scholarly journals Language switching training modulates the neural network of non-linguistic cognitive control

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0247100
Author(s):  
Mo Chen ◽  
Fengyang Ma ◽  
Zhaoqi Zhang ◽  
Shuhua Li ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
The Impact

Bilingual language experience, such as switching between languages, has been shown to shape both cognitive and neural mechanisms of non-linguistic cognitive control. However, the neural adaptations induced by language switching remain unclear. Using fMRI, the current study examined the impact of short-term language switching training on the neural network of domain-general cognitive control for unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals. Effective connectivity maps were constructed by using the extended unified structural equation models (euSEM) within 10 common brain regions involved in both language control and domain-general cognitive control. Results showed that, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/pre-supplementary motor area (dACC/pre-SMA) lost connection from the right thalamus after training, suggesting that less neural connectivity was required to complete the same domain-general cognitive control task. These findings not only provide direct evidence for the modulation of language switching training on the neural interaction of domain-general cognitive control, but also have important implications for revealing the potential neurocognitive adaptation effects of specific bilingual language experiences.

Neural Dynamics of Rejection Sensitivity

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Kross ◽  
Tobias Egner ◽  
Kevin Ochsner ◽  
Joy Hirsch ◽  
Geraldine Downey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Rejection Sensitivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Appraisal ◽  
Interest Level

Rejection sensitivity (RS) is the tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore whether individual differences in RS are mediated by differential recruitment of brain regions involved in emotional appraisal and/or cognitive control. High and low RS participants were scanned while viewing either representational paintings depicting themes of rejection and acceptance or nonrepresentational control paintings matched for positive or negative valence, arousal and interest level. Across all participants, rejection versus acceptance images activated regions of the brain involved in processing affective stimuli (posterior cingulate, insula), and cognitive control (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; medial frontal cortex). Low and high RS individuals' responses to rejection versus acceptance images were not, however, identical. Low RS individuals displayed significantly more activity in left inferior and right dorsal frontal regions, and activity in these areas correlated negatively with participants' self-report distress ratings. In addition, control analyses revealed no effect of viewing negative versus positive images in any of the areas described above, suggesting that the aforementioned activations were involved in rejection-relevant processing rather than processing negatively valenced stimuli per se. Taken together, these findings suggest that responses in regions traditionally implicated in emotional processing and cognitive control are sensitive to rejection stimuli irrespective of RS, but that low RS individuals may activate prefrontal structures to regulate distress associated with viewing such images.

scholarly journals Effects of Emotional Preferences on Value-based Decision-making Are Mediated by Mentalizing and Not Reward Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2197-2210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Evans ◽  
Stephen M. Fleming ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan ◽  
Bruno B. Averbeck
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Financial Reward ◽  
Bayesian Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Angry Face ◽  
The Impact

Real-world decision-making often involves social considerations. Consequently, the social value of stimuli can induce preferences in choice behavior. However, it is unknown how financial and social values are integrated in the brain. Here, we investigated how smiling and angry face stimuli interacted with financial reward feedback in a stochastically rewarded decision-making task. Subjects reliably preferred the smiling faces despite equivalent reward feedback, demonstrating a socially driven bias. We fit a Bayesian reinforcement learning model to factor the effects of financial rewards and emotion preferences in individual subjects, and regressed model predictions on the trial-by-trial fMRI signal. Activity in the subcallosal cingulate and the ventral striatum, both involved in reward learning, correlated with financial reward feedback, whereas the differential contribution of social value activated dorsal temporo-parietal junction and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, previously proposed as components of a mentalizing network. We conclude that the impact of social stimuli on value-based decision processes is mediated by effects in brain regions partially separable from classical reward circuitry.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Multi-Morbidity and Related Constructs on Patient Reported Safety in Primary Care: Generalized Structural Equation Modelling of Observational Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1782
Author(s):  
Ignacio Ricci-Cabello ◽  
Aina María Yañez-Juan ◽  
Maria A. Fiol-deRoque ◽  
Alfonso Leiva ◽  
Joan Llobera Canaves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Morbidity Burden ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Patient Complexity ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Impact

