scholarly journals Sustainability in the Formation and Development of Historical Cities: “Nicosia Historical City Texture”

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-262
Author(s):  
Zihni Turkan
Keyword(s):  
Great Contribution ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Fast Process ◽  
Important Place ◽  
New Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

The formation of the historical city texture of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, began during the Lusignan Period.  St. Sophia Cathedral and St. Catherine Church, which have an important place in the formation of the texture, are two of the few works of art still surviving today.  Being a period of destruction for the city, in general, The Venetian Period provided the city walls to Nicosia which still surround the historical texture.  The Ottoman Period brought a change to the historical city texture and Islamic culture and Turkish Architectural construction style replaced the Christian cultures.  A number of architectural works from this period, still existing within the walled city of Nicosia, provided a great contribution to the formation and development of the present day texture, as well as for its sustainability.  The British Period is one which brought novelty to the city texture of Nicosia.  With demolition of historical works and changes in the street and square dimensions, British Colonial Architecture displays the traces of the recent past.  The administrative buildings constructed in place of the demolished Lusignan Palace, still serve at present.  With the beginning of the Period of the Republic in 1960, Nicosia underwent a fast process of development as an important capital in the Middle East.  The traditional visuality in the city texture left its place to contemporary constructions and formations.  The inter-communal conflicts, which started in 1964 on the other hand, negatively affected the formation and development of the city texture, and there was a period of stagnation until the 70s.  The new developments observed since the 70s and the insufficiency of precautions to protect historical texture, caused a deterioration the city texture.  With the position of an open-air museum, Nicosia with its history of over twenty-five centuries has a very rich historical city texture with the legacies of various cultures which reigned over Cyprus and is sustainable in the present, and is therefore an important cultural and touristic center Keywords: Cyprus, Nicosia, Historical City Texture, Walled City, Sustainability.

scholarly journals The City-State of Boston: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power, 1630–1865

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-636
Author(s):  
Noam Maggor
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
British Empire ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
City State ◽  
The City ◽  
American Nation

Mark Peterson's The City-State of Boston is a formidable work of history—prodigiously researched, lucidly written, immense in scope, and yet scrupulously detailed. A meticulous history of New England over more than two centuries, the book argues that Boston and its hinterland emerged as a city-state, a “self-governing republic” that was committed first and foremost to its own regional autonomy (p. 6). Rather than as a British colonial outpost or the birthplace of the American Revolution—the site of a nationalist struggle for independence—the book recovers Boston's long-lost tradition as a “polity in its own right,” a fervently independent hub of Atlantic trade whose true identity placed it in tension with the overtures of both the British Empire and, later, the American nation-state (p. 631).

Sociocultural History of Rio de Janeiro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cruz Terra ◽  
Marcelo de Souza Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociocultural History ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Associations ◽  
The City

The city of Rio de Janeiro underwent profound changes between 1870 and the early 20th century. Its population grew dramatically, attracting migrants not only from abroad but also from other regions of Brazil. It also expanded significantly in size, as the construction of trolley and railway lines and the introduction of real estate capital powered the occupation of new areas. Meanwhile, urban reforms aimed at modernization transformed the social ways in which urban space was used. During this period, Rio de Janeiro went from being the capital of the Brazilian Empire to being the capital of the Brazilian Republic. It nevertheless maintained its position as the cultural, political-administrative, commercial, and financial center of the country. Against this backdrop of change, the city was an important arena for the political struggles that marked the period, including demonstrations in favor of abolition and the republic. Rio de Janeiro’s citizens were not inert during this period of transformation, and they found various ways to take action and fight for what they understood to be their rights. Protests, demands, petitions, and a vibrant life organized around social and political associations are examples of the broad repertoire used by the city’s inhabitants to gain a voice in municipal affairs. Citizens’ use of public demands and petitions as a channel to communicate with the authorities, and especially with city officials, shows that while they did not necessarily shun formal politics, they understood politics to be a sphere for dialogue and dispute. The sociocultural history of Rio de Janeiro during this period was therefore built precisely through confrontations and negotiations in which the common people played an active role.

