scholarly journals Association between age at first calving and lactation performance, lactation curve, calving interval, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244825
Author(s):  
Hadi Atashi ◽  
Anise Asaadi ◽  
Miel Hostens
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Time ◽  
D 23

In the present study, records on 115,291 heifers distributed in 113 herds were used to investigate the association between age at the first calving (AFC) and lactation performance, lactation curve, the length of the first calving interval (CI), calf birth weight (CBW), and the incidence of dystocia in Holstein heifers in Iran. Based on the AFC, the heifers were classified into eight classes: AFC of 541 to 690 d, 691 to 720 d, 721 to 750 d, 751 to 780 d, 781 to 810 d, 811 to 840 d, 841 to 900 d, and 901 to 1200 d (AFC1 to AFC8, respectively). Multiple regression mixed models were used to investigate the association between AFC and lactation curve parameters, partial and 305-d lactation performance, 100- and 305-d SCS, and the length of the first calving (CI) interval. The mean (SD) and median AFC across all heifers was 760.2 (74.01) and 750 d, respectively. Of 115,291 heifers included, 28,192 and 7,602 heifers were, respectively, ≤ 720 and > 900 d when calving for the first time. More than 44% of the heifers were at 691 to 750 d (23 to 25 months) of age when calving for the first time. An increased AFC was associated with increased partial and 305-d lactation performance, 100- and 305-d SCS, initial milk yield, milk production at the peak of lactation, upward and downward slopes of the lactation curve. The 305-d fat percentage was associated with AFC; however, there was no association between AFC and 305-d protein percentage. An increased AFC was also associated with decreased milk production persistency, delayed peak time, longer CI, and higher calf birth weight. Compared to heifers calving for the first time between 691 to 780 d (23 to 26 months) of age, both increasing and decreasing AFC were associated with increased risk of dystocia. Controlling AFC is an important management factor in achieving a lower risk of dystocia, higher lactation performance, lower SCS, and shorter length of the calving interval.

scholarly journals Effect of concentrate supplementation during pre-kidding on the productive and reproductive performance of goats raised on Guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tobiatã) pasture

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
Raquel Ornelas Marques ◽  
Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves ◽  
Paulo Roberto De Lima Meirelles ◽  
Gil Ignacio Lara Cañizares ◽  
Giuliana Micai de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Boer Goats

Sixty goats (20 Alpine, 18 Anglo-Nubian, and 22 crossbred Boer), with average body weight 49.33 ± 1.41 kg, were raised on Panicum maximum cv. Tobiatã pasture with two different levels of concentrate supplementation, 300 (SL30) and 600 g kg-1 (SL60) of the daily requirements, and evaluated from the pre-mating season until an average of 110 days of lactation. Milk controls were performed every 14 days. The following milk production curve parameters were estimated: time to reach peak milk production (TP), peak milk production (PP) and milk production during the first 110 days of lactation (MP). The following milk components were determined: fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS), defatted dry extract (DDE), urea nitrogen (UN) concentrations, and somatic cell count (SCC). Goat prolificacy and birth weight of the kids were also determined. Breed affected the lactation curve, with Alpine and Anglo- Nubian goats presenting higher TP, PP, and MP. Protein, TS, and DDE concentrations were also affected by breed, being higher for crossbred Boer goats. Milk fat, lactose concentrations, and the log of SCC were affected by the concentrate supplementation level, being higher for SL30, as well as by the breed, with crossbred Boer goats presenting higher fat concentrations and log of SCC, and crossbred Boer and Alpine goats presenting higher lactose concentrations. UN was affected by the stage of lactation. Prolificacy and birth weight were affected by breed and concentrate supplementation level, being higher for Anglo-Nubian and crossbred Boer goats with SL60. Kids from single births presented higher birth weights. The Anglo-Nubian breed presented good milk production and the best body condition, which might indicate the effectiveness of this production system, SL60 supplementation resulted in higher birth weight and prolificacy.

scholarly journals Maternity in adolescents and its association with caesarean labor

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Henry Rodrigo Gallardo-Lizarazo ◽  
Ingrid Sofía Guerrero-Romero ◽  
Jorge Ernesto Niño-González ◽  
Mariana Villaveces-Franco
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Statistical Sample ◽  
First Time ◽  
Abdominal Delivery ◽  
Control Study

