scholarly journals Selection for feed efficiency elicits different postprandial plasma metabolite profiles in response to poor hygiene of housing conditions in growing pigs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0246216
Author(s):  
Alícia Zem Fraga ◽  
Isabelle Louveau ◽  
Paulo Henrique Reis Furtado Campos ◽  
Luciano Hauschild ◽  
Nathalie Le Floc’h
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Neutrophil Granulocyte ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Genetic Line ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
Good Hygiene

This study was conducted to compare postprandial plasma concentrations of insulin, energy-related metabolites, and amino acids measured after a 6-week challenge consisting of exposure to good or poor hygiene of housing conditions of 24 growing pigs divergently selected for low-RFI (LRFI) and high-RFI (HRFI). Blood indicators of immune responses were assessed from samples collected before 0 (W0), and 3 (W3), and 6 weeks (W6) after pigs transfer to their respective hygiene of housing conditions. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations and blood neutrophil granulocyte numbers were greater in poor than in good hygiene of housing conditions at W3. Plasma concentrations of total immunoglobulin G were greater (p = 0.04) in poor than in good hygiene of housing conditions at W6. At W6, pigs were fitted with an intravenous catheter for serial blood samplings. Low-RFI pigs had greater insulin (p < 0.001) and lower triglyceride (p = 0.04) average plasma concentrations than HRFI pigs in both conditions. In poor hygiene of housing conditions, the peaks of insulin and glucose were observed earlier and that of insulin was greater in LRFI than in HRFI pigs. Irrespective of genetic line, average plasma concentrations of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, threonine, valine, and alanine were greater in poor compared with good hygiene of housing conditions. Only HRFI pigs had greater lysine, asparagine, proline, and tyrosine plasma concentrations in poor than in good hygiene of housing conditions. Conversely, arginine, tryptophan, proline, and tyrosine plasma concentrations were lower only for LRFI pigs housed in poor hygiene conditions. Our results suggest that, contrary to HRFI, LRFI pigs increase or maintain their utilization of tryptophan, arginine, and lysine when housed in poor hygiene conditions. This indicates that this difference may contribute to the better capacity of LRFI to cope with poor hygiene of housing conditions.

scholarly journals Selection for feed efficiency elicits different postprandial plasma metabolite profiles in response to poor hygiene of housing conditions in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alícia Zem Fraga ◽  
Isabelle Louveau ◽  
Paulo Henrique Reis Furtado Campos ◽  
Luciano Hauschild ◽  
Nathalie Le Floc’h
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Neutrophil Granulocyte ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Hygiene

AbstractSelection for residual feed intake (RFI), a measure of feed efficiency, may affect the ability of pigs to adapt their metabolism in response to poor environmental conditions. This study was conducted to compare postprandial plasma concentrations of insulin, energy related metabolites, and amino acids measured after a 6-week challenge consisting of exposure to good or poor hygiene of housing conditions of 24 growing pigs divergently selected for low-RFI (LRFI) and high-RFI (HRFI). Blood indicators of immune responses were assessed from samples collected before (week 0 or W0), and 3 (W3) and 6 weeks (W6) after pigs transfer to their respective housing hygiene conditions. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations and blood neutrophil granulocyte numbers were greater in poor than in good conditions at W3. Plasma concentrations of total immunoglobulin G were greater (p = 0.04) in poor than in good hygiene conditions at W6. At W6, pigs were fitted with an intravenous catheter for serial blood samplings. Low-RFI pigs had greater insulin (p < 0.001) and lower triglyceride (p = 0.04) average plasma concentrations than HRFI pigs in both conditions. In poor hygiene conditions, the peaks of insulin and glucose occured earlier and that of insulin was greater in LRFI than in HRFI pigs. Irrespective of genetic line, average plasma concentrations of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, threonine, valine, and alanine were greater in poor compared with good conditions. Only HRFI pigs had greater lysine, asparagine, proline, and tyrosine plasma concentrations in poor than in good hygiene conditions. Conversely, arginine, tryptophan, proline, and tyrosine plasma concentrations were lower only for LRFI pigs housed in poor hygiene conditions. The impact of poor hygiene of housing conditions on insulin, triglycerides, and AA profiles differed between RFI lines. More specifically, our results suggest that, contrary to HRFI, LRFI pigs increased or maintained their utilization of Trp, Arg, and Lys when housed in poor hygiene conditions. This difference may contribute to the better capacity of LRFI to cope with the poor hygiene of housing conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of divergent selection for residual feed intake on nitrogen metabolism and lysine utilization in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deltora J Hewitt ◽  
Jack C M Dekkers ◽  
Treyson Antonick ◽  
Abbasali Gheisari ◽  
Amanda R Rakhshandeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Genetic Line ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Selection For ◽  
N Flux

