Etiopathological and hematobiochemical profiles in goats with gastrointestinal disorders

Background and Aim: Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in small ruminants limit production efficiency and productivity growth in the livestock sector, thereby directly preventing farmers from augmenting their income. This study aimed to provide detailed insight into the etiology, hematobiochemical parameters, and epidemiological risk factors of GI disorders in goats and to determine the pathology associated with the disorders. Materials and Methods: Over the period of 2018-2019, 500 goats in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, were screened for GI disorders based on clinical signs. Blood samples from the control (n=10) and treatment (n=25) groups were collected for both hematological and serum biochemical alterations. Fecal examinations (n=220) were conducted for parasitic, bacterial, and virological assessments. Detailed necropsy and histopathological evaluations were conducted on 27 goats. Results: The GI disorder prevalence rate and mortality rate among the 500 goats analyzed were 44.4% and 12.27%, respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significantly higher occurrence of GI disorders among the goats that were between 6 months and 1.5 years old (58.72%), were of the Ganjam breed (45.49%), had a poor body condition (71.11%), and were housed with an earthen floor (55.22%). The most common etiological risk factor observed was parasitic infection (65.45%), followed by bacterial (18.18%) and mixed infection (9.54%). Blood analysis showed neutrophilia and eosinophilia in infected goats, in addition to anemia; significant decreases in total protein, globulin, albumin, and glucose levels; and significant increases in aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The major histopathological findings were infiltration of mononuclear cells and desquamation of the intestinal and ruminal mucosa. Conclusion: Stakeholders should focus not only on parasitic infections and other important etiological risk factors for GI disorders in goats but also on proper farming management practices to help enhance the income of farmers. The hematobiochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes reported in this study can be used by field veterinarians as guidelines for clinical evaluation and disease severity assessment.

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Risk factors responsible for the appearance of individual clinical signs in small ruminants in northern Cameroon

Small Ruminant Research ◽

10.1016/s0921-4488(96)00975-3 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 26 (1-2) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Martrenchar ◽

D. Bouchel ◽

N. Zoyem ◽

F. Thiaucourt ◽

M. Lambert

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Northern Cameroon

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Prevalence of parasitic infections among recent immigrants to Chicago

10.1101/575779 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jesica A. Herrick ◽

Monica Nordstrom ◽

Patrick Maloney ◽

Miguel Rodriguez ◽

Kevin Naceanceno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Health Disparity ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

The United States ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Recent Immigrants ◽

Immigrant Populations ◽

Important Health ◽

Stool Samples

ABSTRACTBackgroundParasitic infections are likely under-recognized among immigrant populations in the United States (US). We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the frequency of such infections among recent immigrants in Chicago and to identify predictive factors for parasitic infections.Methodology and principal findings133 recent immigrants were enrolled, filling out a standardized questionnaire regarding medical history and exposures and providing blood and stool samples for evaluation. Fifteen of 125 subjects (12%) who provided a blood or stool sample for testing were found to have evidence of current or prior infection with a pathogenic parasite, of whichToxocaraspp. (8 subjects, 6.4%) andStrongyloides stercoralis(5 subjects, 4%) were most commonly identified. Parasitic infection was more likely among subjects who had immigrated within the previous 2 years and those with a self-reported history of ever having seen worms in the stool. Infected individuals were likely to have multiple nonspecific physical complaints; however, classic symptoms of parasitic infections (skin rashes, diarrhea,etc.)were not increased among infected individuals. The most useful surrogate markers identified for parasitic infections were an elevated Immunoglobulin E level (seen in 7/15 subjects with parasitic infections, 46.7% and 22/110 uninfected individuals, 20%, p=0.04) and the presence ofBlastocystis hominiscysts on Ova & Parasite exam (detected in 5/13 subjects with parasitic infections who provided a stool sample, 38.5% and 5/98 uninfected subjects, 5.1%, p=0.002). In contrast, the Absolute Eosinophil Count (typically thought of as an indicator of parasites) was not found to be a good screening test for parasitic infections in this study.ConclusionsOur study found that parasitic infections are common in recent US immigrants, which highlights an important health disparity among a vulnerable population. Further, we found that classically used symptoms and laboratory tests had a low predictive value for parasitic infections in this population.AUTHOR SUMMARYParasitic infections, though rare in the United States (US), are common in many areas of the world including the regions of origin of many US immigrants. However, the prevalence rates and health impacts of these infections in immigrant populations are undefined. We conducted a study to identify the frequency of parasitic infections among healthy immigrants in one community, recruiting 133 immigrants from 28 countries. Subjects completed a standardized questionnaire regarding symptoms and infection risk-factors and provided blood and stool samples for testing. Twelve percent of subjects in our study had evidence of current or previous pathogenic parasitic infections. Symptoms and risk factors classically thought to be associated with parasitic infection (allergic symptoms, elevated blood eosinophil counts,etc.)were common among enrolled subjects, but did not differ significantly between those with and without evidence for infection. Overall, our results suggest that many immigrants, even those who are asymptomatic, may have undiagnosed parasitic infections. These results highlight an important health disparity among a vulnerable underserved population in the US. As most of these infections are easily treatable, more research should be done to further characterize the optimal testing strategies for recent immigrants.

