scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR DETERMINATION THE TOTAL OF ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVES IN RAW MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONS OF ALOE ARBORESCENS MILL.

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kurkin ◽  
Tat'yana Konstantinovna Ryazanova ◽  
Anna Anatol'yevna Shmygareva ◽  
Svetlana Nikolayevna Glushchenko
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bathochromic Shift ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maximum Absorption ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Aloe Arborescens ◽  
Anthracene Derivatives

Aloe arborescens Mill., family Asphodelaceae, is a pharmacopoeial plant, the raw material of which is used for the production of medicinal products for various therapeutic uses. The standardization of Aloe species in accordance with the requirements of the British, Japanese, European Pharmacopoeias and the United States Pharmacopoeia is carried out according to the barbaloin content by the spectrophotometric method. The methods are multistage, provide for preliminary acid hydrolysis in combination with the oxidation, liquid-liquid extraction of the formed aglycones and subsequent complexation with magnesium acetate. A mixture of isomers of aloin A and aloin B (barbaloin) and aloenin were isolated by chromatographic methods. It was determined that in all electronic spectra of the extracts and preparations from the leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill., a bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength band in the alkaline-ammonia solution is observed, which confirms the presence of anthracene derivatives. Under conditions of differential absorption, a maximum absorption is observed in the range of 412–416 nm, which indicates the advisability of using barbaloin in the analysis method, which has a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 412 nm. As a result of the study, there were developed methods for the quantitative determination of the total of anthracene derivatives in leaves and preparations of Aloe arborescens Mill. by using of the differential spectrophotometry calculated on barbaloin at an analytical wavelength of 412 nm. The content of total anthracene derivatives calculated on barbaloin was 0.60±0.03% in Aloe arborescens fresh leaves, 0.5±0.02% in freshly prepared juice, 0.135±0.006% in "Aloe juice" and 0.020±0.001% in "Aloe liquid extract", solution for subcutaneous administration, produced by ZAO "Vifitech" and OAO "Dalkhimpharm".

scholarly journals Comparative anatomical and histological research of the roots of Rheum Palmatum L. And Rheum Officinale B.

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
Ksenia N. Semenyuta ◽  
Anna A. Shmygareva ◽  
Anatoly N. Sankov
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Histochemical Reaction ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Rheum Palmatum ◽  
Anthracene Derivatives ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference

Introduction. The aim of the study is to perform the anatomical and histological analysis of the roots of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B., and also to check histochemical reactions for the presence of anthracene derivatives. Material and methods. The methodological basis of the anatomical and histological studies was the standard method for the preparation of micro-preparations of roots of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B. described in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition (OFS.1.5.3.003.15). Results and discussion. Anatomical and histological studies of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B. raw materials confirmed the roots of Rheum palmatum L. to have classical secondary structure, while the roots of Rheum officinale B. have classical primary structure. The histochemical reaction to anthracene derivatives with 10% alkali solution was carried out, it resulted in cherry-red staining of core rays and some structures of cortical parenchyma of the fragment of Rheum palmatum L., while the roots of Rheum officinale B. failed to stain. Conclusions. The anatomical and histological studies of the rhizomes and roots of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B. demonstrate the difference in the structure of closely related species of plants. It makes possible to identify the medicinal raw material of these plants.

scholarly journals CENTRAL ASIAN REGION AT THE FOCUS OF GEOPOLITICAL INTERESTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (383) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
Z. K. Ayupova ◽  
D. U. Kussainov ◽  
M. T. Beisenbayeva ◽  
Winston Nagan
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Natural Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

In the XXI century the role of Central Asia in international politics is increasing. This region, possessing rich natural, energy, mineral and raw material resources, has an important geostrategic position, in which we see the geopolitical confrontation of global actors. The confrontation is explained by the fact that, for example, for Russia this region, being a “vulnerable underbelly”, is included in the traditional sphere of influence, from the perspective of China, the region seems to be an alternative source of energy and a vital partner for stabilizing and developing the troubled Xinjiang province. As for the United States and their allies, this region appears to be an important transportation hub, for example, for military supplies to unstable Afghanistan. Central Asia is not only a key region on the world map, the establishment of control over which allows you to manage the regional transit of hydrocarbons and other types of strategic raw materials for the largest developing economies, primarily China, and, as a result, affect their economic growth and aggregate power. Central Asia is a crossroad of civilizations, control over which, as was believed over the centuries, allows you to rule the world. The region retains its exceptional geopolitical significance today.