We aimed to examine the complex relationships between patient safety processes and outcomes and multimorbidity using a comprehensive set of constructs: multimorbidity, polypharmacy, discordant comorbidity (diseases not sharing either pathogenesis nor management), morbidity burden and patient complexity. We used cross-sectional data from 4782 patients in 69 primary care centres in Spain. We constructed generalized structural equation models to examine the associations between multimorbidity constructs and patient-reported patient safety (PREOS-PC questionnaire). These associations were modelled through direct and indirect (mediated by increased interactions with healthcare) pathways. For women, a consistent association between higher levels of the multimorbidity constructs and lower levels of patient safety was observed via either pathway. The findings for men replicated these observations for polypharmacy, morbidity burden and patient complexity via indirect pathways. However, direct pathways showed unexpected associations between higher levels of multimorbidity and better safety. The consistent association between multimorbidity constructs and worse patient safety among women makes it advisable to target this group for the development of interventions, with particular attention to the role of comorbidity discordance. Further research, particularly qualitative research, is needed for clarifying the complex associations among men.

Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Geoff MacDonald ◽  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Carrie L. Masten ◽  
Roy F. Baumeister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain—physical and social—may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants’ brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.

Considering the Impact of Early Trauma on Coping and Pathology to Predict Posttraumatic Growth Among 9-1-1 Telecommunicators

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 4709-4731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. London ◽  
Mary C. Mercer ◽  
Michelle M. Lilly
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Lifetime Trauma ◽  
Early Trauma ◽  
The Impact

Recent research has demonstrated that first responders may report posttraumatic growth (PTG), positive psychological changes that arise in the aftermath of a trauma. Less is known regarding the perception of PTG among 9-1-1 telecommunicators, a group of first responders exposed to a high degree of lifetime trauma, including duty-related trauma as well as early and non-duty-related trauma. Moreover, the impact of childhood trauma on the processes involved in the perception of growth is less clear. While some distress is needed to facilitate processes that lead to the perception of PTG, it has been suggested that positive associations between PTG and pathology reflect avoidant coping or represent an illusory component of PTG. Structural equation models were used to examine early trauma exposure, coping, and pathology in predicting PTG among 9-1-1 telecommunicators ( N = 788). In separate models using active and avoidant forms of coping, childhood trauma exposure had an indirect effect on PTG through coping. In a model considering both forms of coping, childhood trauma had an indirect effect on PTG through psychopathology, but not through coping. The results show that early trauma exposure leads to the perception of growth through pathways indicative of both adaptive and maladaptive coping processes.

scholarly journals Effects of herbivory and its timing on reproductive success of a tropical deciduous tree

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-969
Author(s):  
Enya N Quiroz-Pacheco ◽  
Francisco Mora ◽  
Karina Boege ◽  
César A Domínguez ◽  
Ek del-Val
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Herbivore Damage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background and Aims The implications of herbivory for plant reproduction have been widely studied; however, the relationship of defoliation and reproductive success is not linear, as there are many interacting factors that may influence reproductive responses to herbivore damage. In this study we aimed to disentangle how the timing of foliar damage impacts both male and female components of fitness, and to assess when it has greater impacts on plant reproductive success. Methods We measured herbivore damage and its effects on floral production, male and female floral attributes as well as fruit yield in three different phenological phases of Casearia nitida (Salicaceae) over the course of two consecutive years. Then we tested two models of multiple causal links among herbivory and reproductive success using piecewise structural equation models. Key Results The effects of leaf damage differed between reproductive seasons and between male and female components of fitness. Moreover, the impact of herbivory extended beyond the year when it was exerted. The previous season’s cumulated foliar damage had the largest impact on reproductive characters, in particular a negative effect on the numbers of inflorescences, flowers and pollen grains, indirectly affecting the numbers of infructescences and fruits, and a positive one on the amount of foliar damage during flowering. Conclusions For perennial and proleptic species, the dynamics of resource acquisition and allocation patterns for reproduction promote and extend the effects of herbivore damage to longer periods than a single reproductive event and growing season, through the interactions among different components of female and male fitness.

