scholarly journals Short Communication: The potential of various indigenous Trichoderma spp. to suppress Plasmodiophora brassicae the pathogen of clubroot disease on cabbage

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1424-1429
Author(s):  
I KETUT SUADA
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Soil Media ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

Suada IK. 2017. Short Communication: The potential of various indigenous Trichoderma spp. to suppress Plasmodiophora brassicae, the pathogen of clubroot disease on cabbage. Biodiversitas 18: 1424-1429. On the island of Bali, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) is a vegetable that has high economic value especially for farmers who cultivate it as a cash crop. However, the clubroot disease caused by the microbial pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae decreases its productivity. Much effort has been expended in attempts to decrease the pathogen attack by use of synthetic fungicides, however, this has not had much success; more over such pesticide applications generate environmental pollution. Therefore, biological control using Trichoderma or other organisms antagonistic to the pathogen is an attractive alternative. The purpose of this study was to find, isolate and identify Trichoderma spp. able to decrease the disease incidence and increase plant growth. Twelve indigenous Trichoderma isolates were tested on cabbage plants grown in polybags containing local soil media culture treated with the Trichoderma inocula at a concentration of 1.5x106 CFU per polybag. The results showed that three Trichoderma isolates, i.e. T. hamatum-1, T. harzianum-1, and T. harzianum-2, were able to decrease the clubroot disease and increase cabbage growth as well.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF Trichoderma spp. AND LIGNOHUMATE TO SUPPRESS A PATHOGEN OF CLUBROOT (Plasmodiophora brassicae WOR.) AND PROMOTE PLANT GROWTH OF CABBAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
I Ketut Suada ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Gede Suwastika ◽  
I Kadek Ngestika Pradnyana ◽  
Nataliya Shchegolkova ◽  
Rodion Poloskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Root Dry Weight

The high economic value of cabbage crop leads farmers to make various efforts to suppress the pathogen of club root which is detrimental to plants. Efforts that need to be put forward must be environmentally safe. One way that is environmentally friendly is to control a pathogen biologically using antagonistic microbes. Therefore, the use of microbes such as Trichoderma which has been widely studied is important because it was able to suppress clubroot incidence and stimulate plant growth as well. Meanwhile, the need for plant nutrients to maximize plant growth requires an input of organic materials such as lignohumate which preserve soil nutrients, improve soil structure and increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The previous study on this scheme found an effective indigenous Trichoderma to suppress clubroot, therefore it is used in the current study. The objective of this study was to find out a combination treatment of Trichoderma and lignohumate which can suppress clubroot and increase plant growth. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. Trichoderma concentration consisted of 3 levels, namely 0 spores (control), 1x106 spores. 2x106 spores, and 3x106 spores per plant which were suspended in 150 ml of water. The lignohumate treatments were 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2%. The results showed that lignohumate treatment was interact with Trichoderma population number on disease incidence, total clubroot, root dry weight, but not to canopy dry weight. The most suitable combination of treatments was the Trichoderma population of 3x106 spores (15 g) in combination to lignohumate of 0.5%.  This combination resulted in the lowest disease incidence, the lowest total clubroot, root dry weight, and the highest canopy dry weight. The higher the lignohumate concentration up to 0.5%, the higher the number of microbes (fungi and bacteria) growth, howeverit decreased above the concentration of 0.5%.

scholarly journals First Report of Clubroot on Capsella bursa-pastoris Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Sichuan Province of China

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ren ◽  
X. P. Fang ◽  
C. C. Sun ◽  
K. R. Chen ◽  
F. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Cruciferous Vegetable ◽  
First Report ◽  
Resting Spores

Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus) is an edible and wild medicinal plant widely distributed in China. This plant has been cultivated in Shanghai, China, since the end of the 19th century. Infection of C. bursa-pastoris by Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease on Brassica spp. has been reported in Korea (2), but is not known to occur in China. In February of 2011, stunted and wilted shepherd's purse (SP) plants were observed in a field planted to oilseed rapes (B. napus) in Sichuan Province of China. Symptomatic SP plants also exhibited root galls. Disease incidence was 6.2% and 100% for SP and B. napus, respectively. Root galls on diseased SP plants were collected for pathogen identification. Many resting spores were observed when the root galls were examined under a light microscope. The resting spores were circular in shape, measuring 2.0 to 3.1 μm in diameter (average 2.6 μm). PCR amplification was conducted to confirm the pathogen. DNA was extracted from root galls and healthy roots (control) of SP. Two primers, TC2F (5′-AAACAACGAGTCAGCTTGAATGCTAGTGTG-3′) and TC2R (5′-CTTTAGTTGTGTTTCGGCTAGGATGGTTCG-3′) were used to detect P. brassicae (1). No PCR amplifications were observed with the control DNA as template. A fragment of the expected size (approximately 520 bp) was obtained when DNA was amplified from diseased roots of SP. These results suggest that the pathogen in the galled roots of SP is P. brassicae. Pathogenicity of P. brassicae in SP was tested on plants of both SP and Chinese cabbage (CC) (B. campestris ssp. pekinensis). A resting spore suspension prepared from naturally infected SP roots was mixed with a sterilized soil in two plastic pots, resulting in a final concentration of 5 × 106 spores/g soil. Soil treated with the same volume of sterile water was used as a control. Seeds of SP and CC were pre-germinated on moist filter paper for 2 days (20°C) and seeded into the infested and control pots, one seed per pot for planted for CC and four seeds per pot for SP. The pots were placed in a chamber at 15 to 25°C under 12 h light and 12 h dark. Plants in each pot were uprooted after 4 weeks and the roots of each plant were washed under tap water and rated for clubroot disease. No disease symptoms were observed in the control treatments of SP or CC. Plants of both species showed symptoms of clubroot, with the disease incidence of 62.5% and 100% on SP and CC, respectively. The pathogen was isolated from diseased roots of each plant and confirmed as P. brassicae based on morphological characteristics and PCR detection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of clubroot disease on C. bursa-pastoris in Sichuan Province of China. This finding suggests that it may be necessary to manage C. bursa-pastoris in cruciferous vegetable (cabbage, turnip) and oilseed rape production fields. References: (1) T. Cao et al. Plant Dis. 91:80, 2007. (2) W. G. Kim et al. Microbiology 39:233, 2011.

scholarly journals Integrated Management Practices for Clubroot Disease (Plasmodiophora Brassicae Wor.) of Cauliflower in Palung, Makwanpur, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
P Adhikari ◽  
A Khatiwada ◽  
N Paneru ◽  
P Tandan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Clubroot Disease

Club root is one of the most important diseases in the eastern hills of Nepal affecting the rural income as well as quantity and quality of Cauliflower production. A field experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications during February to May, 2019. The experiment was conducted in the Farmer’s field in the disease prone area of Thaha municipality-4, Palung of Makwanpur district to assess the efficacy of five different treatments; Nebijin, Hatake, Trichoderma viride, Lime and control for the management or suppressing the club root disease. The effectiveness of the treatments against club root disease was evaluated along with their influence on growth parameters and yield parameters of white top variety of cauliflower. Different parameters such as disease incidence, percent disease index (PDI) or disease severity index (DSI) and percent disease control (PDI) were recorded using disease scoring scale. The treatments showed significant effect on the yield and disease parameters, but not on the vegetative parameters of cauliflower. The lowest disease incidence (50.2%) and severity index (26.8%) and the highest percent disease control (57.6%) was recorded in Nebijin. Moreover, the Marketable yield (Mtha-1) per plot was observed highest from Nebijin (48.27Mtha-1) and Trichoderma viride (47.39 Mtha-1) treatment. From the study it may concluded that the application of Nebijin was more effective for the management of clubroot disease of Cauliflower and the use of Hatake and Trichoderma virideas bio-fungicides were also giving the potential assuring measure for the controlling disease of Cauliflower. SAARC J. Agri., 18(1): 87-98 (2020)

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Pseudomonas spp. TO CONTROL Plasmodiophora brassciae, THE PATHOGEN OF CLUBROOT DISEASE ON CABBAGE

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
I Ketut Suada ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Gede Suwastika
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Colony Forming Unit ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Biological Control System

Clubroot is very detrimental disease to cabbage production so as farmers work on various efforts to control it. The use of fungicides not only ineffective but also pollute the environment, therefore biological control system need to be pursued. The use of antagonistic agents such as Pseudomonas has been widely studied and known effective in suppressing various pathogens. Therefore it is worth trying its effectiveness against Plasmodiophora brassicae, a pathogen of cabbage. The purpose of this study was to obtain indigenous Pseudomonas which effectively suppress the pathogens and may also increase plant growth. Microbes were isolated from the cabbage area using the Kings'B medium with multilevel dilution. All isolates were tested for their effectiveness in pots in a Completely Randomized Design with a concentration of 1.5x106 CFU (Colony Forming Unit) per pot. The variables observed were plant growth, number of club roots, and percentage of disease incidence. Fourteen isolates of Pseudomonas were isolated. Three Pseudomonas isolates were found most effective at suppressing clubroot disease and increasing plant growth. The best isolate obtained was Pseudomonas-6, followed Pseudomonas-9, and Pseudomonas-8. 