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of divergent genetic selection for residual feed intake (RFI) on nitrogen (N) metabolism and lysine utilization in growing pigs. Twenty-four gilts (body weight [BW] 66 ± 5 kg) were selected from generation nine of the low RFI (LRFI; n = 12) and high RFI (HRFI; n = 12) Iowa State University Yorkshire RFI selection lines. Six pigs from each genetic line were assigned to each of two levels of lysine intake: 70% and 100% of estimated requirements based on the potential of each genetic line for protein deposition (PD) and feed intake. For all diets, lysine was first limiting among amino acids. Using isotope tracer, N-balance, and nutrient digestibility evaluation approaches, whole-body N metabolism and the efficiency of lysine utilization were determined for each treatment group. No significant interaction effects of line and diet on dietary N or gross energy digestibility, PD, and the efficiency of lysine utilization for PD were observed. The line did not have a significant effect on PD and digestibility of dietary N and GE. An increase in lysine intake improved N retention in both lines (from 15.0 to 19.6 g/d, SE 1.44, in LRFI pigs; and from 16.9 to 19.8 g/d, SE 1.67, in HRFI pigs; P &lt; 0.01). At the low lysine intakes and when lysine clearly limited PD, the efficiency of using available lysine intake (above maintenance requirements) for PD was 80% and 91% (SE 4.6) for the LRFI and HRFI pigs, respectively (P = 0.006). There were no significant effects of line or of the line by diet interaction on N flux, protein synthesis, and protein degradation. Lysine intake significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) N flux (from 119 to 150, SE 8.7 g/d), protein synthesis (from 99 to 117, SE 10.6 g of N/d), and protein degradation (from 85 to 100, SE 6.6 g of N/d). The protein synthesis-to-retention ratio tended to be higher in the LRFI line compared with the HRFI line (6.5 vs. 5.8 SE 0.62; P = 0.06), indicating a tendency for the lower efficiency of PD in this group. Collectively, these results indicate that genetic selection for low RFI is not associated with improvements in lysine utilization efficiency, protein turnover, and nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals Tissue-specific responses of antioxidant pathways to poor hygiene conditions in growing pigs divergently selected for feed efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sierżant ◽  
M-H. Perruchot ◽  
E. Merlot ◽  
N. Le Floc’h ◽  
F. Gondret
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Good Hygiene

Abstract Background Poor hygiene of housing induces a systemic inflammatory response. Because inflammation and oxidative stress are processes that can sustain each other, the ways pigs are able to activate their antioxidant defenses are critical for production performance and health during periods when the immune system is solicited. Selection for production performance can also influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression levels of genes involved in cellular response to oxidative stress in different tissues. To establish the extent by which poor hygiene and selection for feed efficiency affected redox status, pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) were housed in poor or good hygiene during 6 weeks. At the end, blood was collected in all pigs, and half of them were killed for tissue sampling. The remaining pigs were reared in good hygiene conditions during a recovery period of 7–8 weeks. Results At week 6, poor hygiene was associated with a lower total antioxidant capacity assessed by plasma ferric reducing ability in all pigs, and with greater plasma levels of hydrogen peroxides in the high RFI pigs (less efficient). Adipose tissue of high RFI pigs exhibited higher activities of catalase and glutathione reductase, and greater thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations when compared with the low RFI pigs (more efficient). Poor hygiene conditions activated the antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in adipose tissue of both lines, but led to higher ROS production by mature adipocytes isolated from the high RFI pigs only. In liver and muscle, there were only minor changes in antioxidant molecules due to genetics and hygiene conditions. After the resilience period, adipose tissue of pigs previously challenged by poor hygiene maintained higher antioxidant enzyme activities, and for the high RFI line, displayed higher TBARS concentrations. Conclusions Pigs selected for improved feed efficiency showed a lower susceptibility to oxidative stress induced by poor hygiene conditions. This could led to a lower inflammatory response and less impaired growth when these pigs are facing sanitary challenges during the production period.

