Impact of the introduction of chikungunya and zika viruses on the incidence of dengue in endemic zones of Mexico

Background With the arrival of chikungunya (CHIKV) and zika (ZIKV) viruses in Mexico, there was a decrease in diagnosed dengue virus (DENV) cases. During the first years of cocirculation (2015–2017), the algorithms established by epidemiological surveillance systems and the installed capacity limited us to one diagnostic test per sample, so there was an underestimation of cases until September 2017, when a multiplex algorithm was implemented. Therefore, the objective of this study was determine the impact of the introduction of CHIKV and ZIKV on the incidence of diagnosed DENV in endemic areas of Mexico, when performing the rediagnosis, using the multiplex algorithm, in samples from the first three years of co-circulation of these arboviruses. Methodology and principal findings For this, 1038 samples received by the Central Laboratory of Epidemiology between 2015 and 2017 were selected for this work. Viruses were identified by multiplex RT-qPCR, and the χ2 test was used to compare categorical variables. With the new multiplex algorithm, we identified 2.4 times the rate of arbovirosis as originally reported, evidencing an underestimation of the incidence of the three viruses. Even so, significantly less dengue was observed than in previous years. The high incidence rates of chikungunya and Zika coincided with periods of dengue decline. The endemic channel showed that the cases caused by DENV rose again after the circulation of CHIKV and ZIKV decreased. In addition, 23 cases of coinfection were identified, with combinations between all viruses. Conclusions and significance The results obtained in this study show for the first time the real impact on the detected incidence of dengue after the introduction of CHIKV and ZIKV in Mexico, the degree of underestimation of these arboviruses in the country, as well as the co-infections between these viruses, whose importance clinical and epidemiological are still unknown.

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Incidence Of Diarrheal Infections In Ukraine: Epidemiological Peculiarities

10.21203/rs.2.16689/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nina Malysh ◽

Oksana Chemych ◽

Roman Rodyna ◽

Inna Chorna ◽

Svitlana Doan

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Food Item ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Statistical Research ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

High Incidence ◽

The World ◽

Low Incidence

Abstract Background : Diarrheal infections remain relevant for many countries of the world. The processes of globalization, fundamental changes in nutrition and water consumption contributed to the fact that the significance of individual infection sources, etiological structure of diarrheal infections changed. Purpose of the study: on the background of the analytical study of the incidence of diarrheal infections in Ukraine under the current conditions, to determine the factors influencing epidemic situation. Methods: The reports of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Main Administrations of Statistics in Kharkiv, Odesa, Zaporizhia oblasts for 2011-2018 are used in the paper. Epidemiological and statistical research methods are applied. Results: The epidemic situation with diarrheal infections in Ukraine is characterized by a low incidence of typhoid fever (from 0.012 to 0.14 per 100 thousand people), shigellosis (from 1.97-6.13 per 100 thousand people), stable incidence rates without the downward trend, salmonellosis (from 17.35 till 24.1 per 100 thousand people), high incidence of diahrreal infections of specified etiology (from 115.5 to141.9 per 100 thousand people) and diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology (from 69.76 to 107.02 per 100 thousand people). The most complicated epidemic situation is observed in economically most developed regions of the country. Most diarrheal infectionsoutbreaks are connected with catering establishments 36.5 % and with children educational establishments 26.1 %. In the region with the highest shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence direct strong correlation relationships are established between the incidence and population, density, natural population movement. The oblasts with the highest diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence are at least provided with water resources and have problems with provision of high-quality drinking water. There is a need to improve the system of epidemiological surveillance over diarrheal infections by extension of the indicators of microbiological study of drinking water quality in the regions of Ukraine, where high diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence is registered; by increasing frequency of food item inspections in the oblasts, where mediana shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence exceeds the average one in Ukraine. Keywords: diarrheal infections, shigellosis, salmonellosis, rotaviral enteritis.

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Characteristics of hospitalizations with influenza diagnosis, France, 2012-2017

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.074 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

M Pivette ◽

V de Lauzun ◽

N Nicolay ◽

A Scanff ◽

B Hubert

Keyword(s):

Length Of Stay ◽

Diagnosis Related Groups ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

H3n2 Virus ◽

Influenza Surveillance ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Age Group ◽

