scholarly journals Effects of rainfall intensity on runoff and nutrient loss of gently sloping farmland in a karst area of SW China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0246505
Author(s):  
Yiwen Yao ◽  
Quanhou Dai ◽  
Ruxue Gao ◽  
Yixian Gan ◽  
Xingsong Yi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Karst Areas ◽  
Sloping Farmland

Nutrient losses from sloping farmland in karst areas lead to the decline in land productivity and nonpoint source pollution. A specially tailored steel channel with an adjustable slope and underground hole fissures was used to simulate the microenvironment of the "dual structure" of the surface and underground of sloping farmland in a karst area. The artificial rainfall simulation method was used to explore the surface and underground runoff characteristics and nutrient losses from sloping farmland under different rainfall intensities. The effect of rainfall intensity on the nutrient loss of farmland on karst sloping land was clarified. The results showed that the surface was the main route of runoff and nutrient loss during the rainy season on sloping farmland in karst areas. The influence of rainfall intensity on the nutrients in surface runoff was more substantial than that on underground runoff nutrients. Nutrient loss was more likely to occur underground than on the surface. The losses of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium in surface and underground runoff initially increased and then gradually stabilized with the extension of rainfall duration and increased with increasing rainfall intensity and the amount of nutrient runoff. The output of nutrients through surface runoff accounted for a high proportion of the total, and underground runoff was responsible for a low proportion. Although the amount of nutrients output by underground runoff was small, it could directly cause groundwater pollution. The research results provide a theoretical reference for controlling land source pollution from sloping farming in karst areas.

scholarly journals Fertilizer Source Affects Nutrient Losses from Hybrid Bermudagrass during Surface Runoff

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla R. Sanders ◽  
Jeffrey S. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Nutrient Runoff

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) provide an extended period of nutrient availability for turfgrass growth and may limit offsite nutrient losses compared with water-soluble fertilizers (WSFs). However, increasing temperatures and soil moisture accelerate nutrient release from many CRFs. As a result, turfgrass managers growing turfgrass in warm, humid climates with high rainfall question how effective CRFs are in reducing nutrient runoff losses while maintaining aesthetic quality. A study was conducted to examine the effect of three fertilizer treatments—an unfertilized control, a CRF applied at 87 lb/acre nitrogen (N), and a WSF applied at 87 lb/acre N as a split application (43.5 lb/acre N) at 0 and 45 d after initial fertilization (DAIF)—on nutrient losses from ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) during surface runoff events. Rainfall simulations were conducted 3, 28, 56, and 84 DAIF at an intensity of 3 inches per hour to induce 30 minutes of runoff. Water samples were analyzed for inorganic N and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP). Hybrid bermudagrass quality was similar among fertilizer treatments with CRF application, resulting in slightly higher quality. Across all fertilizer treatments, hybrid bermudagrass exhibited similar runoff initiation time and volumes within each rainfall simulation event. Nutrient losses from fertilized hybrid bermudagrass were greatest at the first runoff event at 3 DAIF, with WSF having the greatest losses. The subsequent application of WSF 45 DAIF did not result in greater N and DTP losses compared with CRF application, most likely a result of water incorporation applied to prevent wilting. Hybrid bermudagrass fertilized with a single application of CRF resulted in 23.6% and 55.6% reductions in cumulative inorganic N and DTP losses, respectively, compared with hybrid bermudagrass fertilized with the a split application of WSF.

Erosion and nutrient loss reduction with an alternative planting method for coffee (Coffea arabica).

1969 ◽  
Vol 92 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 153-169
Author(s):  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
John Ramírez-Ávila ◽  
Edwin Más ◽  
Gustavo A. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
The Media ◽  
Planting Method

Coffee (Coffea arabica) planting in the interior mountainous region of Puerto Rico is usually performed on steep slopes after vegetation removal. The construction of individual terraces around the tree, such as the "Media Luna" planting method, prior to planting could reduce sediment and nutrient losses and could increase yields by improved on-site water and nutrient retention. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the "Media Luna" planting technique could reduce sediment, total phosphorus (TP), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in runoff during and after the establishment of a coffee plantation in Puerto Rico. The experiments were conducted on a commercial farm where the predominating soils were Mucara (Dystric Eutrudepts) in Phase 1, and Humatas (Typic Haplohumults) in Phase 2. In Phase 1 (recent plantings), sediment and nutrient runoff losses were similar in the conventional countour planting method and in the "Media Luna" treatments. Nutrient concentrations in runoff increased in events following fertilization. Recently loosened unconsolidated sediment material in the "Media Luna" treatment may be more susceptible to losses during the initial establishment phase. In phase 2 (mature plantings), sediment and nutrient losses were greater from soils planted with the conventional contour planting method than from those with the "Media Luna" treatment. The lower TP concentrations measured during Phase 2 suggests that the "Media Luna" technique could be a beneficial practice for coffee production in some areas of Puerto Rico.