scholarly journals Identification of blood immune and metabolic indicators explaining the variability of growth of pigs under contrasted sanitary conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Le Floc’h ◽  
F. Gondret ◽  
R. Resmond
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Abstract Background Health and growth of pigs are affected by the hygiene of housing. Lower growth performance observed in poor hygiene of housing conditions is explained by reduced feed intake and metabolic changes caused by the activation of body defences. In a previous experiment, we reported contrasted average values of body weight gain, concentrations of circulating metabolites, redox and immune indicators in blood of pigs housed in good or poor hygiene conditions during the growing period. This study addressed inter-individual variability in these responses to determine whether a particular blood profile explains average daily gain (ADG) of the pig. Results The data originated from 160 growing pigs, half of which subjected to a hygiene challenge for 6 weeks (W0 to W6) and the others housed in good hygiene conditions. Pigs originated from two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI). Individual body weights were recorded during this period, and relative ADG (rADGW0-W6) was calculated as the ADG corrected by the initial body weight measured at W0. Blood samples were taken before (W0) and 3 weeks (W3) after the beginning of the challenge. The analysed dataset consisted of 51 metabolites and indicators of immune and inflammatory responses measured on 136 pigs having no missing value for any variables, when calculated as the differences W3 minus W0 in circulating concentrations. An algorithm tested all possible linear regression models and then selected the best ones to explain rADGW0-W6. Six variables were identified across the best models and correlated with rADGW0-W6 with a goodness of fit (adjusted R2) of about 67%. They were changes in haptoglobin, global antioxidant capacity of plasma (Biological Antioxidant Power or BAP), free fatty acids, and 3 amino acids: leucine, tryptophan, and 1-methylhistidine. The effects of housing conditions and RFI lines were comprised in the variables of the selected models and none of these conditions improved accuracy of the predictive models, leading to genericity of the pinpointed metabolic changes in relation to variability of ADG. Conclusions This approach allows us to identify blood variables, whose changes in blood concentrations correlated to ADG under contrasted sanitary conditions.

scholarly journals Landscape-Scale Physiology: Site Differences in Refueling Rates Indicated by Plasma Metabolite Analysis in Free-Living Migratory Sandpipers

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana A. Acevedo Seaman ◽  
Christopher G. Guglielmo ◽  
Robert W. Elner ◽  
Tony D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Physiological State ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Plasma Triglyceride ◽  
Mass Change ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Calidris Mauri ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Georgia Basin ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

Abstract Variation in plasma metabolite profiles can provide information on physiological state and relative rates of mass change in free-living birds caught only once, and this technique could be used to compare rates of mass change (fattening) among populations or sites in relation to habitat quality. We compared plasma metabolite levels, as an index of relative refueling rates, in migratory Arctic-nesting Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri), on a landscape scale at as many as nine sites over two years and during three different migratory stages within the Georgia Basin-Puget Sound region of British Columbia and Washington. There was significant intersite variation in plasma triglyceride levels in both years, but only for the northward migration. By contrast, there was little evidence of intrasite variability (i.e. metabolite profiles of birds using the same site were consistent between years and migratory stages), though we documented intrasite variation resulting from birds' use of different microhabitats at the same site. Plasma glycerol levels did not vary systematically among sites, though they varied among years; on average, birds had higher glycerol levels during northward migration than during southward migration. For the northward migration only, there was a positive relationship between plasma triglyceride levels and total macrofaunal prey abundance among sites. Birds using smaller sites with a lower index of mudflat exposure (mean number of kilometer-hours of mudflat exposed in a 24-h period, reflecting the opportunity to forage at each site) tended to have lower triglyceride levels. Fisiología a Escala de Paisaje: Diferencias entre Sitios en las Tasas de Reabastecimiento Indicadas por Análisis de Metabolitos del Plasma en Chorlos Migratorios Silvestres