scholarly journals A New Identification Method Reveals the Resistance of an Extensive-Source Radish Collection to Plasmodiophora brassicae Race 4

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Haohui Yang ◽  
Yuxiang Yuan ◽  
Xiaochun Wei ◽  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Haiping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Central China ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Cruciferous Vegetable ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Identification Method ◽  
South Central ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
The Stability

Raphanus sativus, an important cruciferous vegetable, has been increasingly affected by clubroot disease. Establishing a stable and accurate resistance identification method for screening resistant germplasms is urgently needed in radish. In this study, the influence of inoculum concentration, inoculation methods, and pH of the substrate on disease occurrence was studied. The result showed that the disease index (DI) was highest at 2 × 108 spores/mL, the efficiency of two-stage combined inoculation methods was higher than others, and pH 6.5 was favorable for the infection of P. brassicae. By using this new method, DIs of 349 radish germplasms varying from 0.00 to 97.04, presented significantly different levels of resistance. Analysis showed that 85.06% germplasms from China were susceptible to P. brassicae, whilst 28 accessions were resistant and mainly distributed in east, southwest, northwest, and south-central China. Most of the exotic germplasms were resistant. Repeated experiments verified the stability and reliability of the method and the identity of germplasm resistance. In total, 13 immune, 5 highly resistant and 21 resistant radish accessions were identified. This study provides an original clubroot-tolerance evaluation technology and valuable materials for the development of broad-spectrum resistant varieties for sustainable clubroot management in radish and other cruciferous crops.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Green Mold Foci in 30 Commercial Mushroom Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Royse ◽  
K. Boomer ◽  
Y. Du ◽  
M. Handcock ◽  
P. S. Coles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Nutrient Supplementation ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Surface Covering

Statistical analyses were performed on spatial distributions of mushroom green mold foci caused by Trichoderma spp. in 30 standard Pennsylvania doubles (743 m2 production surface) selected at random from over 900 total crops mapped. Mapped production houses were divided into four tiers of six beds each with 16 sections per bed (total = 384 sections per double). Each section contained approximately 2 m2. Green mold foci were mapped according to presence or absence in each section as they became visible during the course of the mushroom production. There was a trend toward higher disease incidence at the ends of the doubles, although this was not consistent from level to level. Spatial analysis revealed that green mold foci were more likely to occur in neighboring sections along the beds rather than above, below, or across from each other. Cultural practices that were associated with movement along the beds, i.e., nutrient supplementation, spawning, bed tamping, surface covering, etc., were considered the most likely factors influencing the incidence of green mold in spawned compost. Airborne contamination was considered a less likely source of inocula contributing to epidemic development. Sanitation practices that reduce spore loads along the beds are expected to provide the greatest degree of green mold control.

Clubroot in Brassica: Recent advances in genomics, breeding and disease management

Genome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jakir Hasan ◽  
Swati Megha ◽  
Habibur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Clubroot Disease

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, affects Brassica oilseed and vegetable production worldwide. This review is focused on various aspects of clubroot disease and its management, including understanding the pathogen and resistance in the host plants. Advances in genetics, molecular biology techniques and ‘omics’ research have helped to identify several major loci, QTL and genes from the Brassica genomes involved in the control of clubroot resistance. Transcriptomic studies have helped to extend our understanding of the mechanism of infection by the pathogen and the molecular basis of resistance/susceptibility in the host plants. A comprehensive understanding of the clubroot disease and host resistance would allow developing a better strategy by integrating the genetic resistance with cultural practices to manage this disease from a long-term perspective.

scholarly journals Control of lettuce bottom rot by isolates of Trichoderma spp

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zayame Vegette Pinto ◽  
Matheus Aparecido Pereira Cipriano ◽  
Amaury da Silva dos Santos ◽  
Ludwig Heinrich Pfenning ◽  
Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patrício
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Bottom Rot ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

