scholarly journals Neural correlates of acoustic dissonance in music: The role of musicianship, schematic and veridical expectations

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260728
Author(s):  
Carlota Pagès-Portabella ◽  
Mila Bertolo ◽  
Juan M. Toro
Keyword(s):  
Musical Training ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Integration Mechanisms

In western music, harmonic expectations can be fulfilled or broken by unexpected chords. Musical irregularities in the absence of auditory deviance elicit well-studied neural responses (e.g. ERAN, P3, N5). These responses are sensitive to schematic expectations (induced by syntactic rules of chord succession) and veridical expectations about predictability (induced by experimental regularities). However, the cognitive and sensory contributions to these responses and their plasticity as a result of musical training remains under debate. In the present study, we explored whether the neural processing of pure acoustic violations is affected by schematic and veridical expectations. Moreover, we investigated whether these two factors interact with long-term musical training. In Experiment 1, we registered the ERPs elicited by dissonant clusters placed either at the middle or the ending position of chord cadences. In Experiment 2, we presented to the listeners with a high proportion of cadences ending in a dissonant chord. In both experiments, we compared the ERPs of musicians and non-musicians. Dissonant clusters elicited distinctive neural responses (an early negativity, the P3 and the N5). While the EN was not affected by syntactic rules, the P3a and P3b were larger for dissonant closures than for middle dissonant chords. Interestingly, these components were larger in musicians than in non-musicians, while the N5 was the opposite. Finally, the predictability of dissonant closures in our experiment did not modulate any of the ERPs. Our study suggests that, at early time windows, dissonance is processed based on acoustic deviance independently of syntactic rules. However, at longer latencies, listeners may be able to engage integration mechanisms and further processes of attentional and structural analysis dependent on musical hierarchies, which are enhanced in musicians.

Keratoprostheses in silicone oil-filled eyes: long-term outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetha Iyer ◽  
Bhaskar Srinivasan ◽  
Shweta Agarwal ◽  
Ruchika Pattanaik ◽  
Ekta Rishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Visual Rehabilitation ◽  
Two Factors

PurposeTo analyse the functional and anatomical outcomes of different types of keratoprostheses in eyes with retained silicone oil following vitreoretinal surgery.MethodsRetrospective chart review of patients operated with any type of permanent keratoprosthesis (Kpro) in silicone oil-filled eyes between March 2003 and June 2017 were analysed.Results40 silicone oil-filled eyes underwent keratoprostheses, of which 22 were type 1 and 18 were type 2 Kpros (Lucia variant—nine, modified osteo odonto kerato prosthesis (MOOKP)—four, Boston type 2—three and osteoKpro—two) with a mean follow-up of 61.54 , 42.77, 45.25 , 25 and 37 months, respectively. Anatomic retention of the primary Kpro was noted in 33 eyes (82.5%). A best-corrected visual acuity of better than 20/200 and 20/400 was achieved in 26 (65%)+32 (80%) eyes. Retroprosthetic membrane (RPM) was the most common complication noted in 17 eyes (42.5%). Perioptic graft melt was noted in 4 of 22 eyes of the type 1 Kpro (2 (10.5%) without associated ocular surface disorder (OSD)) and in 1 eye each of Boston and Lucia type 2 Kpro. Laminar resorption occurred in one eye each of the MOOKP and OKP groups. Endophthalmitis and glaucoma did not occur in any eye.ConclusionAppropriately chosen keratoprosthesis is a viable option for visual rehabilitation in eyes post vitreoretinal surgery with retained silicone oil-induced keratopathy not amenable to conventional penetrating keratoplasty. Kpro melt among type 1 Kpro did not occur in 89.5% eyes without associated OSD (19 of 22 eyes), despite the lack of aqueous humour and presence of RPM (4 eyes), two factors considered to play a significant role in the causation of sterile melts. Of interest to note was the absence of infection in any of these eyes. The possible protective role of oil from endophthalmitis is interesting, though yet to be ascertained.