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THE IDENTIFICATION OF HELMINTHS AND COCCIDIA INFECTION FROM GOATS IN TWO FARMS IN KUALA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.7624 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Nur Hazirah Hisamuddin ◽

Najat Hashim ◽

Sharmeen Nellisa Soffian ◽

Raja Nur Rahifah Inani Raja Abdul Rahman ◽

Mardhiah Mohammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Management Practices ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽

Mcmaster Technique ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Flotation Technique ◽

Near Future

Helminths and coccidia are major causative agents causing parasitic infections in livestock production. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and coccidia in goats in Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 227 goats which consists of 107 adult goats and 120 young goats were selected randomly from two farms located in Terengganu, Malaysia. Sodium chloride flotation technique was used to identify helminths eggs and coccidia oocysts. The number of eggs per gram and faecal oocysts count were determined by using modified McMaster technique. Out of 227 goats, 221 goats were positive for gastrointestinal parasites giving the overall prevalence 97.36%. The highest prevalence was recorded for Eimeria (89%) followed by Strongyloides (46.3%), Strongyle (18.1%), Monezia (10.6%) and the lowest prevalence was recorded for Trichuris spp. (9.7%). Coccidia oocyst counts were significantly higher in young goats as compared to adult goats while the Strongyle and Strongyloides egg counts were significantly higher in adult goats compared to young goats (P<0.05). The findings of this study suggested that good management practices and proper hygiene management are important to combat the infection so that there will be no case of parasitic infection among goats in the near future in Terengganu.

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Triage and Protocol Recommendations for the Parasitology Laboratory Based on an Epidemiological Investigation of Parasite Diagnostics in Ontario Laboratories

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2014/452815 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 305-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allison Maier ◽

Julia Krolik ◽

Anna Majury

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

High Throughput Screening ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Travel History ◽

Rural Living ◽

High Risk Factors ◽

Multiple Samples

OBJECTIVES:A study was performed using a subset of Ontario laboratory parasitology data, with three objectives: to describe parasitic infections in Ontario; to identify risk factors for acquiring a parasitic infection using routinely collected information; and to use this information to assess current protocols for parasite testing in laboratories and, in turn, to propose alternatives to optimize the allocation of laboratory resources.METHODS: All parasitology records from January 4, 2010 to September 14, 2010 were reviewed descriptively and risk factor analyses were performed using information collected from requisitions. These results were used to develop preliminary alternative protocols, which considered high-throughput screening tests and inclusion/exclusion criteria for ova and parasite testing; these were then retrospectively analyzed with the dataset to determine appropriateness.RESULTS: Of the 29,260 records analyzed, 10% were multiple samples from single patients submitted on the same day, of which 98% had the same result. Three percent of all parasite tests were positive, with the most prevalent parasites being (in ascending order)Dientamoeba fragilis,Giardia lamblia,Cryptosporidiumspecies andEntamoeba histolytica/dispar. Age and sex were found to be weak risk factors, while rural living was found to be a moderate risk factor forD fragilis,G lambliaandCryptosporidiuminfections. The strongest risk factor was travel history, especially for nonendemic parasites. The retrospective analysis of six alternative protocols identified four that may be more efficient than current procedures.CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that current protocols may be redundant and can be optimized to target prevalent parasites and populations with high risk factors.