Hospital System ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Seasonal influenza surveillance in France is based on several data sources (ambulatory data, emergency department and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, laboratory data, mortality). However, the data do not provide a complete measure of the impact of the epidemics on the hospital system. The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics of influenza hospitalizations from the French national hospital discharge database (PMSI) between 2012 and 2017 and to precise the burden of influenza by age group and by season. Methods All hospitalizations in metropolitan France with at least one ICD-10 code related to influenza (J09, J10, J11) as a principal, related or associated diagnosis between 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2017 were extracted from the PMSI. For each season, the total number of hospitalizations, admissions to ICU, incidence and lethality rates, lengths of stay and classification in diagnosis-related groups were described by age group. Results During the 5 seasons, 91 255 hospitalizations with an influenza-diagnosis were identified. The incidence varied significantly between seasons, from 12.7/100 000 in 2013-2014 to 45.9/100 000 in 2016-2017. A high number of cases was observed in elderlies in 2014-2015 and 2016-2017, marked by the circulation of A (H3N2) virus. The proportion of hospitalizations with an admission in ICU was 10%, and was higher in the 40-79 age group (19%). Lethality increased steadily with age, from 0.5% under 20 years to 10% in 80 years and older. Length of stay also increased with age. Significant regional disparities were observed, with higher incidence rates in South-Eastern France each season. Conclusions The analysis of influenza hospitalizations from the PMSI provides important elements on influenza burden, not available in the current surveillance systems. An annual analysis, stratified by age group, would provide an indicator of the impact of the epidemics on hospital system at the end of each influenza season. Key messages Important influenza incidence variations were observed between seasons by age groups. Severity and impact of influenza (mortality, ICU, length of stay) varied significantly by age group.

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Impact of vaccination on the incidence of measles in Mozambique in the period 2000 to 2011

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2013000200013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 257-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Artur Manuel Muloliwa ◽

Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho ◽

José Fernando Souza Verani ◽

Taynãna César Simões ◽

Martinho do Carmo Dgedge

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Measles Elimination ◽

High Incidence ◽

Maputo City ◽

Measles Vaccination ◽

Coverage Rates ◽

Vaccination Campaigns ◽

Measles Incidence ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study was to contribute to the better planning of measles elimination actions in Mozambique, by considering the impact of vaccination actions over the period 2000 to 2011. Descriptive and ecological studies and case records made available by the Ministry of Health were used to analyze measles vaccination coverage. Statistical analysis was performed using time series and spatial analysis. Vaccine coverage rates ranged from 82% to 99%. Coverage rates in Maputo city were under 70% and in Niassa province they were over 100%. Coverage showed a clustered pattern in the districts. The measles incidence rate was 1.58 per 100,000 inhabitants (0.00-40.08 per 100,000 inhabitants); districts bordering neighboring countries presented high incidence rates. Although measles morbidity and mortality has decreased in Mozambique, vaccine coverage has been insufficient to interrupt measles transmission. Enhanced surveillance, including investigation of cases and outbreaks, and improvements in measles vaccination are recommended in order to achieve a homogenous coverage rate of ≥ 95% for both routine and mass vaccination campaigns.

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Impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines: a review

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública ◽

10.26633/rpsp.2017.158 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Lucia Helena De Oliveira ◽

Barbara Jauregui ◽

Ana Flavia Carvalho ◽

Norberto Giglio

Keyword(s):

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Meningococcal Disease ◽

Age Groups ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Protein Subunit ◽

Conjugate Vaccines ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

The Impact

Objectives.To summarize and critically evaluate the evidence on the impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccination programs around the world in order to inform decisionmaking in Latin America and the Caribbean.Methods.A review of the literature was conducted following several components of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed Central® was searched for papers published in any language from January 1999 – March 2017.Results.In all, 32 studies were included, most of which evaluated the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. Fourteen studies measured effectiveness and 30 measured impact. The effectiveness of polysaccharide vaccines was 65% – 83.7% (different age groups), while the effectiveness of the conjugate vaccines was 66% – 100%. Incidence decline of laboratory-confirmed meningococcal disease for the conjugate vaccine ranged from 77% – 100% among different ages groups. The only study that evaluated the protein subunit vaccine reported a vaccine effectiveness of 82.9%.Conclusions.The studies reviewed show impact and effectiveness of both polysaccharide vaccines and conjugate vaccines on vaccine-serogroup meningococcal disease. The conjugate vaccines, however, show higher impact and effectiveness with longer-lasting protection over the polysaccharide vaccines. Given the variance in potential use of a meningococcal vaccine, epidemiological surveillance systems should be strengthened to inform national decisions.

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O mapa das hepatites virais no Acre: entre territórios e territorialidades

Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ◽

10.26848/rbgf.v12.6.p2339-2354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 2339

Author(s):

Cleilton Sampaio De Farias ◽

Ricardo Antunes Dantas de Oliveira ◽

Maurício R. M. P. da Luz

Keyword(s):

Viral Hepatitis ◽

Human Development ◽

Social Relations ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Human Liver ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Endemic Diseases ◽

