Mortality by education, occupational class and income in Finland in the 1990s and 2000s

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-585
Author(s):  
Rasmus Hoffmann ◽  
Hannes Kröger ◽  
Lasse Tarkiainen ◽  
Pekka Martikainen
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Indicator Functions ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

Differences in mortality by socio-economic position (SEP) are well established, but there is uncertainty as to which dimension of SEP is most important in what context. This study compares the relationship between three SEP dimensions and mortality in Finland, during the periods 1990–97 and 2000–07, and to existing results for Sweden. We use an 11% random sample from the Finnish population with information on education, occupational class, individual income and mortality (age groups 35–59 and 60–84) (n = 810,902; 274,316 deaths). Cox proportional hazard models produce hazard ratios (HR) for categories of SEP variables in bivariate and multivariate models. Multivariate HRs are smaller than bivariate HRs, but all dimensions have a net effect on mortality. Overall, income shows the steepest mortality gradient: HR = 2.49 among men in the lowest income quintile aged 35–59 in the 1990s. The importance of the various SEP dimensions is modified by gender and age group, reflecting the significance of gendered life course differences in analyses of health inequality. Except for the declining disadvantage of poor men aged 35–59, inequalities are very stable over time and similar between Finland and Sweden. In such studies, the use of only one SEP indicator functions well as a broad marker of SEP. However, only analyses of multiple dimensions allow for comprehensive measurements of SEP, take into account the fact that some SEP dimensions are mediated by others, and provide insights into the social mechanisms underlying the stable structure of inequalities in mortality.

scholarly journals HAS FRAILTY SCORE AND FRAILTY LETHALITY CHANGED OVER TIME? HARMONIZATION OF NHANES COHORTS FROM 1999 TO 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S682-S682
Author(s):  
Joanna M Blodgett ◽  
Kenneth Rockwood ◽  
Olga Theou
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Frailty Index ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Positive advances in life expectancy, healthcare access and medical technology have been accompanied by an increased prevalence of chronic diseases and substantial population ageing. How this impacts changes in both frailty level and subsequent mortality in recent decades are not well understood. We aimed to investigate how these factors changed over an 18-year period. Nine waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2016) were harmonized to create a 46-item frailty index (FI) using self-reported and laboratory-based health deficits. Individuals aged 20+ were included in analyses (n=44086). Mortality was ascertained in December 2015. Weighted multilevel models estimated the effect of cohort on FI score in 10-year age-stratified groups. Cox proportional hazard models estimated if two or four-year mortality risk of frailty changed across the 1999-2012 cohorts. Mean FI score was 0.11±0.10. In the five older age groups (>40 years), later cohorts had higher frailty levels than did earlier cohorts. For example, in people aged 80+, each subsequent cohort had an estimated 0.007 (95%CI: 0.005, 0.009) higher FI score. However, in those aged 20-29, later cohorts had lower frailty [β=-0.0009 (-0.0013, -0.0005)]. Hazard ratios and cohort-frailty interactions indicated that there was no change in two or four-year lethality of FI score over time (i.e. two-year mortality: HR of 1.069 (1.055, 1.084) in 1999-2000 vs 1.061 (1.044, 1.077) in 2011-2012). Higher frailty levels in the most recent years in middle and older aged adults combined with unchanged frailty lethality suggests that the degree of frailty may continue to increase.

scholarly journals Variance of dependency ratio in Baghdad governorate and its relation to the social variables of the population for 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-364
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr. Nadaa Najeeb Salman
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Unemployed

The subject of population support is one of the most important topics in the geography of the population as it shows the amount of burden on the workforce in society and reflects the balance or lack of balance among population groups. According to the ratio of gender and age groups and their relation to social variables. The research was based on three axes, the first dealt with the variation in the dependency ratio, the second studied the ratio of the type of dependents and dependents and the third the social variables related to dependency. The most important findings of the study were the high dependency ratio in the rural districts of the governorate, in addition to the fact that the proportion of the type of the unemployed surpassed that of the dependents, as well as the low percentage of the population (15-94) years, indicating the high rate of support in the districts of Sadr and Abu Ghraib and Mahmudiyah.