scholarly journals Kajian Peningkatan Potensi Ekspor Pelet Kayu Indonesia sebagai Sumber Energi Biomassa yang Terbarukan

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Tulus Pangapoi Sidabutar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
World Today

Dunia saat ini mulai beralih dari menggunakan batu bara ke sumber energi yang terbarukan. Salah satunya adalah pelet kayu demi mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan meningkatkan penggunaan energi terbarukan pengganti energi fosil. Produsen utama pelet kayu di dunia saat ini adalah Amerika Serikat sedangkan untuk wilayah ASEAN adalah Vietnam. Di ASEAN, potensi Indonesia tidak kalah dari Vietnam. Indonesia unggul dalam jumlah luas hutan tanam dan pertanian yang lebih luas dibandingkan Vietnam. Selain itu, keragaman hayati tumbuhan yang ada dapat dijadikan sumber bahan baku pelet kayu yang unik dibandingkan pesaing lainnya. Legalisasi dan regulasi untuk keberlangsungan bahan baku merupakan persyaratan utama untuk memasuki pasar Eropa. Pemerintah Indonesia memberikan dukungan penuh dengan semakin mudahnya perijinan terkait legalisasi dan keberlangsungan bahan baku kayu. Study of Increasing the Export Potential of Indonesia Wood Pellets as a Source of the Renewable Biomass Energy SourceAbstractThe world today is beginning to switch from using coal into renewable energy sources. One of them is wood pellets in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the use of renewable energy substitute for fossil energy. The major manufacturer of wood pellets in the world today is the United States, while for the ASEAN region is Vietnam. In ASEAN, Indonesia’s potential is not less than Vietnam. Indonesia superior in numbers of forests and agricultural crops compare to Vietnam. In addition, the existing plant biodiversity that can be used as a source of raw material for wood pellets are unique compared to other competitors. Legalization and regulation in terms of the sustainability of raw materials is a key requirement to enter the European market. The Indonesian government gave full support to the more easily permits related legalization and sustainability of wood raw material.

Product Marketing

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Wei
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Standard Industrial Classification ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
The U.S

A marketer should follow the maxim of the 4th century BC strategist Sun-zi, who said “Know self, know opponents, hundred battles, hundred victories.” We are the chemical processing industries (CPI), which is a collection of firms that manufacture and sell a range of products that involve chemistry and employ many chemical engineers. The buyers are consumers, businesses, governments, and foreigners. When we consider selling a product to a buyer, we pay particular attention to profitable and growing markets where our product has a relative advantage over competition. It takes a bold pioneer to introduce a new product that requires the creation of a new market. Let us study the sellers of chemical products, which are collectively called the CPI. These manufacturers are skilled in the use of chemical reactions and separations to make their products, and they employ many chemical engineers and chemists, often in highly responsible positions. Many of the firms in the CPI are also our suppliers of raw materials and intermediates, our customers for our products, and our competition in making and selling their products. The Statistical Abstract of the United States is published annually by the U.S. Census Bureau, which groups all the economic activities in the United States into 11 divisions by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). The manufacturing division is divided into 20 sections designated by two-digit numbers. The manufacturers that involve chemistry intensively are listed in table 9.1, by two 2-digit numbers, such as: 20 Food, 28 Chemicals, and 29 Petroleum Refining. The table lists the number of establishments, the number of employees and value of shipment in 1996. The SIC 28, “Chemical and Allied Products,” is the basic supplying industry to the other sectors. Table 9.1 also gives the subdivision of SIC 28 into three-digit subsectors, such as: 281 Industrial Inorganics, 283 Drugs, and 286 Industrial Organics. The subsectors of 281 and 286 form the core of the Chemical and Allied Products, as they provide raw material and intermediates for the rest of the subsectors, such as 282 Plastics and 287 Agricultural chemicals.

