of technological progress from different sources. In view of this, a dynamic panel model is constructed, and a systematic generalized method of moments (GMM) method is applied to empirically test the overall impact of technological progress from different sources on haze pollution and the regional heterogeneity of the impact. The results show that the overall and regional impact of technological progress from different sources on haze pollution is entirely different. Among them, for the whole country, independent innovation has a significant inhibitory effect on haze pollution, and technology introduction has aggravated haze pollution to a certain extent. At the regional level, all types of technological progress in the east can effectively reduce haze, the central region having haze reduction results consistent with the overall national level, and in the west, independent innovation and direct introduction can effectively reduce haze, while reverse technology spillover is ineffective. Therefore, policy recommendations such as improving the ability of independent innovation, improving the quality of technology introduction, and coordinating regional technology against haze are put forward.

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Monitoring and assessment of an oil spill event with very high resolution tools.

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13528 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana M. Mancho ◽

Guillermo García-Sánchez ◽

Antonio G. Ramos ◽

Josep Coca ◽

Begoña Pérez-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Oil Spill ◽

In Situ Observation ◽

The European Union ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Research And Innovation ◽

Port Authorities ◽

Different Sources ◽

Very High

This presentation discusses a downstream application from Copernicus Services, developed in the framework of the IMPRESSIVE project, for the monitoring of &#160;the oil spill produced after the crash of the ferry &#8220;Volcan de Tamasite&#8221; in waters of the Canary Islands on the 21st of April 2017. The presentation summarizes the findings of [1] that describe a complete monitoring of the diesel fuel spill, well-documented by port authorities. Complementary information supplied by different sources enhances the description of the event. We discuss the performance of very high resolution hydrodynamic models in the area of the Port of Gran Canaria and their ability for describing the evolution of this event. Dynamical systems ideas support the comparison of different models performance. Very high resolution remote sensing products and in situ observation validate the description.Authors acknowledge support from IMPRESSIVE a project funded by the European Union&#8217;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 821922. SW acknowledges the support of ONR Grant No. N00014-01-1-0769References[1] G.Garc&#237;a-S&#225;nchez, A. M. Mancho, A. G. Ramos, J. Coca, B. P&#233;rez-G&#243;mez, E. &#193;lvarez-Fanjul, M. G. Sotillo, M. Garc&#237;a-Le&#243;n, V. J. Garc&#237;a-Garrido, S. Wiggins. Very High Resolution Tools for the Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Hazards in Coastal Areas. &#160;Front. Mar. Sci. (2021) doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.605804.

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Projected Changes in Intense Precipitation over Europe at the Daily and Subdaily Time Scales*

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-14-00779.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (15) ◽

pp. 6193-6203 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Enrico Scoccimarro ◽

Gabriele Villarini ◽

Marcello Vichi ◽

Matteo Zampieri ◽

Pier Giuseppe Fogli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Scales ◽

Climate Model ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Heavy Precipitation ◽

High Rate ◽

Intense Precipitation ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Daily Scale ◽

Projected Changes ◽

Precipitation Events

Abstract Heavy precipitation is a major hazard over Europe. It is well established that climate model projections indicate a tendency toward more extreme daily rainfall events. It is still uncertain, however, how this changing intensity translates at the subdaily time scales. The main goal of the present study is to examine possible differences in projected changes in intense precipitation events over Europe at the daily and subdaily (3-hourly) time scales using a state-of-the-science climate model. The focus will be on one representative concentration pathway (RCP8.5), considered as illustrative of a high rate of increase in greenhouse gas concentrations over this century. There are statistically significant differences in intense precipitation projections (up to 40%) when comparing the results at the daily and subdaily time scales. Over northeastern Europe, projected precipitation intensification at the 3-hourly scale is lower than at the daily scale. On the other hand, Spain and the western seaboard exhibit an opposite behavior, with stronger intensification at the 3-hourly scale rather than the daily scale. While the mean properties of the precipitation distributions are independent of the analyzed frequency, projected precipitation intensification exhibits regional differences. This finding has implications for the extrapolation of impacts of intense precipitation events, given the daily time scale at which the analyses are usually performed.

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Has fertility increased at very high levels of development?

