Setting International Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Mattli ◽  
Tim Büthe
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
National Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Product ◽  
International Level ◽  
Nontariff Barriers ◽  
Battle Of The Sexes

Standards have become one of the most important nontariff barriers to trade, especially national product standards that specify design or performance characteristics of manufactured goods. Divergent national standards often inhibit trade, whereas regional and international standards increasingly serve as instruments of trade liberalization. Consequently, the setting of international standards—seemingly technical and apolitical—is rapidly becoming an issue of economic and political salience. But who sets international standards? Who wins, who loses? This article offers a fresh analytical approach to the study of international standards, which the authors call the institutional complementarities approach. It builds on insights from realism and the “Battle of the Sexes” coordination game but emphasizes complementarities of historically conditioned standardization systems at the national level with the institutional structure of standardization at the international level. It posits that, after controlling for other factors that influence involvement in international standardization, differences in institutional complementarities play a critical though largely accidental role in placing firms from different countries or regions in a first- or second-mover position when standardization becomes global. The authors illustrate the insightfulness of this approach through statistical analyses of the first scientific set of data on standards use and standardization, collected by the authors through an international online survey.

scholarly journals Regulating for Australia's Youngest Workers

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Natalie van der Waarden
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Accepted Part ◽  
European Community Directive ◽  
Community Directive

Child labour is a phrase associated with exploitation, poverty, insufficient education and various forms of physical abuse. These connotations do not match Australian perceptions about the employment of children and are not correlated with mainstream dialogue on teenagers in part time and casual employment. Child employment is an accepted part of Australian society, with older children making up a significant portion of the workforce. Minimum standards are increasingly regarded a critical safeguard for young Australians at work, evidenced by recent state level statutory amendment and enactment of dedicated legislation. This article makes two submissions; first, it suggests the regulation of young people's working conditions is inappropriately neglected at national level in Australia, and secondly, it proposes national standards should be set and equated with those in other developed economies, meeting international standards. The 1994 European Community Directive on the Protection of Young Workers is referred to as a suitable benchmark.

scholarly journals Areas of Concern of the Tourism Activities Implementation

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Valentyna Boiko ◽  
Alina Myroshnychenko ◽  
Anna Kolodiazhna
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Industry Development ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Local Levels

Current condition, problems and prospects for the domestic tourism industry development are studied. The main aspects hindering the tourism industry development in the country are considered and require further solutions. The current normative legal acts regulating issues in the field of tourism are considered and the attention is focused on the lack of correlation between the normative regulation of the branch and the share of revenues from the provision of tourist services in the country's GDP. It is determined that further reorganization and development of tourism in our country is not possible without the active support and direct intervention of the state. The authors proposed the measures, the implementation of which will help harmonize national standards in the field of tourism and resorts with international standards and help improve the quality of the national tourism product. It is proved that the development of the tourism industry directly depends not only on strengthening state regulation of tourism at the national level, but also at the regional level, especially since the tourism management system at the regional and local levels in decentralization in Ukraine is far from perfect. Emphasis is placed on the need to implement EU legislation in the field of tourism and resorts, which contributes to the improvement of tourism legislation and developed recommendations for the implementation of mechanisms for tourism development in the country.

scholarly journals METHODS FOR DETERMINING TAX INCOME IN ACCORDANCE WITH NATIONAL LAW AND IAS 12 “INCOME TAXES”

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Shkulipa
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
National Level ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Tax Changes

Introduction. A profit is one of the most important indicators of the financial performance of business entities, as it is a source of financing the costs of their production and social development. The part of the income is withdrawn by the state as an income tax and a source of funding for public expenditure. The understanding of the correct methodology for determining tax profit in accordance with applicable national law and IAS 12 "Income Taxes" is being the most often interest of the accountants and practitioners. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the methodology for determining tax income in accordance with the Tax Code of Ukraine and national accounting standards. The regulatory approach to research allows for the identification of differences in the regulation of this research object at the national level and in accordance with IAS 12 “Income Taxes”. Methods. To achieve this goal, common scientific methods, both at the empirical and theoretical levels of research were used. The methods of analysis to compare the methodology for determining tax income in accordance with the Tax Code of Ukraine and the corresponding national accounting standard were used. Modeling and abstraction techniques to address the various situations associated with the reflection of income tax by businesses of different ownership were used. Results. The article describes a new methodology for determining taxable income in accordance with the rules of national legislation and gives a critical analysis of new changes in the Tax Code of Ukraine. There are two options for finding a business entity on the general tax system; regular correspondence on accounting for income tax on ordinary activities have been clarified. For the first time the method of determining tax profit (loss) according to the Tax Code of Ukraine and national standards has been compared; the composition of information on the main components of income tax expense and information subject to separate disclosure under IAS 12 “Income Taxes” has been systematized. The snippet of the Income tax declaration on the decision not to apply tax differences is given. Discussion. To increase the level of objectivity and materiality of the information on tax profit presentation presented in the financial statements, it is necessary to search for trade-offs between accounting and tax concepts within a common ideology. The results have shown that tax changes are not always made public in the proper explanation and are being challenged by users (accountants) who have different interests. The consideration of the method for determining tax income allows us to argue that the international standards more broadly define the criteria for recognizing and reflecting in the financial statement current income tax.