Long-Term Care

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pestieau ◽  
Mathieu Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Long Term Care Insurance

This chapter is concerned with the rise in long-term care needs. Long-term care concerns individuals who are no longer able to carry out basic daily activities. Most of the care is currently provided by informal caregivers, mainly the family, while the role of formal care provided by the state or the market remains small. The chapter explains, however, why informal care is expected to decline and analyses the low private insurance development, the so-called long-term care insurance puzzle. These two factors, the decreasing role of the family and a thin insurance market, plead for the development of a full fledge social insurance for long-term care. The chapter then looks at the optimal design of such an insurance.

scholarly journals Weight Loss Maintenance: Have We Missed the Brain?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Poulimeneas ◽  
Mary Yannakoulia ◽  
Costas Anastasiou ◽  
Nikolaos Scarmeas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Successful Weight Loss ◽  
The Brain

Even though obese individuals often succeed with weight loss, long-term weight loss maintenance remains elusive. Dietary, lifestyle and psychosocial correlates of weight loss maintenance have been researched, yet the nature of maintenance is still poorly understood. Studying the neural processing of weight loss maintainers may provide a much-needed insight towards sustained obesity management. In this narrative review, we evaluate and critically discuss available evidence regarding the food-related neural responses of weight loss maintainers, as opposed to those of obese or lean persons. While research is still ongoing, available data indicate that following weight loss, maintainers exhibit persistent reward related feeling over food, similar to that of obese persons. However, unlike in obese persons, in maintainers, reward-related brain activity appears to be counteracted by subsequently heightened inhibition. These findings suggest that post-dieting, maintainers acquire a certain level of cognitive control which possibly protects them from weight regaining. The prefrontal cortex, as well as the limbic system, encompass key regions of interest for weight loss maintenance, and their contributions to long term successful weight loss should be further explored. Future possibilities and supportive theories are discussed.

scholarly journals Let’s Talk About Each Other: Neural Responses to Dissenting Personality Evaluations Based on Real Dyadic Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762199519
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Anne Höhner ◽  
Robert Moeck ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Thomas Straube
Keyword(s):  
Time Windows ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Dyadic Interactions ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Evaluative Feedback ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials

Dyadic interactions are associated with the exchange of personality-related messages, which can be congruent or incongruent with one’s self-view. In the current preregistered study ( N = 52), we investigated event-related potentials (ERPs) toward real social evaluations in order to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of congruent and incongruent evaluative feedback. Participants interacted first, and then during an electroencephalogram (EEG) session, they received evaluations from their interaction partner that were either congruent or incongruent with their own ratings. Findings show potentiated processing of self-related incongruent negative evaluations at early time points (N1) followed by increased processing of both incongruent negative and positive evaluations at midlatency time windows (early posterior negativity) and a prioritized processing of self-related incongruent positive evaluations at late time points (feedback-related P3, late positive potential). These findings reveal that, after real social interactions, evaluative feedback about oneself that violates one’s self-view modulates all processing stages with an early negativity and a late positivity bias.

scholarly journals Extinction-resistant attention to long-term conditioned threat is indexed by selective visuocortical alpha suppression in humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Panitz ◽  
Andreas Keil ◽  
Erik M. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
First Time

Abstract Previous electrophysiological studies in humans have shown rapid modulations of visual attention after conditioned threat vs. safety cues (<500 ms post-stimulus), but it is unknown whether this attentional prioritization is sustained throughout later time windows and whether it is robust to extinction. To investigate sustained visual attention, we assessed visuocortical alpha suppression in response to conditioned and extinguished threat. We reanalysed data from N = 87 male participants that had shown successful long-term threat conditioning and extinction in self reports and physiological measures in a two-day conditioning paradigm. The current EEG time-frequency analyses on recall test data on Day 2 revealed that previously threat-conditioned vs. safety cues evoked stronger occipital alpha power suppression from 600 to 1200 ms. Notably, this suppression was resistant to previous extinction. The present study showed for the first time that threat conditioning enhances sustained modulation of visuocortical attention to threat in the long term. Long-term stability and extinction resistance of alpha suppression suggest a crucial role of visuocortical attention mechanisms in the maintenance of learned fears.