Bottom rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 1-IB, is an important disease affecting lettuce in Brazil, where its biological control with Trichoderma was not developed yet. The present study was carried out with the aim of selecting Trichoderma isolates to be used in the control of lettuce bottom rot. Forty-six Trichoderma isolates, obtained with baits containing mycelia of the pathogen, were evaluated in experiments carried out in vitro and in vivo in a greenhouse in two steps. In the laboratory, the isolates were evaluated for their capabilities of parasitizing and producing toxic metabolic substances that could inhibit the pathogen mycelial growth. In the first step of the in vivo experiments, the number and the dry weight of lettuce seedlings of the cultivar White Boston were evaluated. In the second step, 12 isolates that were efficient in the first step and showed rapid growth and abundant sporulation in the laboratory were tested for their capability of controlling bottom rot in two repeated experiments, and had their species identified. The majority of the isolates of Trichoderma spp. (76%) showed high capacity for parasitism and 50% of them produced toxic metabolites capable of inhibiting 60-100% of R. solani AG1-IB mycelial growth. Twenty-four isolates increased the number and 23 isolates increased the dry weight of lettuce seedlings inoculated with the pathogen in the first step of the in vivo experiments.In both experiments of the second step, two isolates of T. virens, IBLF 04 and IBLF 50, reduced the severity of bottom rot and increased the number and the dry weight of lettuce seedlings inoculated with R. solani AG1-IB. These isolates had shown a high capacity for parasitism and production of toxic metabolic substances, indicating that the in vitro and in vivo steps employed in the present study were efficient in selecting antagonists to be used for the control of lettuce bottom rot.

scholarly journals Screening Brassica Cultivars for Resistance to Western Oregon Clubroot Pathotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-516
Author(s):  
Aaron Heinrich ◽  
Shinji Kawai ◽  
Jim Myers
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Soilborne Pathogen ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Pak Choi ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Brassicaceae Family

Growing resistant cultivars from the Brassicaceae family (brassicas) is an effective strategy to minimize crop loss caused by the soilborne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot). However, there are many clubroot pathotypes, and genetic resistance to clubroot may be pathotype-specific. To determine which pathotypes are present in western Oregon, diseased roots were collected from five farms and identified by the European clubroot differential (ECD) set. To assess resistance to the identified pathotypes, 21 vegetable cultivars from nine crops with purported resistance to clubroot were evaluated for disease incidence and severity in field and greenhouse studies. The crops evaluated included broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis), brussels sprouts (B. oleracea var. gemmifera), cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata), napa cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis), pak choi (B. rapa var. chinensis), kohlrabi (B. oleracea var. gongylodes), turnip (B. rapa var. rapa), and rutabaga (Brassica napus var. napobrassica). ECD host reaction showed similar virulence among clubroot collections, and all field isolates had the same ECD pathotype designation, 16/02/30. Compared with a crop-specific susceptible control, 17 of 21 cultivars had some resistance to clubroot, and of those, 15 were highly resistant (≤15% incidence with low disease severity). This research demonstrated that western Oregon farmers have several commercially available cultivars with resistance to the dominant pathotyope in the region. However, each farmer must evaluate the suitability of these cultivars to meet consumer and industry requirements.

scholarly journals Effect of pathogen virulence on pathogenicity, host range and reproduction of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazanin Zamani-Noor ◽  
Sinja Brand ◽  
Hans-Peter Soechting
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Iberis Amara ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
Pathogen Dna

A series of greenhouse experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of Plasmodiophora brassicae virulence on clubroot development and propagation of resting spores in 86 plant species from 19 botanical families. Plants were artificially inoculated with two isolates of P. brassicae, which were either virulent on clubroot-resistant oilseed rape cv. Mendel (P1 (+)) or avirulent on this cultivar (P1). Clubroot severity and the number of resting spores inside the roots were assessed 35 days post inoculation. Typical clubroot symptoms were observed only in the Brassicaceae family. P1 (+)-inoculated species exhibited more severe symptoms (2 to 10–fold more severe), bigger galls (1.1 to 5.8 fold heavier) and higher number of resting spores than the P1-inoculated plants. Among all Brassica species, Bunias orientalis, Coronopus squamatus and Raphanus sativus were fully resistant against both isolates, while Camelina sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Coincya momensis, Descurainia sophia, Diplotaxis muralis, Erucastrum gallicum, Neslia paniculata, Sinapis alba, S. arvensis, Sisymbrium altissimum, S. loeselii and Thlaspi arvense were highly susceptible. Conringia orientalis, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Hirschfeldia incana, Iberis amara, Lepidium campestre and Neslia paniculata were completely or partially resistant to P1-isolate but highly susceptible to P1 (+). These results propose that the basis for resistance in these species may be similar to that found in some commercial cultivars, and that these species could contribute to the build-up of inoculum of virulent pathotypes. Furthermore, the pathogen DNA was detected in Alopecurus myosuroides, Phacelia tanacatifolia, Papaver rhoeas and Pisum sativum. It can concluded that the number and diversity of hosts for P. brassicae are greater than previously reported.

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