Objective: to evaluate the association between adolescence and cesarean section in women  aged 10-19 years compared with those found in ages between 19 and 25 years, patients in a hospital, and determine its association with sociodemographic variables and neonatal in terms of prematurity, and Apgar low birth weight. Materials and Methods: a case-control study was performed using a simple random sampling, considering the calculation of a statistical sample. a total of 1,304 cases and 2,608 controls were included. First time mom patients treated at an institution x over a period of three years, to determine associations of risk through analysis of hypothesis testing is included. Results: the risk of caesarean section in teenagers is (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.51). In addition, it was determined that there is an increased risk of low birth weight (OR 9.4, 95% CI 7.59 to 11.76), with no difference in adolescents in the risk of  Apgar down score at minute and 5 minutes later. Conclusion: there is an increased risk of low birth weight and require termination of pregnancy via cesarean in adolescents compared to young adults, especially if they are under 14. It is necessary to promote campaigns to prevent teenage pregnancy, as the main measure of control over these population.KEYWORDS: abdominal delivery, childbirth, complications of pregnancy, teenage pregnancy, teenagers. Adolescencia materna y su asociación con la realización de cesáreaRESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre adolescencia y la realización de cesárea en mujeres de 10 a 19 años, en comparación con las que se encuentran en edades entre 19 y 25 años, atendidas en un hospital X, y determinar su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y neonatales en términos de prematurez, Apgar y bajo peso al nacer. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, mediante un muestreo simple aleatorio, teniendo en cuenta el cálculo de una muestra estadística. Se incluyeron un total de 1.304 casos y 2.608 controles. Se incluyeron pacientes primigestantes atendidas en una institución X en un período de tres años, para determinar asociaciones de riesgo mediante análisis de contraste de hipótesis. Resultados: el riesgo de cesárea en adolescentes es de (OR 1,13, IC 95% 1,10-1,51). Además, se determinó que en las adolescentes existe un riesgo mayor de bajo peso al nacer (OR 9,4, IC 95% 7,59-11,76), sin diferencia en cuanto al riesgo de Apgar bajo al minuto y los 5 minutos. Conclusión: existe un mayor riesgo de presentar bajo peso neonatal y requerir terminación de la gestación por vía cesárea en adolescentes, en comparación con las adultas jóvenes, especialmente si son menores de 14 años. Se requiere promover campañas para evitar el embarazo adolescente, como principal medida de control sobre esta población.PALABRAS CLAVE: parto abdominal, parto, complicaciones del embarazo, embarazo en adolescencia, adolescentes. Mãe adolescente e sua associação com cesariana SUMÁRIO Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre a adolescência ea cesariana em mulheres com idade entre 10 a 19 anos, em comparação com aqueles encontrados na faixa etária entre 19 e 25 anos, servido em um hospital, e determinar associação STI com variáveis neonatais e sociodemográficos em termos de prematuridade, Apgar e baixo peso ao nascer. Materiais e Métodos: um estudo de caso-controle foi realizado utilizando amostragem aleatória simples, Considerando o cálculo de uma amostra estatística. Um total de 1.304 casos e 2.608 controles foram incluídos. Primigestas pacientes tratados em uma instituição x ao longo de um período de três anos, para determinar associações de risco através da análise dos testes de hipóteses está incluído. Resultados: o risco de cesariana em adolescentes é (ou CI 1,13, 95% 1,10-1,51). Além disso, determinou-se que há um aumento do risco de baixo peso ao nascer (OR 9,4, IC 95% 7,59-11,76), não havendo diferença em adolescentes no risco de baixo índice de Apgar no minuto 5 minutos. Conclusão: há um aumento do risco de baixo peso ao nascer e exigem a interrupção da gravidez através de cesariana em adolescentes em comparação com adultos jovens, especialmente se eles estão sob 14. É necessário promover campanhas de prevenção da gravidez na adolescência, como a principal medida de controle sobre a população.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: parto abdominal, parto, complicações da gravidez, gravidez na adolescencia, adolescentes. 