International Standards Used Locally Worldwide: Adopting ISO Standards for the (Offshore) Oil and Gas Industry As National Standard by 34 European Countries in a Single Process

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. J. (Jarno) Dakhorst
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
European Standards

Standardisation is the process of developing a standard at an international, regional or national level. The oil and gas industry welcomes international standards as tool to do its operations efficiently and responsibly, and to demonstrate to comply with regulations, where applicable. In this way, the oil and gas industry uses international standards as part of their licence to operate. Because the oil and gas industry is acting globally, it would like to prevent that they have to deal with different standards depending on the region or country in which they operate. Therefore, the oil and gas industry strives for international standards that are also adopted as national standards across the world. The European oil and gas industry supports this vision by adopting the international standards as European standards, which will then become the national standard as well in 34 European countries at once. Also in the field of offshore structures and more recently Arctic operations, international standards are being developed or revised to respond to the needs of the industry. These standardisation activities include European involvement to ensure alignment of the standards portfolio of the oil and gas industry.

scholarly journals Training interns in nutrition and dietetics: a cross-sectional study of the barriers and motivators to being a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist preceptor

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Hutchins ◽  
Donna M. Winham ◽  
Jinette P. Fellows ◽  
Michelle M. Heer
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Registered Dietitian ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Entry Level

Abstract Background As is common across the health professions, training of Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) requires experiential learning for interns/students to gain skills and demonstrate entry-level competency. Preceptors are essential to the experiential learning component of health care professional training, providing supervision and mentoring as students and interns gain the skills required for entry-level practice competency. Over the past 27 years, 47–73% of applicants to dietetic internships have received a placement. Practitioners willing to volunteer as preceptors are needed to generate more internship or experiential learning opportunities for the profession to continue to meet workforce demands. Methods The objective of this national-level online cross-sectional survey was to identify perceptions and attitudes associated with the preceptor role and incentives that might encourage precepting by current RDNs. A random sample of RDN and Nutrition and Dietetic Technicians, Registered (NDTR) professionals from the Commission on Dietetic Registration credentialed practitioner database were eligible to participate in the online survey. The main outcome measures included perceptions, attitudes, and preferred incentives to precept compared by preceptor experience categories (current, former, never precepted). Comparisons of perceptions, attitudes, and preferred incentives were made between preceptor experience categories using Chi-square and ANOVA. Results Of 2464 invitations, 308 participants had complete variables for analysis. Top incentives were the opportunity to earn continuing education units (65.9%) and having expenses paid to attend a national conference (49.5%). Significantly more (P < 0.001) “former” and “never” preceptors reported the ability to choose when to take an intern, training on how to teach and communicate with interns, and access to an “on-call” specialist as incentives compared to “current” preceptors. Significantly more (P < 0.01) “never” preceptors reported training on internship expectations and the ability to provide input on intern selection process as incentives compared to “current” or “former” preceptors. Conclusions Incentives to serve as a preceptor differ based on “current”, “former”, or “never” precepted status. Promoting and strategizing solutions to the current imbalance between the greater number of dietetic internship applicants compared to preceptors should be targeted based on preceptor status to retain current preceptors, encourage former preceptors to return and recruit professionals who have never served.