scholarly journals Swearing in informal spoken English: 1990s–2010s

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robbie Love
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
British English ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Distribution ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
National Corpus

Abstract This paper investigates changes in swearing usage in informal speech using large-scale corpus data, comparing the occurrence and social distribution of swear words in two corpora of informal spoken British English: the demographically-sampled part of the Spoken British National Corpus 1994 (BNC1994) and the Spoken British National Corpus 2014 (BNC2014); the compilation of the latter has facilitated large-scale, diachronic analyses of authentic spoken data on a scale which has, until now, not been possible. A form and frequency analysis of a set of 16 ‘pure’ swear word lemma forms is presented. The findings reveal that swearing occurrence is significantly lower in the Spoken BNC2014 but still within a comparable range to previous studies. Furthermore, FUCK is found to overtake BLOODY as the most popular swear word lemma. Finally, the social distribution of swearing across gender and age groups generally supports the findings of previous research: males still swear more than females, and swearing still peaks in the twenties and declines thereafter. However, the distribution of swearing according to socio-economic status is found to be more complex than expected in the 2010s and requires further investigation. This paper also reflects on some of the methodological challenges associated with making comparisons between the two corpora.

Life course analysis on income and incident AMI: a Danish register-based cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 810-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Kriegbaum ◽  
Charlotte Ørsted Hougaard ◽  
Ingelise Andersen ◽  
Henrik Brønnum-Hansen ◽  
Rikke Lund
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundSocial inequality in ischaemic heart disease has been related to socioeconomic position in childhood, early adulthood and late adulthood. However, the impact of relative level of accumulated income periods across adult life course and the potential gender and age differences have not been investigated. The aim was to investigate the association between relative level of accumulated income across the life course and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from age 60+ years and to study if the associations differ by gender and in different age groups (30–39 years, 40–49 years and 50–59 years).MethodsAll Danes born 1935–1954 (N=1 235 139) were followed up in registers for incident AMI (42 669 cases). The accumulated proportional deviation from median equivalised income (APDMEI) for each gender/age/calendar year strata was constructed and divided in quartiles. The associations were analysed by means of Cox’s proportional hazard models.ResultsAmong men, those in the lowest APDMEI quartile had an HR 1.40 (1.35–1.45) of AMI compared with the highest quartile. Those in the second and third highest quartiles had HR of 1.24 (1.20–1.28) and 1.14 (1.10–1.18), respectively. Among women, the lowest quartile had an HR of 1.78 (1.69–1.88), the second 1.45 (1.37–1.53) and the third 1.19 (1.13–1.26). The social gradient was similar across the different age groups.ConclusionThe risk of AMI increased with lower levels of relative accumulated income across the life course. While men generally had a higher risk of AMI, the social gradient was steeper in women. There was no indication of a specific sensitive age period for exposure to relative level of accumulated income.

scholarly journals Sedentary Behavior and Diabetes Risk Among Women Over the Age of 65 Years: The OPACH Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bellettiere ◽  
Michael J. LaMonte ◽  
Genevieve N. Healy ◽  
Sandy Liles ◽  
Kelly R. Evenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Incident Diabetes ◽  
Bout Duration ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Diagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Design And Methods