High Incidence

As hepatites virais são doenças causadas por vírus distintos (A, B, C e D), que têm em comum o acometimento particularmente forte do fígado humano. Objetivou-se mapear a distribuição das hepatites virais no Acre, no período de 2010 a 2014, por meio de dois indicadores. Esse mapeamento foi associado a proposições para explicar seus territórios, suas territorialidades e suas territorializações, sendo respectivamente os locais de maior ocorrência, as relações históricas e sociais que causaram essas enfermidades e a formação desses territórios. Em vista de tudo isto, as hepatites virais se territorializaram historicamente no Acre, possivelmente favorecidas por aspectos inadequados de vigilância epidemiológica, ligados com o controle de outras endemias que assolavam os municípios. Estes fatores, associados com as condições socioeconômicas e ambientais, com a desigualdade de renda, de escolaridade e de desenvolvimento humano desses espaços, permitiram que as relações que proporcionam a infecção e a transmissão dessas doenças fossem passadas de geração para geração. Esse processo resultou em territórios que apresentam, além de muitos casos notificados altas taxas de incidências como em Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Branco, Tarauacá e Assis Brasil. The map of viral hepatitis in Acre: between territories and territorialities A B S T R A C TViral hepatitis are diseases caused by distinct viruses (A, B, C and D), which have in common the particularly strong involvement of the human liver. The objective of this study was to map the distribution of viral hepatitis in Acre between 2010 and 2014, using two indicators. This mapping was associated with propositions to explain their territories, their territorialities and their territorializations, being respectively the places of greatest occurrence, the historical and social relations that caused these diseases and the formation of these territories. In view of all this, viral hepatitis were historically territorialized in Acre, possibly favored by inadequate aspects of epidemiological surveillance, linked to the control of other endemic diseases that devastated the municipalities. These factors, associated with socioeconomic and environmental conditions, income inequality, schooling and human development of these spaces, allowed the relations that provide the infection and the transmission of these diseases were passed from generation to generation. This process resulted in territories that have, in addition to many cases reported high incidence rates such as Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Branco, Tarauacá and Assis Brasil.Keywords: Viral hepatitis, Map, Territories, Acre.

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Tuberculosis reinfection rate as a proportion of total infection rate correlates with the logarithm of the incidence rate: a mathematical model

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2008.0184 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 6 (30) ◽

pp. 11-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Pieter W Uys ◽

Paul D van Helden ◽

John W Hargrove

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Empirical Data ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Simple Relationship ◽

A Value ◽

High Incidence ◽

Low Incidence ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Range Of Values

In a significant number of instances, an episode of tuberculosis can be attributed to a reinfection event. Because reinfection is more likely in high incidence regions than in regions of low incidence, more tuberculosis (TB) cases due to reinfection could be expected in high-incidence regions than in low-incidence regions. Empirical data from regions with various incidence rates appear to confirm the conjecture that, in fact, the incidence rate due to reinfection only, as a proportion of all cases, correlates with the logarithm of the incidence rate, rather than with the incidence rate itself. A theoretical model that supports this conjecture is presented. A Markov model was used to obtain a relationship between incidence and reinfection rates. It was assumed in this model that the rate of reinfection is a multiple, ρ (the reinfection factor), of the rate of first-time infection, λ . The results obtained show a relationship between the proportion of cases due to reinfection and the rate of incidence that is approximately logarithmic for a range of values of the incidence rate typical of those observed in communities across the globe. A value of ρ is determined such that the relationship between the proportion of cases due to reinfection and the logarithm of the incidence rate closely correlates with empirical data. From a purely theoretical investigation, it is shown that a simple relationship can be expected between the logarithm of the incidence rates and the proportions of cases due to reinfection after a prior episode of TB. This relationship is sustained by a rate of reinfection that is higher than the rate of first-time infection and this latter consideration underscores the great importance of monitoring recovered TB cases for repeat disease episodes, especially in regions where TB incidence is high. Awareness of this may assist in attempts to control the epidemic.

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Guillain Barré syndrome in a population less than 15 years old in Brazil

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2002000300005 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 60 (2B) ◽

pp. 367-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Elza Dias-Tosta ◽

Carlos Santos Kückelhaus

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Data Bank ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Death Rates ◽

Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽

Yearly Incidence ◽

Guillain Barré ◽

The Impact

To know the impact of the Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) in the population less than 15 years old, after the eradication of poliomyelitis. Data bank from the program of epidemiological surveillance of acute flaccid palsies (AFP) from the Fundação Nacional de Saúde were analyzed between 1990 -- 1996. From 3619 notifications of AFP there were 1678 GBS. GBS yearly incidence rates is 0.39-0.63 cases/100,000. No consistent seasonal variation existed or relationship to vaccines. Weakness at inclusion were, moderate 52.1%, severe in 47.9%, sixty days after 57.1% normal, 7.4% mild, 15.7% moderate, 10.4% with severe deficits, death in 5.4%. 67 (4.0%) cases unknown. Death rates varies from 2.8% in southeast to 7.9% in the northeast. GBS was the most frequent cause of AFP. In spite of the severity of this disease being similar in the different regions, the outcome varies according to origin of the cases, possibly reflecting the economical conditions in those places.