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Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with zoonotic parasitic infections in small ruminants in the Greek temperate environment

Parasitology International ◽

10.1016/j.parint.2013.08.010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (6) ◽

pp. 554-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Vaia Kantzoura ◽

Anastasia Diakou ◽

Marc K. Kouam ◽

Haralambos Feidas ◽

Helen Theodoropoulou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Temperate Environment

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Prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in local breed of dogs in Enugu State, Nigeria

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2019.729-734 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 729-734

Author(s):

Ukamaka U. Eze ◽

Ikenna O. Ezeh ◽

Terry A. Nzeakor ◽

Samuel C. Attama ◽

Ekene V. Ezenduka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Management Practices ◽

Strong Association ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Domestic Dogs ◽

Domestic Dog ◽

Local Breed ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Enugu State

Aims: Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic disease of major public and veterinary concern. The disease affects humans and a variety of animal species including the domestic dog. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in local breed of dogs from different homes and those presented at veterinary hospitals and clinics in Enugu State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 fresh fecal samples were collected from domestic dogs in six local government areas in Enugu State from February 2015 to August 2015. All the samples were examined using the formol-ether sedimentation method. Fecal smears were then stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and examined under direct light microscopy. Results: A total of 74 (36.5%) dogs were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. There was a strong association (p<0.05) between the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and management practices. However, there was no statistically significant association (p>0.05) between the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and age, sex, and fecal consistency. Conclusion: The findings of this work suggest that domestic dogs in Enugu State harbor and shed Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the environment, especially those managed semi-intensively. Such fecal shedding is particularly so and of greater zoonotic and epidemiological importance in animals that do not show clinical signs and therefore not treated. They, therefore, pose a greater public health risk, especially to immune-compromised humans and animals. Public education on the zoonotic implication of this protozoan infection is of paramount importance in Enugu State, in particular, and Nigeria, in general, considering the closeness of dogs and man.

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Multi-parasite infection in an immigrant from Ghana: potential for new epidemic foci

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.13151 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1344-1348

Author(s):

Maura Fiamma ◽

Silvia S Longoni ◽

Emmanuel E Siddig ◽

Sonia Attene ◽

Vito Astone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Serological Test ◽

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome ◽

Hypertensive Crisis ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Case Presentation

Introduction: Imported parasitosis, which do not require an invertebrate vector, are extremely dangerous and can lead to the occurrence of disease in currently parasite free areas. In the present study we report a case of multi-parasitic infection in a young immigrant from Ghana to Italy caused by filaria, Schistosoma sp. and Strongyloides sp. Case presentation: A 27-year-old Ghanaian man attended the Hospital of Nuoro (Sardinia), Italy, at the end of August 2015, claiming pain to the kidney and hypertensive crisis; the patient presented with dyspnea and epistaxis, chronic itchy skin of the back, shoulders, arms and legs, anuria and high creatinine, metabolic acidosis and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Serological test for parasitic infections were done, and showed a marked positivity for filaria, Schistosoma sp. and Strongyloides sp. The patient started the treatment immediately with two doses per day of Bassado Antibiotic (tetracycline) for twenty days and then with a single dose of 3 mg of ivermectin that was repeated after 3 months. Conclusions: Immigrant patients from endemic areas who show clinical signs, such as a general itching on the back, shoulders and arms and legs, should have a thorough history in order to make early diagnosis and prevent further complications. Therefore, general practitioners and doctors in Europe and in other parasitosis non-endemic countries, should consider to test for parasites in any immigrant from endemic countries to aid in establishing the final diagnosis and prevent further complications.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Intestinal Parasitic Infection among Primary School Children in Dera District, Northwest Ethiopia

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/5517564 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Dires Tegen ◽