A time-series effect of phytase supplementation on phosphorus utilization in growing and finishing pigs fed a low-phosphorus diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufemi Oluwaseun Babatunde ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Two experiments were carried out to determine a time-series effect of phytase on phosphorus (P) utilization in growing and finishing pigs using growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, P excretion, and plasma concentrations of minerals as the response criteria for evaluation. In both experiments, treatments were arranged as a 3 × 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 corn–soybean meal-based diets including a P-adequate positive control (PC), a low-P negative control (NC; no inorganic P), and NC supplemented with phytase at 1,000 FYT/kg (NC + 1,000); and 4 sampling time points at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 in experiment 1, and days 14, 26, 42, and 55 in experiment 2. In both trials, 96 growing pigs with average body weight (BW) of 19.8 ± 1.16 and 49.8 ± 3.21 kg, respectively, were allocated to the 3 diets with 8 replicates pens (4 barrows and 4 gilts) and 4 pigs per pen. In experiment 1, pigs fed the PC had higher (P &lt; 0.01) BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) when compared with pigs fed the NC. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.01) between time and diet on the BW and ADG of pigs while a linear and quadratic increase (P &lt; 0.01) was observed with the ADFI and G:F, respectively, over time. Phytase supplementation improved (P &lt; 0.01) all growth performance responses. Pigs fed the PC had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ATTD of P and Ca than pigs fed the NC. There was no interaction effect on the ATTD of nutrients. Phytase addition improved the ATTD of P and Ca over pigs fed the NC. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.01) between diet and time on the total and water-soluble P (WSP) excreted. There was a quadratic decrease (P &lt; 0.01) in plasma concentration of Ca in pigs over time. In experiment 2, there was a quadratic increase (P &lt; 0.01) in BW, ADG, and G:F of pigs over time. Similarly, the inclusion of phytase improved (P &lt; 0.05) all growth performance parameters except ADFI. A linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the ATTD of DM, P, and Ca occurred over time. Phytase inclusion improved (P &lt; 0.01) the ATTD of P and Ca. Plasma concentrations of P were improved by phytase addition. Phytase supplementation of the NC reduced WSP excretion by 45%, 32%, and 35% over the growing, finishing, and entire grow-finish period, respectively. In conclusion, phytase improves the utilization of P in growing and finishing pigs; however, the magnitude of effect on responses may vary over time.

scholarly journals Transglycosylated starch accelerated intestinal transit and enhanced bacterial fermentation in the large intestine using a pig model

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli ◽  
Monica A. Newman ◽  
Andrea Ladinig ◽  
Wolfgang Kandler ◽  
Dietmar Grüll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Gastric Retention ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Upper Digestive Tract ◽  
Starch Fermentation ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Gastric Retention Time ◽  
Microbial Metabolic Activity

AbstractResistant starch can alter the intestinal nutrient availability and bulk of digesta, thereby modulating the substrate available for microbial metabolic activity along the gastrointestinal tract. This study elucidated the effect of transglycosylated starch (TGS) on the retention of digesta in the upper digestive tract, ileal flow and hindgut disappearance of nutrients, and subsequent bacterial profiles in pigs. Fourteen ileal-cannulated growing pigs were fed either the TGS or control (CON) diet in a complete crossover design. Each period consisted of a 10-d adaptation to the diets, followed by 3-d collection of faeces and ileal digesta. Consumption of TGS decreased the retention of digesta in the stomach and small intestine, and increased ileal DM, starch, Ca and P flow, leading to enhanced starch fermentation in the hindgut compared with CON-fed pigs. TGS increased ileal and faecal total SCFA, especially ileal and faecal acetate and faecal butyrate. Gastric retention time positively correlated toKlebsiella, which benefitted together withSelenomonas,Lactobacillus,Mitsuokellaand Coriobacteriaceae from TGS feeding and ileal starch flow. Similar relationships existed in faeces with Coriobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae andMegasphaerabenefitting most, either directly or indirectly via cross-feeding, from TGS residuals in faeces. TGS, in turn, depressed genera within Ruminococcaceae,Clostridialesand Christensenellaceae compared with the CON diet. The present results demonstrated distinct ileal and faecal bacterial community and metabolite profiles in CON- and TGS-fed pigs, which were modulated by the type of starch, intestinal substrate flow and retention of digesta in the upper digestive tract.

EFFECT OF DIET COMPOSITION ON PLASMA METABOLITE PROFILES IN A MIGRATORY SONGBIRD

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN B SMITH ◽  
SCOTT R McWILLIAMS ◽  
CHRISTOPHER G GUGLIELMO
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Migratory Songbird ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 5. The interaction between isoleucine and leucine

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

ABSTRACTThirty-two female growing pigs (25 to 55 kg live weight) were subjected to four dietary treatments combining two levels of isoleucine and two levels of leucine to investigate the effects of leucine supply on the requirement for isoleucine.Results for daily live-weight gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality judged by ham dissection indicated that 3·8 g isoleucine per kg diet was marginally adequate for the growing pig in diets containing 13·4 g leucine per kg. An interaction between dietary leucine and isoleucine was demonstrated. Increasing the dietary leucine concentration to 20·4 g/kg clearly resulted in a deficiency of isoleucine in the basal diet, as daily gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality were significantly improved by increasing the isoleucine concentration from 3·8 g to 4·5 g/kg diet. Dietary leucine concentration did not influence performance at the higher level of isoleucine supply. Changes in plasma urea and amino acid concentrations confirmed the findings from the growth experiment of the interaction between isoleucine, leucine and valine.

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