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Status of the Epidemiological Surveillance Systems for Salt and Water Fluoridation Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean

Universitas Odontologica ◽

10.11144/javeriana.uo38-80.sess ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (80) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Martha J. Mutis ◽

Steffany Chamut ◽

Elías Morón ◽

Carlos Davila Peixoto

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Program Improvement ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Caribbean Region ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

International Agencies ◽

Prevention Interventions ◽

The Status ◽

The Caribbean ◽

The Impact

Background: Epidemiological Surveillance Systems are part of public policies to evaluate the impact of prevention interventions or the occurrence of related health events. In Dental Public Health has been valuable the surveillance systems to follow the fluoridation programs, the prevalence of caries or the fluorosis cases. Purpose: Identify and summarize published information regard the status of fluoridation programs and their epidemiological surveillance systems in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Methods: In this narrative literature review, articles searches in Medline and LILACS, in four languages, was carried out. Results: The authors included the analysis of 291 references published by government entities, international agencies, academic institutions and other sources, and summarizing the synthesis of all findings in two tracking matrices to contribute with new knowledge for policy making and program improvement through monitory systems. The results showed 11 active programs, 18 in uncertain status, and one country projecting a future program. Only six countries that started their fluoridation programs in the mid-eighties in the twentieth century have structured or strengthened a surveillance system for their fluoridation programs. Conclusions: The authors recommend a new stage of international accompaniment by several agencies to resume fluoridation programs in countries where structural, economic, or political factors affected the implementation or continuation of fluoridation programs in the 21st century.

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Herpes zoster: Epidemiological Features of the Incidence in 2019

Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention ◽

10.31631/2073-3046-2020-19-5-93-97 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 93-97

Author(s):

A. N. Kaira ◽

V. F. Lavrov

Keyword(s):

Herpes Zoster ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

The Elderly ◽

Wide Distribution ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

The urgency of the problem of herpes zoster (shingles) consists in its wide distribution in the world, high incidence rates in a significant part of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the severity of complications caused by this infection.The aim of the study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of herpes zoster in Russia.Materials and methods. Epidemiological analysis of the incidence of herpes zoster in the Russian Federation was conducted using official statistics.Results and discussion. In 2019, in a number of administrative divisions of the Russian Federation, there was a poor epidemic situation associated with the incidence of herpes zoster. In some regions, the incidence rates were significantly higher than the national average, and the elderly were the most vulnerable. It turned out that the existing methods of prevention of herpes zoster, aimed mainly at promoting a healthy lifestyle and hygienic education of the population, do not bring the desired results, and the incidence of herpes zoster (secondary VZV infection) remains high.Conclusions. The analysis of the incidence of herpes zoster during the reporting period demonstrates the need for constant statistical accounting of the spread of this infection on the territory of Russia, actualizes the conduct of full-fledged epidemiological surveillance and the organization of a system of preventive measures, which should be based on the development, production and practical application of a domestic vaccine against herpes zoster.

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The impact of pertussis in infants: insights from a hospital-based enhanced surveillance system, Lazio region, Italy, 2016 to 2019

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.24.2000562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (24) ◽

Author(s):

Elisabetta Pandolfi ◽

Francesco Gesualdo ◽

Caterina Rizzo ◽

Luisa Russo ◽

Ilaria Campagna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surveillance System ◽

Catchment Area ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Italian Region ◽

Lazio Region ◽

Routine Surveillance ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Impact

Background Routine surveillance systems for pertussis often suffer from under-recognition and under-reporting. Aim Our aim was to describe the epidemiology and the clinical features of pertussis in children younger than 1 year in an Italian region, detected through an enhanced hospital surveillance system. Methods From 2016 to 2019, we monitored the incidence and the clinical characteristics of hospitalised pertussis cases younger than 1 year in two paediatric hospitals involved in the PERTINENT project. Results We detected 141 pertussis cases, corresponding to an estimated incidence of 105.8 per 100.000 in 2016, 91.7 per 100.000 in 2017, 64.5 per 100.000 in 2018 and 40.9 per 100.000 in 2019, based on the hospitals’ catchment area, roughly corresponding to the Lazio region. A total of 101 cases (77.1%) had a household member with cough or other respiratory symptoms. The most frequent combination of symptoms was paroxysmal cough with apnoea in the absence of fever. Almost 40% had been prescribed an antibiotic treatment before hospitalisation, and the median time from symptom onset to contact with the hospital was 8 days. Thirty-one (22.0%) had complications. Conclusion An enhanced surveillance system showed a high incidence of pertussis among infants in the Lazio region, where the impact of this disease may still be underestimated. Increasing the coverage of pertussis immunisation among pregnant women and improving the capacity for early detection in primary care may contribute to reducing the impact of pertussis among infants.

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