scholarly journals Sediment and nutrient losses under winter cropping on two Manawatu hill country soils

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Burkitt ◽  
J.L. Winters ◽  
D.J. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Winter Crops

Abstract Aerial spraying and surface seeding of winter crops in uncultivable hill country areas is rapidly being adopted as a method of increasing winter feed supply and as a precursor to regrassing. However, there is little research on the sediment and nutrient losses that may result from this practice. In the current study, winter swede crops were established on an imperfectly and on a welldrained soil and these crops were grazed by beef cattle. Soil damage caused by the winter grazing of the swedes generated sediment losses that were 5.5 times greater on the imperfectly drained soil than the well-drained soil. Surface runoff over 3 months (which included crop grazing and the non-grazed crop stubble period) resulted in losses of 1.1 t/ha of sediment, 0.85 kg of phosphorus (P)/ha and 5.4 kg of nitrogen (N)/ha from the poorly drained soil. This key risk period contributed between 88 and 99% of the total annual sediment and total N and P losses, compared to the pre-crop (pasture) and crop establishment phase. A simple comparison with two other sediment and nutrient loss studies located on the same farm as the current study, suggested that the losses associated with winter cropping in this landscape may be extreme. The current study highlights the need for targeted mitigation strategies and/or strategic grazing management to reduce soil and nutrient losses and to minimise the impacts on waterways of winter grazing of hill country crops. Keywords: winter cropping, hill country, surface runoff, sediment losses, nutrient losses

SOIL AND NUTRIENT LOSSES IN SURFACE RUNOFF FROM CONVENTIONAL AND NO-TILL CORN SYSTEMS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. PESANT ◽  
J. L. DIONNE ◽  
J. GENEST
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
N Losses ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soil Losses ◽  
T System

A natural-rainfall erosion plot study was conducted during three consecutive growing seasons (May to September) on a tile-drained sandy loam with a 9% slope to evaluate differences in soil and nutrient losses (NO3-N, P, K) from conventional (C-T) and no-till (N-T) silage corn systems. For the N-T system, corn was seeded directly into an alfalfa-timothy sod that had been treated with atrazine at 4.5 kg ha−1 a few days prior to seeding to kill the sod. The conventional system involving continuous cultivation consisted of fall moldboard plowing, spring disking with a 2.2 kg ha−1 of atrazine applied to control weeds, and seeding. When compared with the C-T system, the N-T system reduced rainfall loss as runoff by 63.6% and soil losses by 92.4%. The 3-yr total soil losses amounted to 3.87 t ha−1 for N-T and 50.68 t ha−1 for C-T. The N-T system reduced K losses by 72.6% and P losses by 93.5% with respect to C-T. NO3-N losses were significantly lower for the C-T treatment as compared to the N-T treatment. Lower percentage nutrient loss occurred in solution from C-T corn because of better incorporation of the fertilizer into the soil. Yield and percent ear were not significantly different between the two systems. Key words: No-till corn, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil erosion, surface runoff

scholarly journals Nitrogen Loss in Vegetable Field under the Simulated Rainfall Experiments in Hebei, China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Baoguo Ma ◽  
Ronghao Guan ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Zhixi Huang ◽  
Shuanwang Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Pak Choi ◽  
Vegetable Field ◽  
The Impact

Agricultural non-point source pollution is one of the main factors contaminating the environment. However, the impact of rainfall on loss of non-point nitrogen is far from well understood. Based on the artificial rainfall simulation experiments to monitor the loss of dissolved nitrogen (DN) in surface runoff and interflow of vegetable field, this study analyzed the effects of rainfall intensity and fertilization scheme on nitrogen (N) loss. The results indicated that fertilizer usage is the main factor affecting the nitrogen loss in surface runoff, while runoff and rainfall intensity play important roles in interflow nitrogen loss. The proportion of DN lost through the surface runoff was more than 91%, and it decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. There was a clear linear trend (r2 > 0.96) between the amount of DN loss and runoff. Over 95% of DN was lost as nitrate nitrogen (NN), which was the major component of nitrogen loss. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment (CF), the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the optimized fertilization treatment (OF) decreased by 38.9%, and the loss of DN decreased by 28.4%, but root length, plant height and yield of pak choi increased by 6.3%, 2.7% and 5.6%, respectively. Our findings suggest that properly reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer but will not reduce the yield of pak choi. Controlling fertilizer usage and reducing runoff generation are important methods to reduce the DN loss in vegetable fields.