10.31235/osf.io/cufpa ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hampton Gray Gaddy

Keyword(s):

Human Development Index ◽

National Level ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Clear Relationship ◽

Fertility Rates ◽

Social Scientists ◽

The Past ◽

Level Data ◽

The Relationship ◽

Very High

Increasing development is historically associated with fertility declines. However, demographic paradigms disagree about whether that relationship should hold at very high levels of development. Using national-level data through 2005, Myrskylä, Kohler, and Billari (2009) found that very high levels of the Human Development Index (HDI) were associated with increasing total fertility rates (TFR). This paper updates that finding with data up to 2017. It investigates whether the observed association has continued to hold for the countries originally studied and whether it holds for countries that have more recently reached very high HDI. For countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 in 2000 or before (n=27), the data indicate no clear relationship between changes in HDI and TFR at HDI ≥ 0.8. There is also no clear relationship for countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 between 2001 and 2010 (n=13). For countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 in 2000 or before, there appear to have been notable increases in TFR between 2000 and 2010, but those gains appear to have completely reversed between 2010 and 2017. The past finding of TFR increases at very high levels of development has not borne out in recent years. In fact, TFRs declined markedly in very high development countries between 2010 and 2017. This paper contributes to the debate over the relationship between development and fertility. That debate has an important bearing on how low fertility is conceived by social scientists and policymakers.

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Cost analysis study of oral hypoglycemic agents available in Nepalese market

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v13i2.13107 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 6-9

Author(s):

Binaya Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Economic Consequences ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Price Variation ◽

Average Percentage ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Difference ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs lifelong treatment. There is a wide range of variation in the prices of antidiabetic drugs marketed in Nepal. Thus, a study was planned to find out price variations in the oral hypoglycemic drugs available singly and number of manufacturing companies for each, also to evaluate the difference in cost of different brands of same active drug by calculating percentage variation of cost.Methods: Cost of a particular drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from the price list provided by the pharmaceutical companies in Nepal and Indian Drug Review September 2013. The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price was calculated.Results: Percentage price variation of the commonly used drugs found was metformin (500mg) 171.42%, metformin (850mg) 128.42%, metformin (1000mg) 80%, pioglitazone (15mg) 150% pioglitazone (30mg) 188.89%, sitagliptin (50mg) 33.33%, sitagliptin (100mg) 40% acarbose (25mg) 39.58%, acarbose (50mg) 32.60%, gliclazide (80mg) 108%, gliclazide (40mg) 83.33%, glibenclamide (2.5mg) 87%, glibenclamide (5mg), 80%, glimiperide (1mg) 91.67%, glimiperide (2mg) 300%, glimiperide (3mg) 100%, glimiperide (4mg) 36.84%.Conclusion: The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral hypoglycemic drugs manufactured in Nepal is very wide. The appraisal and management of marketing drugs should be directed toward maximizing the benefits of therapy and minimizing negative personal and economic consequences.

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A hepatitis C-vírus-fertőzés és kezelésének költségvonzata

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/650.2015.30182 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 156 (21) ◽

pp. 862-868 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mihály Makara ◽

Béla Hunyady

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C ◽

Financial Burden ◽

National Level ◽

Work Productivity ◽

High Rate ◽

Moral Obligations ◽

Hepatitis C Infection ◽

Financial Benefit ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Life Years

The worldwide prevalence of hepatitis C infection is 2–3%. In addition to its individual consequences, it generates huge financial impact on national level. In particular, lack of recognition or late diagnosis of the disease is associated with high rate of liver cirrhosis related complications (hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatocellular carcinoma) and/or demands liver transplantation. Loss of quality assisted life years and/or those spent in employment, reduced work productivity, as well as costs of antiviral therapy also contribute to the financial burden. The costs of new interferon-free therapies may exceed the prices of previous pegylated interferon based therapies with or without protease inhibitors; however, shorter treatment durations and extremely low rates of severe side-effects with much less related expenses can reduce total costs of these treatments. In addition to the moral obligations, published cost-effectiveness analyses conclude that early diagnosis and treatment of this primarily iatrogenic infection through organized screening programs and wide access to effective therapies may lead to long term financial benefit. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(21), 862–868.

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