Discussion on Determination of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 562-566
Author(s):  
Zhe Min Li
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Measure Methods

This paper summarized the measure methods which include both Chinese national standards and international standards of how to determine the concentration of Non-methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC).Some problems and suggestions were discussed in this paper to improve the level of the measure methods and prompt the establishment of relative Chinese national standard.

scholarly journals Knowledge audit as an important tool in organizational management: A review of literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 026638212098603
Author(s):  
Lateef Ayinde ◽  
Ibrahim Oluwapelumi Orekoya ◽  
Qaozara Adebanke Adepeju ◽  
Adeyinka M Shomoye
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Research Question ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Knowledge Audit ◽  
Review Current

The purpose of this paper is to review current literature on knowledge management and highlight the importance of knowledge audit in bringing about a holistic knowledge solution to knowledge management. Based on the review of literature on knowledge management, this study points out the role of knowledge audit in solving the challenges in organizations’ tacit and explicit knowledge. Specifically, the paper concentrates on knowledge audit, knowledge risk and international and national standards on knowledge audit processes. The contribution of this study to literature are the suggestions that knowledge risk and international standards procedures could be applied to knowledge audit. The important conclusion of this paper is that knowledge risk management has not been fully explored in the study of knowledge audit. The paper addresses the research question of what organizations must embark on in the process of knowledge audit. The paper attempts to provide answer to the question by highlighting the importance of knowledge audit and the reasons why organizations carry out knowledge audit, and also the existing knowledge audit frameworks and methodologies.

The role of forensic science and forensic examination in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Valery Yu. Shepitko ◽  
Mykhaylo V. Shepitko
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
International Crime ◽  
National Level ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
International Level

The application of forensic science and expertise is a necessary prerequisite for the investigation of crimes at the local and national level. Without the use of forensic science and expertise, an investigation within the framework of a criminal process becomes dead and unsubstantiated. But with the globalisation of world processes, the development of technologies, the speed of information transmission, the formation of crime outside the borders of one state and its entry into the international level has become an urgent problem, which has become a challenge in countering such crime and the need to steer forensic science and expertise towards assisting law enforcement activities. A special feature of countering the investigation of crimes was the creation of international cooperation between forensic specialists and expert witnesses even prior to the establishment of practical institutions that could counteract them in practice. Therewith, some representatives of such international unions and associations have taken serious steps in creating mechanisms for real counteraction to crimes at the international level (R.A. Reiss, G. Soderman, M.Sh. Bassiuni). Coverage of the problem of international cooperation in the investigation of crimes through the definition of the role of forensic science and expertise allowed focusing on the following blocks: 1) international associations of forensic specialists for combating crime in the historical context; 2) international criminal police organisations in combating crime; 3) international cooperation in the field of conducting forensic examinations; 4) the use of forensic and special knowledge in the activities of the International Criminal Court. Thus, a combination of theory and practice in the fight against crime is demonstrated. Historically, this is associated with the role of forensic science and expertise in recording traces of crimes, analysing them, and forming legal, forensic, and expert witness opinions. The purpose of the study is to establish the decisive role of forensic science and expertise in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes. For this, the authors turned to forensic science and expertise, historical processes that served to create substantial international organisations created to counter international crime

scholarly journals Irina Oberländer-Târnoveanu, Patrimoniul arheologic național: politici, documentare, acces / The National Archaeological Heritage: Policies, Documentation, Access

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-36
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Memory ◽  
National Level ◽  
International Level ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
National Databases

Documentation of archaeological heritage is a fundamental tool for understanding and protection. Although we have a number of laws, conventions and recommendations to protect heritage at national, European and international level, their application in practice is not easy anywhere. Since 2000, The Romanian Ministry of Culture and CIMEC – The Institute for Cultural Memory (now a Department in the National Heritage Institute, since July 1, 2011) developed national databases for archaeological documentation, including sites, investigations and reports. By the end of 2013, there are three main archaeological databases at national level, all available online. The last 12 years means a great progress in regulating modern archaeology in Romania, agreeing national legislation with European and international ones, providing of tools and responses to the challenges of reality, primarily immediate threat to the archaeological heritage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Educational programs provided to students with Disabilities  in Wadi Al- Dawasir Province in light of the international standards of special education: تقييم البرامج التربوية المقدمة لذوي الإعاقة بمحافظة وادي الدواسر في ضوء المعايير العالمية للتربية الخاصة

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar Youssef Ahmed Merghany, Hanadi Issa Muhanna Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Educational Qualification ◽  
Education Indicators

The study aimed to evaluate the educational programs provided for students with disabilities in Wadi Al- Dawasir Province in the light of the international standards for special education. Descriptive analytical approach was used, The study sample consisted of (10) programs of special education. A questionnaire of evaluating the educational programs ,was used, "SPSS" was used to analyze the data; the results revealed: an average level of effectiveness for the programs provided for people with disabilities, which ranged between (2.0923) and (2.6154), and there were differences at the level of statistical significance (0.05) between the dimensions of special education indicators, there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) due to the following (type of disability, employer, educational qualification, years of experience, degree), The researchers recommend training teachers on educational programs in accordance with international standards.

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