<b>Objective:</b> Evaluate whether <a></a><a>sedentary </a>time (ST) and/or sedentary behavior patterns are related to incident diabetes in America's oldest age groups. <p><b>Research Design and Methods:</b> Women without physician-diagnosed diabetes (n=4839, age=79±7) wore accelerometers for ≥4 days and were followed up-to six years for self-reported newly-diagnosed diabetes requiring treatment with medications. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were estimated across quartiles (Q) of accelerometer-measured ST and mean bout duration using Cox proportional hazard models. Isotemporal substitution analyses using Cox regression tested associations with risk for diabetes after statistically replacing ST with light physical activity (PA) or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and after replacing light PA with MVPA.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> During 20949 person-years, 342 diabetes cases were identified. Women in ST Q2, Q3, and Q4 (vs. Q1) had incident diabetes HR(95% confidence interval) of 1.20(0.87-1.65), 1.33(0.97-1.82), and 1.21(0.86-1.70); p-trend=0.04. Respective HR(95%CI) following additional adjustment for body mass index and MVPA were 1.04(0.74-1.47), 1.04(0.72-1.50), and 0.85(0.56-1.29); p-trend=0.90. Fully adjusted isotemporal substitution results indicated that each 30 minutes of ST replaced with MVPA (but not light PA) was associated with 15% lower risk for diabetes [HR=0.85(0.75-0.96); p=0.01]; the HR(95%CI) for replacing 30 minutes of light PA with MVPA was 0.85(0.73-0.98); p=0.03. Mean bout duration was not associated with incident diabetes. </p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Statistically replacing ST or light PA with MVPA was associated with lower diabetes risk in older women. While reducing ST is important for several health outcomes, results indicate that to reduce diabetes risk among older adults, the primary public health focus should be on increasing MVPA. </p>

RITUAL WORDS AND SONGS IN THE MUSICAL FOLKLORE OF THE DARGINS

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Elmira Bashirovna Abdullaeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social

The structure of the musical folklore of the Dargins is considered in accordance with the social organization, in relation to the levels of the rural community: tribal (tukhum), rural neighbor (jamaat) and inter-village (khureba). In the article, the author, basing on the field expedition material from the personal archive, focuses on the ritual genres of the tribal and calendar cycles that exist in both applied and ritual functions. In the ritual genres, the forms of performance are revealed, and the attachment of vocal and instrumental genres to gender and age groups is also traced.

scholarly journals Increase in sickness absence due to mental disorders in Finland: trends by gender, age and diagnostic group in 2005–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482199370
Author(s):  
Jenni Blomgren ◽  
Riku Perhoniemi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Group ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Working Age

Aims: Mental disorders are among the key public health challenges and cause a significant share of sickness absence. The aim of this study was to examine gender and age-specific trends in sickness absence in Finland among non-retired persons aged 16–67 years during 2005–2019 by main diagnostic groups. Special focus was put on the development of sickness absence due to mental and behavioural disorders. Methods: Data on compensated sickness allowance days were retrieved from the database of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, and data on the non-retired population aged 16–67 years from the database of Statistics Finland for years 2005–2019. Yearly age-standardised sickness absence rates (yearly sickness absence days per each person in the population at risk) according to diagnostic group were calculated for women and men in age groups 16–34, 35–49 and 50–67 years. Results: A steep increase in sickness absence due to mental disorders was observed between 2016 and 2019 in all age groups among both genders, but the increase was more prominent among women. The age group 16–34 years also showed a longer-term gradual increase. In all examined gender and age groups, the increase was mainly a consequence of an increase in sickness absence due to depression and anxiety disorders. Conclusions: Increase in sickness absence due to mental disorders is an early sign of threats to work ability and productivity of the working-age population. Several factors may simultaneously drive the development. The specific reasons for the recent trend need to be studied.

scholarly journals Social Intelligence of Secondary School Teachers with Respect to Their Gender and Age

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karanam Mahaboobvali ◽  
Dr. S. Vijaya Vardhini
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference

Social intelligence is the ability to compromise so as to understand and manage the people and engage in adaptive social situations. Though everyone needs intelligence in general and Social intelligence in particular. Especially it is essential for the Teachers to interact with the students effectively and for better understanding the students in the school environment. Hence in this context the investigators made an attempt to study the Social intelligence of Secondary school teachers. The objectives of the study are (i) to assess the social intelligence of Secondary school teachers and (ii) to find out the significance difference if any in the Social intelligence of Secondary school teachers due to variations in their Gender and Age. In this study 700 Secondary school teachers were selected from Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh by employing simple random sampling technique. In this study the researchers analyzed the Social intelligence of Secondary school teachers in relation to their Gender and Age and found that, there is no significant difference between the male and female sample in their Social intelligence. On the other hand findings revealed that, there is significance difference among the age group of Secondary school teachers in their Social intelligence in general and Patience, Cooperativeness, Confidence, Sensitivity, Recognition of Social Environment, Tactfulness and Memory dimensions of Social intelligence in specific. Findings of the study are (i) both the male and female Secondary school teachers expressed equal level of Social intelligence and (ii) significant variation exists among the age groups of the Secondary school teachers towards the Social intelligence in Toto.