Primary Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-583
Author(s):  
Nida Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Model Improvement ◽  
Garden Plants ◽  
The City ◽  
Primary Materials

Abstract This article explores plants, seeds, soils, and other nonhuman actors as archival and architectural agents within the history of Lahore's urban landscape, as seen from the ground. It traces the halting efforts of the Agri-Horticultural Society of Punjab to enact regional improvement through the development of agricultural and botanical expertise at the advent of British colonial rule in the province, focusing on the materialization of this work in the society's gardens in Lahore. Foregrounding the contingencies of everyday garden making and maintenance, the article posits nonhuman ecologies as a materially diverse and ephemeral architecture and archive of landscape. It argues that, in helping assemble and modulate the society's efforts to model improvement, conduct plant testing, and develop an ornamental garden, plants, seeds, and soils become unlikely and sometimes unruly aesthetic and historical actors, furthering but also unsettling improvement discourse while relocating its historical effects from the region to the city, and providing new readings of the colonial urban landscape.

scholarly journals In Search of Gala Dali’s City of Birth

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Yakovleva Elena L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Birth Family ◽  
The City

The aim of the study was to find the birthplace of Elena Ivanovna (Dmitrievna) Dyakonova, known to the whole world under the name of Gala Dali. Documented sources about the woman’s city of birth have not been found so far, which led to the emergence of conflicting information. To achieve this goal, the author is looking for indirect documents confirming that Gala Dali was born in Kazan. For the first time, the problem is investigated based on archival data of her parents ‒ father Dmitry Ilyich Gomberg, who studied at the Imperial Kazan University from 1892 to 1895, and mother Antonina Petrovna Dyakonova. Analysis of documents found in the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, articles by D. V. Malinovsky, grandson of the adopted son of D. I. Gomberg, memoirs and historical data helped to clarify the situation about the place of birth of the muse Dali and the plight of her family. The key research method is source study analysis of office documents, their comparison with historical data about everyday life and facts from the biography of Gala Dali. As a result of the research search, the place of birth of Elena Ivanovna/Dmitrievna Dyakonova was determined ‒ the city of Kazan, as evidenced by direct and indirect facts from the biographies of the parents and Gala herself, as well as the difficult life situation of the woman’s parents, their connection with revolutionary activities and mentioning in police circulars. This explains the reason why the woman did not like to remember the story of her birth and created numerous myths about the city of birth, family and living conditions. The data obtained can be used for further reconstruction of the history of the Gala family and her biography. Keywords: myth, Gala Dali, Kazan, city of birth, revolutionary activity, clerical documents of the fund of the office of the Imperial Kazan University of the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, fear

scholarly journals Children’s Memories of the Leningrad Blockade in the Materials of the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Uvarov
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

The article offers the previously unpublished memoirs of eleven Leningrad residents who were children during the German blockade of the city. All of them were collected in 1998-1999 by Nina Aleksandrovna Koroleva, and are today kept in her collection in the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic. After the war, Nina Aleksandrovna came to live in Udmurtia, where she started to record memories about wartime. Conventionally, her documents can be divided into two groups. The first includes the memories of those who were evacuated to Udmurtia during the Great Patriotic War. The second group consists of memories of those who ended up in the republic after the end of the war. All documents are preserved in the author's edition. The memoirs reflect childhood impressions of the siege period. Their authors share their feelings from the beginning of the blockade, and report details of their daily life during the siege; they also reveal the coping strategies of the respective families. Descriptions of the labor conducted by children invite for conclusions about their contribution to the Soviet victory. Very emotional are the reports about the lifting of the blockade. Some memoirs contain details of the evacuation from Leningrad to the mainland. From the perspective of the history of everyday life, the publication of these memoirs expands our knowledge about the Great Patriotic War and, in particular, about the blockade of Leningrad.