Effect of the sire on the subsequent lactation performance in the dam

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Basu ◽  
S. S. Tomar
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Sire Evaluation ◽  
Service Period

ABSTRACTThe effects of 18 buffalo sires, used in 2 years of a progeny-testing programme, on the subsequent lactation performances of their mates, were investigated from a study of 685 lactation records. The traits studied were: milk production, lactation length, length of post partum anoestrus, number of services per conception and length of service period (calving to conception). Parity of calving and sire had a significant effect on 305-day milk yield and lactation length of the mates. Between the 2 years, the sires did not differ for any of the traits of their mates. Although the breeding value of the sires, high or low, did not differ significantly, the sires with high breeding value tended to depress the milk production in the subsequent lactation of their mates and vice versa (r= −0·05). The birth weight of the calves significantly affected milk production. It was concluded that all methods of sire evaluation are likely to be biased by the effect of sires.

scholarly journals Breeding and Lactation Efficiencies, Production Profile, Productive Herd Life and Lifetime Productivity of Gir Cows in their Home Tract

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Gadariya ◽  
P. H. Vataliya ◽  
K. S. Murthy ◽  
P. U. Gajbhiye
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
High Magnitude ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
First Time

Breeding and lactation efficiencies (BE and LE), parity-wise production profile, productive herd life and lifetime milk production (LTMP) of Gir cows (N=309), based on 1363 calvings during 1991 to 2010 at Cattle Breeding Farm, JAU, Junagadh were studied. Age at first calving (AFC) and calving interval (CI) of Gir cows were 1527.76±14.17 and 481.22±4.86 days, respectively. CI ranged from 386 to 505 days among different lactations. When AFC and CI were taken into account together, BE of the cows as per Tomar (BE-T) was estimated to be 86.91±0.49 %. About 17 % of Gir cows in the herd calved for the first time at >42 months of age (Av. 37.04 month) and 38 % of the cows had less than 14 months of CI. Lactation period (LP) of Gir cows varied significantly (P>0.05) from 230 days to 335 days showing an increasing trend with increase in no. of parity. Overall LP of Gir cows was 281.02±4.56 days, LE being 61.07±1.10%. Total lactation milk yield (TLMY) and standard lactation milk yield (SLMY) of Gir cows averaged 2006.29±48.77 and 1819.73±45.44 lit, respectively. Milk yield increased significantly (P>0.05), with increase in no. of parity, reaching peak TLMY (2425 lit) and SLMY (2303 lit) in 5th lactation. TLMY was 2134 to 2362 lit, and SLMY 1950 to 2110 lit in 6th to 8th lactation. Productive herd life averaged 3107.87±81.40 days (8.51 years). Mean number of calvings during lifetime was 4.25±0.15. A total of 19- 25 % of the total cows performed in the herd for more than 12 years, (average being 14.6 years) and for > 6 lactations. Gir cows produced 9988.71±649.08 lit LTMP. LTMP of Gir cows was significantly associated with both, the BE and LE (r =0.23 to 0.25). MSLMY showed significant (P>0.05) correlation (r=0.31 to 0.37) with BE-W and LE. Association of AFC was significant with BE-T (r=0.26). The 1st and 2nd CI showed a correlation (r= 0.57 to 0.59, P>0.01) of high magnitude with BE-W. The findings revealed that Gir cows in the herd are worth- retaining in the herd till 8th lactation with satisfactory breeding efficiency of about 87 % for economically viable sustainable dairy farming.

Effect of Breed and Some Non - Genetic Factors on Milk Production and Some Proportions of Its Chemical Components in Two Breeds of Local Sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-231
Author(s):  
Rahman Hussein AL-Qasimi ◽  
Shatha Mohammed Abbas ◽  
Allawi L.D. AL-Khauzai
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Milk Components

The study was carried out on 19 ewes of local Awassi sheep and 12ewes local Arabi sheep in the Al-kafeel sheep station Karbala, to determine the effect of breed and some non-genetic factors such as (sex of the lamb, type of birth, age and weight of ewes at birth) on daily and total milk production and lactation period and some of milk components (fat, protein and lactose). The results showed that a significant effect (P <0.05) of the breed on milk production traits where Awassi sheep recorded the highest mean (0.91 kg , 101.63 kg , 104.86 day) compared to the Arabi sheep she was means (0.77 kg , 88.15 kg , 99.15 day) respectively. As well as in proportions of milk components with mean( 5.1 , 4.90 , 5.51) % respectively compared to the Arabi sheep (4.70 . 4.20 . 4.89) ewes with male lambs also exceeded superior ewes with female lambs in daily and total milk production and the lactation period the sex of the lamb did not affect the proportions of milk components the weight of the ewes had a significant effect (P <0.05) in milk production attributes with superior weight of ewes on lower ewes and did not affect the proportions of milk ingredients except for lactose. The type of birth and the age of the ewes did not have a significant effect in all the studied traits except for the superiority (P<0.05) of young ewes on age ewes in the fat percentage of milk.