scholarly journals Wolf Howling and Its Role in Territory Maintenance

Behaviour ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Harrington ◽  
L. David Mech
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
A Site

AbstractAn experimental study of the role of howling in wolf territory maintenance was conducted in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota. Vocal replies and behaviour of radio-collared wolves in response to human howls were analyzed for eight packs and 10 lone wolves during a 2-year period. Reply rate varied significantly throughout the year. A mid-winter increase was correlated with the breeding season, especially for groups containing breeding animals (alpha male or alpha female). A second, longer increase in reply rate started in midsummer, peaked about August, and declined to a low in early winter. The decline in autumn howling response occurred sooner in a pack whose pups developed faster. Through the year, the howling reply rate was significantly higher among all packs and lone wolves attending prey kills. The more food remaining at a kill, the higher the reply rate was. For wolves separated from their pack, the howling reply rate was dependent on their age and social role. Among adults, only alpha males ever replied alone, and their reply rate, and number of howls per session, exceeded those of other animals. Alpha males sometimes approached during howling sessions, whereas other adults usually retreated. Younger animals replied more often as pups than as yearlings, and then only during their first 7 months, after which they replied little more than most adults. Finally, larger packs replied more often than smaller packs. Specific behaviours noted during howling sessions, including movements away from the howler, indicated that howling was related to interpack agonism. In addition, three of the major factors influencing reply rate also significantly affect the level of agonism toward pack strangers : pack size, social role, and breeding season. The other two factors, kills and pups, are both important pack resources necessitating exclusive occupancy of a site. The high reply rates at sites containing kills or pups constitute strong circumstantial evidence that howling is important in territory maintenance. During howling sessions, wolves usually remained near their original site after replying, or retreated if they remained silent. This difference apparently was related to the problem of avoiding both accidental and deliberate encounters, and to cost/benefit considerations at the wolves' location. Howling was considered most effective in mediating avoidance in two situations : when two packs approached a common area of overlap, and when a pack returned to an area little used for weeks, in which scent posts would have lost effectiveness in deterring strangers. Both scent-marking and howling apparently are important in spacing. However, they differ in their roles and are complementary, with scent-marking being long-term and site-specific, and howling being immediate and long-range. Finally, lone wolves which do not possess territories, rarely replied, sharing the "low-profile" behaviour expected of surplus animals in a territorial population.

Peripheral Advantage in Texture Segmentation: The Role of Spatial and Temporal Factors

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 273-273
Author(s):  
K Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Texture Segmentation ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
New Type ◽  
Target Performance ◽  
And Performance

Previous studies (eg Kehrer, 1989 Spatial Vision4 45 – 62; Gurnsey et al, 1996 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance22 738 – 757) have shown that performance peaks several degrees from fixation in texture segmentation tasks, and performance falls as the target texture moves closer to the fovea or further into the periphery. There are two theories for this phenomenon: (1) neural processing speed in the fovea is slower than in the periphery (Kehrer 1989), and (2) the spatial frequency band of the texture is too low (ie too coarse) for the foveal receptive fields (Gurnsey et al 1996). However, the use of backward masking in previous studies made it impossible to decide between the two factors. The purpose of the present study was to isolate them. In experiment 1 a new stimulus configuration with backward masking was used, and previous reports were replicated. In experiment 2, the same texture was presented for 110 ms without a mask, but with added random-dot noise. Without limitations on processing time, the mid-peripheral advantage disappeared, which indicated that the previous findings were due to slower neural processing in the fovea. In experiment 3, a new type of texture was devised consisting of pairs of vertical lines with a horizontal offset. The offset was reversed for the target. Performance for unmasked 110 ms presentation was worst near the fovea and improved monotonically up to 12 deg. This peripheral advantage was spatial, not temporal, because it arose from larger receptive field sizes in periphery. When these results are taken together, the present study demonstrates that there are two independent causes for the mid-peripheral advantage in texture segregation.