“Eskimo” Immigrants and Colonial Soldiers: Icelandic Immigrants and the North-West Resistance, 1885

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (s1) ◽  
pp. s309-s338
Author(s):  
Laurie K. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
The West ◽  
New Developments ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Working

How did marginalized and racialized ethnic immigrants transform themselves into active, armed colonial agents in nineteenth-century Western Canada? Approximately twenty Icelanders enlisted to fight Louis Riel’s forces during the North-West Resistance in 1885, just ten years following the arrival of Icelandic immigrants in present-day Manitoba. Forty more reportedly enlisted in an Icelandic-Canadian battalion to enforce the government’s victory in the fall. This public, armed stance of a group of Icelanders against Indigenous forces in 1885 is somewhat unexpected, since most Icelanders were relatively recent arrivals in the West and, in Winnipeg, members of the largely unskilled urban working class. Moreover, they were widely rumoured among Winnipeggers to be from a “blubber-eating race” and of “Eskimo” extraction; community accounts testify to the discrimination numerous early Icelanders faced in the city. These factors initially make Icelanders unexpected colonialists, particularly since nineteenth-century ethnic immigration and colonial suppression so often appear as separate processes in Canadian historiography. Indeed, this scholarship is characterized by an enduring belief that Western Canadian colonialism was a distinctly Anglo sin. Ethnic immigrants often appear in scholarly and popular histories as sharing a history of marginalization with Indigenous people that prevented migrants from taking part in colonial displacement. Proceeding from the neglected history of Icelandic enlistment in 1885 and new developments in Icelandic historiography, this article argues that rather than negating ethnic participation in Indigenous suppression, ethnic marginality and the class tensions it created could actually fuel participation in colonial campaigns, which promised immigrants upward mobility, access to state support, and land.

scholarly journals Medicine in philately: History of Quarantine

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Buğra Berkan Bingöl ◽  
Ahmet Doğan Ataman ◽  
Mehtap Pekesen ◽  
Elif Vatanoğlu-Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Italian Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
Language Meaning

Abstract Objectives This article provides an overview through philately on the history of the quarantine ap-plications which dominate the whole world nowadays because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Content In this review article, the History of Quarantine is enriched with philatelic examples and tried to explain. Summary Quarantine is defined as the isolation of animals, people, or land to prevent the spread of diseases or pests. It is different from medical isolation, which is for people who have been infected with the disease. The word “quarantine” comes from quarantine, Italian language meaning “40 days”. This is because of the 40-day isolation of ships and people practiced as a measure of disease prevention related to the plague. This practice was named “Quaranta” in the Republic of Venice, whose economy is based on trade, by keeping the ships coming to the city in the sea for 40 days off the city, so that the capital Venice will not be infected with epidemics. Outlook People’s efforts to take precautions against a possible pandemic risk are a practice that has been going on for ages. Quarantine, which is among the measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, includes measures taken by avoiding contact with humans and animals in suspected cases exposed to infectious diseases for a period equal to the longest incubation period of the disease.

scholarly journals The Importance of Checking Indoor Air Quality in Underground Historic Buildings Intended for Tourist Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Maestre ◽  
Victor Iribarren
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

This article demonstrates the importance of quantifying the air quality with radon gas level as indicator in any heritage building, especially those intended for the use of people. The tourist activity or historical guide represents a typology where people spend a certain time, that is to say, in no case do they spend the same amount of hours as in their homes or jobs. Different gases that may be present in the environment must be controlled. The Séneca Square shelter, in Alicante, is a very important place for the history of the city during the Spanish Civil War that has recently been rehabilitated for exposure to people. The source of most radon gas inside a building is the ground. Many countries, including Spain, in which the building regulations, regarding the accumulation of radon gas, do not specify in their technical codes, the maximum dose that a building can sustain so that it is not harmful to people, or, the measures required to correct excessive accumulation. The possible existence of radon is verified in any underground building, regardless of the characteristics of the soil (whether granitic or not), the importance of defining and unifying the regulations that specify the different levels of radon in any architectural constructions is evident. Most of the scientific agencies in the field of medicine and health, consider that radon gas is a very harmful element for people. This element in its gaseous state is radioactive and it is present in almost all soils in which buildings are implanted, with granitic types of soil presenting higher levels of radon gas. Non-granitic soils have traditionally been considered to have very low radon levels. However, this work, providing the results of the research carried out in the underground air raid shelter in Seneca Square in Alicante (Spain), demonstrates the relevant presence of radon in non-granitic soils. This research addresses the constructive typology of the underground building and the radon presence in its interior obtained using rigorous measurement techniques.

scholarly journals What’s in a Street? Exploring Suspended Cosmopolitanism in Trikoupi, Nicosia