scholarly journals Sedentary Behavior and Diabetes Risk Among Women Over the Age of 65 Years: The OPACH Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bellettiere ◽  
Michael J. LaMonte ◽  
Genevieve N. Healy ◽  
Sandy Liles ◽  
Kelly R. Evenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Incident Diabetes ◽  
Bout Duration ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Diagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Design And Methods

<b>Objective:</b> Evaluate whether <a></a><a>sedentary </a>time (ST) and/or sedentary behavior patterns are related to incident diabetes in America's oldest age groups. <p><b>Research Design and Methods:</b> Women without physician-diagnosed diabetes (n=4839, age=79±7) wore accelerometers for ≥4 days and were followed up-to six years for self-reported newly-diagnosed diabetes requiring treatment with medications. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were estimated across quartiles (Q) of accelerometer-measured ST and mean bout duration using Cox proportional hazard models. Isotemporal substitution analyses using Cox regression tested associations with risk for diabetes after statistically replacing ST with light physical activity (PA) or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and after replacing light PA with MVPA.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> During 20949 person-years, 342 diabetes cases were identified. Women in ST Q2, Q3, and Q4 (vs. Q1) had incident diabetes HR(95% confidence interval) of 1.20(0.87-1.65), 1.33(0.97-1.82), and 1.21(0.86-1.70); p-trend=0.04. Respective HR(95%CI) following additional adjustment for body mass index and MVPA were 1.04(0.74-1.47), 1.04(0.72-1.50), and 0.85(0.56-1.29); p-trend=0.90. Fully adjusted isotemporal substitution results indicated that each 30 minutes of ST replaced with MVPA (but not light PA) was associated with 15% lower risk for diabetes [HR=0.85(0.75-0.96); p=0.01]; the HR(95%CI) for replacing 30 minutes of light PA with MVPA was 0.85(0.73-0.98); p=0.03. Mean bout duration was not associated with incident diabetes. </p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Statistically replacing ST or light PA with MVPA was associated with lower diabetes risk in older women. While reducing ST is important for several health outcomes, results indicate that to reduce diabetes risk among older adults, the primary public health focus should be on increasing MVPA. </p>

scholarly journals Gender and Age Patterns on WhatsApp Statuses as Used by Jordanians: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Ala'a Mohammad Al-Smadi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact

This study aims at investigating the WhatsApp statuses as used by Jordanian people from a sociolinguistic point of view. It attempts to examine the use of the WhatsApp statuses in relation to the impact of gender and age on the topic being used. To achieve this goal, 400 statuses were collected from Jordanian males and females who are divided into two main age groups: the first one consists of participants whose age is above 30 years old, and the second group whose participants are under 30 years old. Then, the data were analyzed quantitatively and categorized based on the main following topics; religious, social, political, economic and fixed statuses. The results show that gender and age have essential impacts on the statuses being used. For example, the religious statuses are the most frequently used topic by Jordanian females whereas the social statuses are the most frequently used topic by Jordanian males. However, the political and economic statuses are the least frequent statuses used among Jordanian. Moreover, the results show that the most frequently used topic among males who are above 30 years old is the fixed statuses suggested by the mobile itself whereas the most frequently used topic among males who are under 30 years old is the social topic. On the other hand, the impact of age among females is clearly manifested in the use of the fixed statuses suggested by the mobile itself. For instance, the females who are above 30 years old use the fixed statuses more dramatic than the females who are under 30 years old. Also, the fixed statuses are the second frequently used topic by the females who are above 30 years old whereas they are the third frequently used topic by females who are under 30 years old.

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