Destaw Damtie

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Factors Associated ◽

School Based

Background. Globally, over 600 million school children are living with intestinal parasites. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among school children in Ethiopia and the Amhara region is 52% and 51%, respectively. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of IPIs among primary school children in Dera district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020. The study used a structured pretested questionnaire and stool tests to obtain epidemiological and disease data. Data were analyzed using appropriate univariate and multivariable logistic regression methods by statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25.0. Results. Of the 382 students who were examined for IPIs, 238 (62.3%) (61.8% males, 62.8% females) were positive for one or more IPIs. One hundred thirty-six (35.6%), 98 (25.7%), and 4 (1.05%) were single, double, and triple infections, respectively. Out of the nine species of IPIs detected, Entamoeba sp. was the predominant species (29.6%) followed by hookworm (21.7%), Schistosoma mansoni (11.3%), Taenia sp. (9.2%), Giardia lamblia (5.2%), and Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, and Enterobius vermicularis (4.2%) each, and Trichuris trichiura (0.5%). Family size greater than five (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.004, 3.13), open field school waste disposal (AOR = 15.88; 95% CI: 1.91, 132.1), and lack of knowledge about intestinal parasitic infection (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.2) were the independent risk factors associated with the overall prevalence of IPIs. Conclusions. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was high in the Dera district. Health education, extending school-based deworming, and mass treatments are recommended.

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Recombinant HcGAPDH Protein Expressed on Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Spores Protects Sheep from Haemonchus contortus Infection by Inducing both Humoral and Cell-mediated Responses

10.1101/872291 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Yang ◽

Guiheng Zhang ◽

Jie Wu ◽

Xueqiu Chen ◽

Danni Tong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Infected Sheep ◽

Infection Model ◽

Average Weight ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiota

AbstractProbiotic Bacillales have been shown effective in controlling pathogens. In particular, live probiotic bacteria are thought to improve the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota, and to reduce pathogen colonization. However, how probiotics regulate immune responses and protect the host from parasitic infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Bacillales can be used against Haemonchus contortus, a parasitic nematode that infects small ruminants in sheep and goats worldwide. Using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, we found that Bacillales was highly depleted in the abomasal microbiota of sheep infected with H. contortus. We constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (rBSCotB-HcG) that express glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of H. contortus (HcGAPDH) on its spore surface. However, mice orally administrated with the rBSCotB-HcG strain showed strong Th1-dominated immune responses; and sheep administrated per os with rBSCotB-HcG showed increased proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, elevated anti-HcGAPDH IgG levels in sera, and higher anti-HcGAPDH sIgA levels in intestinal mucus. In addition, treatment of H. contortus infected sheep with rBSCotB-HcG (Hc+rBSCotB-HcG) promoted the abundance of probiotic species in the abomasal microbiota; it also improved the average weight gain of the sheep by 27.7%. These Hc+rBSCotB-HcG sheep have reduced number of eggs per gram of feces (by 84.1%) and worm burdens (by 71.5%), with alleviated abomasal damage by H. contortus. Collectively, our data demonstrate the protective roles of CotB-HcGAPDH-expressing B. subtilis spores against H. contortus infection, suggesting a potential value of using this probiotic-based strategy in controlling parasitic nematodes of socioeconomic importance.ImportanceSequencing of the infected sheep ’s stomach flora revealed potential probiotics that could control H. contortus infection, and further genetically engineered recombinant probiotic spores expressing parasite protein, and validated their good immunogenicity in a mouse model. In the sheep infection model, the recombinant probiotics have proven to be effective against parasite infections.

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attending Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases ◽

10.9734/ajrid/2019/v2i129775 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

K. Mohammed ◽

M. Kabiru Gulma ◽

M. Yahaya ◽

T. H. I. Spencer ◽

S. U. Nataala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Water Supply ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

University Teaching ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections

Background: Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major health issue in developing countries particularly in Sub -Saharan Africa. It has been estimated to affect about 3.5 billion people globally and 450 million people are thought to be ill as a result of such infections, the majority being children. Aims: The study was aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among patients attending Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among patients attending Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto state, between May to November 2017. Methodology: A total of 245 participants were enrolled in the study. Standard parasitological examination was carried out on stool samples using microscopic examination. Results: Finding revealed that 29 (11.8%) were positive for intestinal parasitic infections. Males recorded higher prevalence than the females with 19 (11.9%) and 10 (11.7%), respectively. Conclusion: Low level of education, occupational status, poor water supply were among the significant risk factors for these infections. Prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections among the study community could be reduce by Creating awareness, level of sanitation, water supply and deworming programme among school children.

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