Out of the Picture: Latinx and White Male Youths’ Facial Features Predict Their Juvenile Justice System Processing Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872199934
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Chen ◽  
Adam D. Fine ◽  
Jasmine B. Norman ◽  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
Elizabeth Cauffman
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
White Male ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Legal Decisions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Time ◽  
To Receive

Adults’ facial characteristics predict whether and how severely they are sentenced in the adult criminal justice system. We investigate whether characteristics of White and Latinx male youths’ faces predict the severity of their processing in the juvenile justice system. Among a sample of first-time offenders, despite no differences in the severity of their offenses, youth who were perceived by naïve observers as more dominant, less trustworthy, less healthy, and having darker skin were more likely to receive harsher sanctions. Thus, extralegal factors like appearance may bias legal decisions that place some youth at increased risk for more restrictive sanctioning. Our findings highlight the need for structured approaches to juvenile processing decisions that take youths’ appearance out of the picture.

scholarly journals PSI-3 Effects of housing cow-calf pairs in drylots vs pasture during the summer on cow performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 228-228
Author(s):  
Keiffer Sexton ◽  
Megan Myerscough ◽  
Wesley Chapple ◽  
William T Meteer ◽  
Keela Trennepohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Cow Performance

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of maintaining cows in drylots vs pasture on beef cow performance. Spring-calving, Simmental × Angus cows (n = 108; 84 ± 11 d postpartum) were stratified by age, BW, BCS, calving date, and sex of calves and allotted to 6 groups. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments for 110 d: drylot (DL) or pasture (PAST). Drylot cows were limit-fed a ration consisting of corn silage, dried distillers grains, hay, corn stalks, corn, and soybean hulls to meet protein and energy requirements. Cows on pasture were rotationally grazed and offered free-choice mineral. On d 0, cows were artificially inseminated (AI). On d 0, 53, and 110 (weaning), cow BW and BCS were measured. On d 54 milk production was estimated using the weigh-suckle-weigh technique. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. All binary data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. On d 0 and 53, cow BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.73) between DL and PAST. On d 110, DL cows had 74 kg greater (P &lt; 0.01) BW than PAST cows. The BCS did not differ (P ≥ 0.66) between treatments. There was no difference in milk production (P = 0.93); however, drylot cows tended (P = 0.10) to have reduced milk fat percentage and had reduced (P &lt; 0.01) milk urea nitrogen. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.34) in AI or overall pregnancy rates between treatments. There was no difference in foot angle or claw set (P ≥ 0.17) of cows at any time point. There was also no difference (P = 0.17) in foot treatments between DL (39%) and PAST (4%). Housing cows in drylots compared to pasture increased BW, but did not affect BCS, milk production, and pregnancy rates.

scholarly journals Early Risk Factors for Obesity in the First 1000 Days—Relationship with Body Fat and BMI at 2 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8179
Author(s):  
Mercedes Díaz-Rodríguez ◽  
Celia Pérez-Muñoz ◽  
Jesús Carretero-Bravo ◽  
Catalina Ruíz-Ruíz ◽  
Manuel Serrano-Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Early Risk ◽  
Early Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk

(1) Background: Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat. Several early developmental factors have been identified which are associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity and increased adiposity in childhood. The primary objective of the present study is to analyse the effect of various early risk factors on Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage at 2 years of age. (2) Methods: A prospective cohort study design was used, with the sample consisting of 109 mother-child pairs from whom data were collected between early pregnancy and 2 years old. Adiposity was determined based on skinfold measurements using the Brooks and Siri formulae. Mean comparison tests (Student’s t-test and ANOVAs) and multiple linear regression models were used to analyse the relationship between early programming factors and dependent variables. (3) Results: Maternal excess weight during early pregnancy (β = 0.203, p = 0.026), gestational smoking (β = 0.192, p = 0.036), and accelerated weight gain in the first 2 years (β = − 0.269, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with high body fat percentage. Pre-pregnancy BMI and accelerated weight gain in the first 2 years were associated with high BMI z-score (β = 0.174, p = 0.047 and β = 0.417, p = 0.000 respectively). The cumulative effect of these variables resulted in high values compared to the baseline zero-factor group, with significant differences in BMI z-score (F = 8.640, p = 0.000) and body fat percentage (F = 5.402, p = 0.002) when three factors were present. (4) Conclusions: The presence of several early risk factors related to obesity in infancy was significantly associated with higher BMI z-score and body fat percentage at 2 years of age. The presence of more than one of these variables was also associated with higher adiposity at 2 years of age. Early prevention strategies should address as many of these factors as possible.

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