Nutrient Losses and N & P Balances in Small Agricultural Watersheds in Estonia

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvo lital ◽  
Enn Loigu ◽  
Nils Vagstad
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Agricultural Watersheds ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Nutrient Balances ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Runoff Regime

The paper deals with nutrient runoff monitoring results and calculated nutrient budgets on catchment level in small agricultural watersheds in Estonia. A special programme for monitoring of nutrient losses was initiated and a network of monitoring stations, equipped with data-loggers and suitable devices for continuous flow measurement and flow-proportional automatic water sampling were established in Estonia in the mid-1990s. The research methodology is harmonized with the Nordic countries as well as with the other Baltic countries. The results indicate that nutrients losses are relatively low (generally below 11 kg N/ha and 0.9 kg P/ha). It can be partly explained by drastic changes in the Estonian agricultural practice in the 1990s but also by differences in runoff regime. Nutrient balances were calculated for two catchments, based on the data collected from the farms, some special studies and water quality monitoring results in two watersheds in 1995 (1999) - 2001. The nutrient balances for the catchments turned positive after being negative both for nitrogen and phosphorus in the mid-1990s.

Relationships Between Soluble and Sediment Nutrient Losses, Land Use and Types of Soil in Agricultural Watersheds

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
A.F. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Agricultural Watersheds ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

Abstract Seven agricultural watersheds in southwestern Quebec and southeastern Ontario, ranging in area from 2,000 to 20,000 hectares, were monitored systematically during 1973–75 for soluble inorganic nitrogen, total soluble phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate-sulfur, chemical oxidation demand, discharge, suspended sediment concentration, sediment Kjeldahl nitrogen, Bray extractable phosphorus, and ammonium acetate extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium. For 1974–75, annual Kg/ha, loss rates were calculated for the soluble and sediment associated nutrients. Losses varied with nutrient and watershed, with volume of runoff being an important control of nutrient loss variation. Significant amounts of SO4−S in precipitation were suggested by an average watershed soluble N:P:S loss ratio of 10:1:92. Sediment nutrient losses were especially important for N and P, comprising over 40% of their total loss. The importance of spring snow-melt runoff was demonstrated by the high proportion of all nutrients lost at this time. Correlations of nutrient loss, land use and soils suggested that certain land uses resulted in increased stream nutrient losses while increased watershed area of soils with a high surface runoff potential was particularly conducive to increased soluble nutrient and sediment losses.

scholarly journals Effect of Ridge Height, Row Grade, and Field Slope on Nutrient Losses in Runoff in Contour Ridge Systems under Seepage with Rainfall Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2022
Author(s):  
Juan An ◽  
Jibiao Geng ◽  
Huiling Yang ◽  
Hongli Song ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Rainfall Condition ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Ridge Height ◽  
Negative Effect

Seepage plays a key role in nutrient loss and easily occurs in widely-used contour ridge systems due to the ponding process. However, the characteristics of nutrient loss and its influential factors under seepage with rainfall condition in contour ridge systems are still unclear. In this study, 23 seepage and rainfall simulation experiments are arranged in an orthogonal rotatable central composite design to investigate the role of ridge height, row grade, and field slope on Nitrate (NO3−–N) and Orthophosphate (PO4+3–P) losses resulting from seepage in contour ridge systems. In total, three types of NO3−–N and PO4+3–P loss were observed according to erosion processes of inter-rill–headward, inter-rill–headward–contour failure, and inter-rill–headward–contour failure–rill. Our results demonstrated that second-order polynomial regression models were obtained to predict NO3−–N and PO4+3–P loss with the independent variables of ridge height, row grade, and field slope. Ridge height was the most important factor for nutrient loss, with a significantly positive effect and the greatest contribution (52.35–53.47%). The secondary factor of row grade exerted a significant and negative effect, and was with a contribution of 19.86–24.11% to nutrient loss. The interaction between ridge height and row grade revealed a significantly negative effect on NO3−–N loss, whereas interactions among the three factors did not significantly affect PO4+3–P loss. Field slope only significantly affected NO3−–N loss. The optimal design of a contour ridge system to control nutrient loss was obtained at ridge height of 8 cm, row grade of 2°, and field slope of 6.5°. This study provides a method to assess and model nutrient loss, and improves guidance to implement contour ridge systems in terms of nutrient loss control.

Characteristics of Non-Point Source N Export via Surface Runoff from Sloping Croplands in Northeast China

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 2302-2307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Xiang Wang ◽  
Yi Shi ◽  
Jian Ma ◽  
Cai Yan Lu ◽  
Xin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N

A field experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of non-point source nitrogen (N) in the surface runoff from sloping croplands and the influences of rainfall and cropland slope gradient. The results showed that dissolved total N (DTN) was the major form of N in the runoff, and the proportion occupied by dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ranged from 45% to 85%. The level of NH4+-N was generally higher than the level of NO3--N, and averaged at 2.50 mg·L-1and 1.07 mg·L-1respectively. DIN was positively correlated with DTN (R2=0.962). Dissolved organic N (DON) presented a moderate seasonal change and averaged at 1.40 mg·L-1. Rainfall amount and rainfall intensity significantly affected the components of DTN in the runoff. With the increase of rainfall amount and rainfall intensity, the concentrations of DTN, NH4+-N and NO3--N presented a decreased trend, while the concentration of DON showed an increased trend. N loss went up with an increase in the gradient of sloping cropland, and was less when the duration was longer from the time of N fertilization.fertilization.

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