scholarly journals Sustainable Banking and Bank Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Lilik Handajani ◽  
Akram Akram ◽  
Ahmad Rifai
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Bank Performance ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Nonfinancial Performance ◽  
Banking Business ◽  
Sustainability Reports ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to examine the impact of sustainable banking practices and bank characteristics on bank performance. Structural equation models were used to analyze 11 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange that published sustainability reports consistently during the periods of 2015–2018. Results indicate that while the internalization of sustainability issues in banking business practices does not have a significant impact on bank performance, the characteristics of a bank, which are reflected by institutional and foreign ownership and bank age, have a significant effect on bank financial and nonfinancial performance. The implications of sustainable banking practices are indicated to gain legitimacy from regulators for the existence of financial entities and meet stakeholder expectations, which in practice require trade-off of interests among stakeholder groups. Keywords:  sustainable banking, bank performance,  bank characteristic

scholarly journals Patient Engagement in Health Management as a Mediator Between Perceived Risk and COVID-19 Related Distress in Patients With IBD: A Structural Equation Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Castellini ◽  
Lorenzo Palamenghi ◽  
Mariarosaria Savarese ◽  
Serena Barello ◽  
Salvatore Leone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
The Impact

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on patients with IBD's psychological distress, understanding the role of patient engagement as a mediator.Methods: An online questionnaire was created, measuring perceived risk susceptibility toward COVID-19, perceived stress, and patient engagement. The questionnaire was distributed to a purposive sample of IBD patients who belonged to the Italian Association for patients with IBD (AMICI Onlus) in April 2020. Structural equation models were implemented.Results: The effect of the perceived risk susceptibility toward COVID-19 contagion on the perceived stress is fully mediated by patient engagement (β = 0.306, p < 0.001). Moreover, the patient engagement mitigates the perceived stress (β = −0.748, p < 0.001) in our sample of IBD patients, and it is negatively influenced by the perceived risk susceptibility toward COVID-19 (β = −0.410, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Patient engagement is the key factor that explains how the perceived risk susceptibility toward COVID-19 affects the perceived psychological distress in patients with IBD, underlining that the perceived risk of contagion increases their perceived level of stress through a decrease of patient engagement.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Agency Banking on Financial Inclusion in Benue State, Nigeria: Implications for Economic Activities

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
David Terfa Akighir ◽  
Tyagher Margaret ◽  
Jacob Terungwa Tyagher ◽  
Tordue Emmanuel Kpoghul
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Impact

Twelve (12) out of the Twenty-three (23) local government areas (LGAs) in Benue State do not have the presence of banks over a long period of time. This situation has deprived the inhabitants of these LGAs of access to formal financial services until the advent of agency banking. This study therefore, investigates the impact of agency banking on financial inclusion and economic activities in Benue State focusing on the agency banking activities of First Bank Ltd. The study is anchored on the agency theory and it used a survey design. The study has utilized both primary and secondary data that were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and structural equation models. Findings of the study have revealed that agency banking activities of First Bank Ltd have immensely enhanced financial inclusion and economic activities in Benue State. However, challenges such as shortages of cash, security problems, network failures, and lack of financial literacy are militating against the smooth operations of the agency banking in the State. On the basis of these findings, the study has recommended among others that, other banks operating in the State should be encouraged to venture into agency banking in the state so as to have a wider coverage of agency banking in the State. Also, government should provide security and partner with the private sector to provide national carrier communication network system to overcome the network failure challenge. Finally, banks should intensify efforts to educate the masses about the validity and potency of agency banking.

Combined Trajectory Planning and Tracking for Autonomous Vehicles on Deformable Terrains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Dallas ◽  
Yifan Weng ◽  
Tulga Ersal
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Trajectory Planning ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Vehicle Response ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this work, a novel combined trajectory planner and tracking controller is developed for autonomous vehicles operating on off-road deformable terrains. Common approaches to trajectory planning and tracking often rely on model-dependent schemes, which utilize a simplified model to predict the impact of control inputs to future vehicle response. However, in an off-road context and especially on deformable terrains, accurately modeling the vehicle response for predictive purposes can be challenging due to the complexity of the tire-terrain interaction and limitations of state-of-the-art terramechanics models in terms of operating conditions, computation time, and continuous differentiability. To address this challenge and improve vehicle safety and performance through more accurate prediction of the plant response, in this paper, a nonlinear model predictive control framework is presented that accounts for terrain deformability explicitly using a neural network terramechanics model for deformable terrains. The utility of the proposed scheme is demonstrated on high fidelity simulations for a notional lightweight military vehicle on soft soil. It is shown that the neural network based controller can outperform a baseline Pacejka model based scheme by improving on performance metrics associated with the cost function. In more severe maneuvers, the neural network based controller can achieve sufficient fidelity as compared to the plant to complete maneuvers that lead to failure for the Pacejka based controller. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed framework is conducive to real-time implementability.

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