scholarly journals Going the Extra Mile: Effects of Discourse Context on Two Late Positivities During Language Comprehension

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Brothers ◽  
Eddie W. Wlotko ◽  
Lena Warnke ◽  
Gina R. Kuperberg
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Prior Context ◽  
Preceding Context

During language comprehension, online neural processing is strongly influenced by the constraints of the prior context. Although the N400 event-related potential (ERP) response (300–500 ms) is known to be sensitive to a word’s semantic predictability, less is known about a set of late positive-going ERP responses (600–1,000 ms) that can be elicited when an incoming word violates strong predictions about upcoming content (late frontal positivity) or about what is possible given the prior context (late posterior positivity/P600). Across three experiments, we systematically manipulated the length of the prior context and the source of lexical constraint to determine their influence on comprehenders’ online neural responses to these two types of prediction violations. In Experiment 1, within minimal contexts, both lexical prediction violations and semantically anomalous words produced a larger N400 than expected continuations ( James unlocked the door/laptop/gardener), but no late positive effects were observed. Critically, the late posterior positivity/P600 to semantic anomalies appeared when these same sentences were embedded within longer discourse contexts (Experiment 2a), and the late frontal positivity appeared to lexical prediction violations when the preceding context was rich and globally constraining (Experiment 2b). We interpret these findings within a hierarchical generative framework of language comprehension. This framework highlights the role of comprehension goals and broader linguistic context, and how these factors influence both top-down prediction and the decision to update or reanalyze the prior context when these predictions are violated.

scholarly journals Long-term studies for evaluating the impacts of natural and anthropic stressors on limnological features and the ecosystem quality of Lake Iseo

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Leoni ◽  
Morena Spreafico ◽  
Martina Patelli ◽  
Valentina Soler ◽  
Letizia Garibaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Ecosystem ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Biological Patterns ◽  
Zooplankton Communities

We review the state of the art of limnological studies in Lake Iseo and provide updated data concerning long-term investigations (from 1993 to 2018) carried out on chemical and physical parameters (e.g., oxygen, phosphorus, silicon). Changes observed in Lake Iseo were compared with those reported in other Deep South alpine Lakes (DSLs) to highlight analogies and differences of long-term chemical, physical, and biological patterns. Until the 1960s, Lake Iseo and other DSLs were oligotrophic. The increase of anthropogenic pressure and global warming has led to a progressive and unrecovered process of eutrophication. Moreover, the decrease in frequency of full mixing episodes has induced a state of temporary meromixis. Other changes have been identified over the last two decades, especially concerning the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, and new emerging chemical pollutants were detected. Given the important ecological and socioeconomic role of Lake Iseo, long-term investigations are of paramount importance to understand the response of the lake ecosystem to climatic and anthropogenic stressors. These two factors can also act coupled with new combined and synergic effects.

scholarly journals Transnational Corporations as a Long-Term Factor of Economic Modernization at the Local Level (The Russian Black Sea Region Experience)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Nikolay W. GONTAR
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Integration Mechanisms ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Economic Modernization

Analysis of economic modernization processes includes a study of the role of MNCs' ties at the local level as a resource and mechanism of modernization/ The MNC and local business integration mechanisms and results in various economy sectors in the Russian Black Sea region (Rostov Region and Krasnodar Region) are analyzed in the article. The forms and tools for including MNC in the processes of restructuring the economy of the Russian Federation regions from the point of view of forming ties at the local level and of management mechanisms providing this result are analyzed for the first time in the Russian research practice.

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