A STUDY ON STRENGTHEN EFFECT AND S-N CURVE CONSISTENCY VERIFICATION OF THE BOTTOM SURFACE THICKNESS INCREASE STRENGTHENED RC SLABUSING CFRP GRID AND PCM

The intensification of the work of open gutter by applying textured shells to their bottom surface, forming an artificial roughness, is considered. It is shown that the presence of corrugated surfaces contributes to vortex formation during water flow and improves the separation and transportation of mineral impurities previously dropped into the bottom of the gutters. The implementation of operations to improve the structure of the gutters is possible during the repair and restoration works with the use of modern polymer materials. The design of a small-sized hydraulic stand, which makes it possible to study the transport capacity of flows containing solid inclusions, is presented. The method of research is hydraulic testing, accompanied by the use of chiaroscuro effect, as well as photo and film equipment. The optimal structure of the inner surface of the gutters and pipes providing vortex formation, which will improve the ability of the flow to carry out and transport foreign dispersed inclusions (sand) of different granulometric compositions, is determined.

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Anisotropic Plasma ChemicalVapor Deposition of Copper Films in Trenches

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-766-e3.8 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 766 ◽

Author(s):

Kosuke Takenaka ◽

Masao Onishi ◽

Manabu Takenshita ◽

Toshio Kinoshita ◽

Kazunori Koga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽

Deposition Rate ◽

Vapor Deposition ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Anisotropic Plasma ◽

Bottom Surface ◽

Chemical Vapor Deposition Method ◽

Copper Films ◽

Deposition Method ◽

Via Holes

AbstractAn ion-assisted chemical vapor deposition method by which Cu is deposited preferentially from the bottom of trenches (anisotropic CVD) has been proposed in order to fill small via holes and trenches. By using Ar + H2 + C2H5OH[Cu(hfac)2] discharges with a ratio H2 / (H2 + Ar) = 83%, Cu is filled preferentially from the bottom of trenches without deposition on the sidewall and top surfaces. The deposition rate on the bottom surface of trenches is experimentally found to increase with decreasing its width.

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Unified approach to spatial description of objects terrain departmental registries / cadastres as a perspective basis of the state system territory mapping

Geodesy and Cartography ◽

10.22389/0016-7126-2018-942-12-41-49 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 942 (12) ◽

pp. 41-49

Author(s):

A.M. Portnov

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Spatial Description ◽

Unified Approach ◽

Technological Basis ◽

The Public ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Map Data ◽

Consistency Verification ◽

Thematic Data

Using unified principles of formation and maintenance of register/cadaster with information about spatial data of landscape objects as the informational and technological basis for updating the public topographic maps and modernization of state cartographic system is proposed. The problems of informational relevancy of unified electronical cartographic basis and capacity of its renovation in case of public cadaster map data. The need to modernize the system of classification and coding of cartographic information, the use of unified standards for the coordinate description of register objects for their topological consistency, verification and updating is emphasized. Implementing such solutions is determined by economical expediency as well as necessity of providing a variety of real thematic data for wide range of consumers in the field of urban planning, territories development and completing the tasks of Governmental program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation”.

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Environmental Engineering Techniques to Restore Degraded Posidonia oceanica Meadows

Water ◽

10.3390/w13050661 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 661

Author(s):

Luigi Piazzi ◽

Stefano Acunto ◽

Francesca Frau ◽

Fabrizio Atzori ◽

Maria Francesca Cinti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Posidonia Oceanica ◽

Environmental Engineering ◽

Bottom Surface ◽

Sessile Invertebrates ◽

Set Up ◽

Short Time

Seagrass planting techniques have shown to be an effective tool for restoring degraded meadows and ecosystem function. In the Mediterranean Sea, most restoration efforts have been addressed to the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica, but cost-benefit analyses have shown unpromising results. This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of environmental engineering techniques generally employed in terrestrial systems to restore the P. oceanica meadows: two different restoration efforts were considered, either exploring non-degradable mats or, for the first time, degradable mats. Both of them provided encouraging results, as the loss of transplanting plots was null or very low and the survival of cuttings stabilized to about 50%. Data collected are to be considered positive as the survived cuttings are enough to allow the future spread of the patches. The utilized techniques provided a cost-effective restoration tool likely affordable for large-scale projects, as the methods allowed to set up a wide bottom surface to restore in a relatively short time without any particular expensive device. Moreover, the mats, comparing with other anchoring methods, enhanced the colonization of other organisms such as macroalgae and sessile invertebrates, contributing to generate a natural habitat.