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Karen Akoka ◽  
Olivier Clochard ◽  
Iris Polyzou ◽  
Camille Schmoll
Keyword(s):  
South Asians ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Global Connections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City ◽  
Neighborhood Impacts

AbstractSituated at the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, the island of Cyprus has always been a bridge as well as a border between the Middle East and Europe. It has also been an important place of both emigration and immigration. The situation in Nicosia, the capital city, is marked by decline following the 1974 conflict and partition. At the same time, however, the city has become an important settling place for international migrants, whose presence has grown during the last 20 years. Today Nicosia’s situation lies between a typical south European city (in which migrants find room in the interstices) and a post-war city. Following the growing effort within migration studies to use the street as a laboratory of diversity and cosmopolitanism (Susan Hall), this paper focuses on a single street. Formerly an important business street, Trikoupi Street is now well known as one of the most cosmopolitan streets in Nicosia, in which south Asians, Arabs, Sub-Saharan Africans as well as Eastern Europeans converge. These different populations correspond to different migratory waves as well as different modes of incorporation into local society. In this chapter, we aim to see how the street level may help us to reflect upon important topics in Cyprus such as contested citizenship, urban change, local/global connections, as well as new forms of cohabitation and patterns of subaltern cosmopolitanism. We also aim to reflect upon the multiple temporalities of the neighborhood, in order to show how the history of the street (and the history of the neighborhood) impacts on current ways of life in Trikoupi. We define the current situation as “suspended cosmopolitanism.”

scholarly journals «Немецкая Казань»: имагологический анализ художественных произведений Гузель Яхиной

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Michael Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Analysis Of The Images ◽  
The City

German Kazan”: Imagological Analysis of Guzel Yakhina’s Literary Works| The capital of the Republic of Tatarstan is a multicultural city. It is a combination of “Russian,” “Tatar” and, not least, “German elements”. The writer Guzel Yakhina has repeatedly addressed this cultural diversity in her literary works. In them a native of Kazan explores the past and present of the city. Excellent knowledge of German language and culture allows her to study in detail the “German trace” in the history of the capital of Tatarstan to determine its status. The article offers a brief imagological analysis of the images of “German Kazan” presented in the novel Zuleikha and the essay Garden on the Border, or the Garden “Russian Switzerland”. The imagological study conducted at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels shows that in Yakhina’s literary works the images of “German Kazan” are equivalent to the images of “Russian Kazan” or “Tatar Kazan.” The “German elements” are firmly rooted inthe texture of the city and have been an integral part of its cultural code for several centuries. At the same time, following the novel and the essay, they do not have the status of an exotic “foreign,” but a familiar “other.” „Niemiecki Kazań”: imagologiczna analiza utworów Guzel Jachiny Stolica Republiki Tatarstanu to miasto wielokulturowe. To połączenie „rosyjskiego”, „tatarskiego” i, co nie mniej ważne, „niemieckiego” pierwiastka. Pisarka Guzel Jachina wielokrotnie odnosiła się do tej różnorodności kulturowej w swoich tekstach literackich. Rdzenny mieszkaniec Kazania odkrywa w nich przeszłość i teraźniejszość miasta. Doskonała znajomość języka i kultury niemieckiej pozwala autorce na szczegółowe zbadanie „niemieckiego śladu” w historii stolicy Tatarstanu w celu określenia jego statusu. Artykuł zawiera krótką analizę imagologiczną obrazów „niemieckiego Kazania”, przedstawionych w powieści Zulejkaotwiera oczy i eseju Ogród na granicy, czyli Ogród „Rosyjska Szwajcaria”. Badania imago-logiczne, przeprowadzone na poziomach makro-, mezo- i mikro-, pokazują, że w dziełach literackich Jachiny obrazy „niemieckiego Kazania” są równoważne obrazom „rosyjskiego Kazania” czy „tatarskiego Kazania”. „Elementy niemieckie” są mocno zakorzenione w strukturze miasta i od kilku stuleci stanowią integralną część jego kodu kulturowego. Jednocześnie, w powieści i eseju, nie mają one statusu egzotycznego Obcego, ale znajomego Innego.

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