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Structure of cyanobacterial phycobilisome core revealed by structural modeling and chemical cross-linking

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aba5743 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. eaba5743

Author(s):

Haijun Liu ◽

Mengru M. Zhang ◽

Daniel A. Weisz ◽

Ming Cheng ◽

Himadri B. Pakrasi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Transfer ◽

Excitation Energy Transfer ◽

Energy Coupling ◽

Regulatory Elements ◽

Photochemical Activity ◽

Structural Basis ◽

Bottom Surface ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Orange Carotenoid Protein ◽

Chemical Cross Linking

In cyanobacteria and red algae, the structural basis dictating efficient excitation energy transfer from the phycobilisome (PBS) antenna complex to the reaction centers remains unclear. The PBS has several peripheral rods and a central core that binds to the thylakoid membrane, allowing energy coupling with photosystem II (PSII) and PSI. Here, we have combined chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry with homology modeling to propose a tricylindrical cyanobacterial PBS core structure. Our model reveals a side-view crossover configuration of the two basal cylinders, consolidating the essential roles of the anchoring domains composed of the ApcE PB loop and ApcD, which facilitate the energy transfer to PSII and PSI, respectively. The uneven bottom surface of the PBS core contrasts with the flat reducing side of PSII. The extra space between two basal cylinders and PSII provides increased accessibility for regulatory elements, e.g., orange carotenoid protein, which are required for modulating photochemical activity.

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Comparison of silicate impregnation methods to reinforce Chinese fir wood

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2020-0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Ping Li ◽

Yuan Zhang ◽

Yingfeng Zuo ◽

Yiqiang Wu ◽

Guangming Yuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Chinese Fir ◽

Smoke Suppression ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Residual Rate ◽

Smoke Production ◽

Human Respiration ◽

Strengthen Effect

AbstractInorganic impregnation strengthening of Chinese fir wood was carried out to improve the strength, dimensional stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of Chinese fir wood. Sodium silicate was used as reinforcement, a sulfate and phosphate mixtures were used as a curing agent, and Chinese fir wood was reinforced by the respiratory impregnation method (RIM) that imitating human respiration and vacuum progressive impregnation method (VPIM). The weight percentage gain (WPG), density increase rate, distribution of modifier, bending strength (BS), compressive strength (CS), hardness, and water resistance of unreinforced Chinese fir wood from the VPIM and RIM were compared. It was found that RIM could effectively open the aspirated pits in Chinese fir wood, so its impregnation effect, strengthen effect and dimension stabilization effects were the best. RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood was filled with silicate both horizontally and vertically. At the same time, the transverse permeability of silicate through aspirated pits was significantly improved. The chemical structure, crystalline structure, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal stability of VPIM- and RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cone calorimeter (CONE), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that although the crystallinity of RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood decreased the most, more chemical crosslinking and hydrogen bonding were formed in the wood, and the strengthen effect was still the best. Compared with VPIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood, RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood had lower heat release rate (HRR), peak-HRR, mean-HRR, total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP), higher thermal decomposition temperature and residual rate. It was indicated that RIM-reinforced Chinese fir wood was a better flame retardant, and has a smoke suppression effect, thermal stability, and safety performance in the case of fire.

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3D Micromixer

Volume 9: Micro- and Nano-Systems Engineering and Packaging, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/imece2012-88031 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Bahador Farshchian ◽

Junseo Choi ◽

Sunggook Park

Keyword(s):

Cover Plate ◽

Bottom Surface ◽

Mixing Efficiency ◽

Molding Process ◽

Specific Flow ◽

Pdms Stamp ◽

Fluorescein Dye ◽

Solvent Bonding ◽

Peeling Off

This paper presents the fabrication of a 3D microchannel whose sidewalls and bottom surface are patterned with ratchets using a modified 3D molding process. In the modified 3D molding process the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is first patterned using a brass mold having ratchet structures. Then PDMS prepolymer was spin coated over the surface of micropatterned PMMA and cured followed by the primary molding using a brass mold having a T-conjunction protrusion. After primary molding demolding was done by first demolding the brass mold and then peeling off PDMS stamp from PMMA substrate. By setting a 45° angle between direction of ratchets patterned on the surface of PMMA and the brass mold protrusion prior to primary molding 45° slanted ratchets were formed on the sidewall and bottom surface of microchannel using the modified 3D molding. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs show a successful integration of micropatterns inside the microchannel. Holes were drilled in the inlet and outlet area of the 3D channel before bonding. A solvent bonding technique was used for bonding of 3D channel to a plain cover plate. After bonding capillary tubes were inserted into the holes and glued to the chip using an epoxy glue. For characterization of mixing fluorescence intensity was quantified in the 3D microchannel as deionized water and fluorescein dye injected from different inlets of 3D micromixer were mixed along the 3D microchannel and mixing efficiency was calculated. The results were compared with the data obtained for similar microdevice whose surfaces were not patterned. The results demonstrate at a specific flow rate a faster mixing occurs in a microdevice whose sidewall and bottom surface are patterned with slanted 45° ratchets.

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