Life Cycle Assessment and Eco-Design of a Wireless TV/VCR Remote

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Hu ◽  
Gaurav Ameta
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Batteries ◽  
Improve Product

The focus of this paper is to present life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a TV/VCR remote, including alkaline batteries, and to compare the environmental impacts with a redesigned remote consisting of a solar cell. LCA is a very helpful tool in identifying the most important factors for improving product sustainability. The remote considered in this study can control both television and video cassette recorder. This remote is manufactured in Malaysia and exported to the United States. Its life-cycle system includes raw material, parts, shipment, use phase and waste treatment; its life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is performed using SimaPro 7.1 and employing the TRACI method. LCA uncertainty analyzing is performed for both remotes utilizing Monte Carlo simulation in SimaPro 7.1. LCA result shows use of alkaline battery affects most obviously in environmental impacts. In Eco-design remote model, both energy type and raw materials changed. Environmental impacts reduce in five categories in redesigned remote. This paper: 1) presents a prototype design for product using solar cell; 2) presents a novel method for designers to determine raw materials to improve product sustainability in designing stage; 3) provides suggestions for manufacturers to improve product sustainability through reuse of solar cell or a leasing strategy.

scholarly journals Coconut Sugar Quality Control Analysis of Home-Industry in Central Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Wiwi Susanti ◽  
Diah Rina Kamardiani ◽  
Ikhsan Adi Pratama ◽  
Qholiva Yuni Fadilla
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Sigma Level ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Quality Control Analysis ◽  
Observation Process

Coconut sugar is a potential trade commodity, and Indonesia is one of the biggest exporters in the world. There were some problems such as the use of raw material was not optimum and some quality issues. The study aims to identify the defective product and evaluate the current process capacity at Ngudi Lestari as one of the biggest home-industry in Central Java. The method was use the Six Sigma Method through DMAIC tools. The data was used primary data from 28 times production during seven days through the observation process. The finding showed that there were nine potential critical to quality that affects sugar. The control chart showed that production in Ngudi Lestari still uncontrollable. It was indicated by the process that out of control limit was about 75%. The result of the sigma value was sufficient, which was 4.39. It had reached the average sigma level of industry in the United States. The defective products were caused by raw materials, labor, equipment, and production process. The raw material was one factor that had a significant effect on the quality of coconut sugar.

scholarly journals THE FUTURE OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN FOREST PRODUCTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

1962 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
D. V. Love
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Future

The future of trade in forest products between the United States and Canada will be measured in terms of Canadian exports to the United States.From the statistics of world production and utilization a trend to self-sufficiency in forest products is evident. This trend is further borne out by the statements of forest policy of many countries which favour the development of local forest industries.Changes in manufacturing technology and in the methods of utilization of forest products have caused a considerable relaxation in the traditional specifications of quality in the raw material. This relaxation of specifications has placed in use raw materials which were formerly waste and has placed certain fast growing species in the class of commercial wood.The tremendous forest growth potential which exists in almost every country is made more evident by the modified specifications of the raw material. The desire for self-sufficiency in many countries, including the United States, is moving to fulfillment.The benefits of possession of a particular species or size of timber are rapidly fading. With the improved opportunities for growth because of changes in raw material specification, the ownership of extensive land area and large timber inventory is an advantage which is diminishing in importance.To the extent that certain regions of Canada are advantageously located relative to the U.S. market compared to competing regions, these will occupy a place in future U.S. markets if steps are taken now to provide a source of cheap raw material for the future. There is certainly no guarantee that future trade in forest products between Canada and the United States will be at a high level; it will depend on the extent to which Canadians recognize and take advantage of the opportunities provided by their accessible productive forest land.

Post-Consumer Plastic Sortation With the Use of Electromagnetic Separation Methods for Recycling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kress ◽  
M. Franchetti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Model Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Plastic Wastes

In 2010, the United States generated over 31 million tons of plastic waste, and from that total, only 8% was recycled. With demand for lower cost plastics and public attention to environmental concerns increasing, the expanding recycling industry has provided an opportunity to lower raw material costs and create sustainable jobs. Traditionally, manual or optical methods that used infrared technologies were utilized to sort plastic wastes for recycling. Once these plastic wastes were sorted, they were cleaned, shredded, and melted into raw materials. These methods are costly and can experience high nonconformance rates during the sortation processes. This paper discussed an emerging technique that utilizes a novel process that sorts shredded plastic particles by using electromagnetic (EM) waves and Ferro fluids. The process involves placing various types of shredded plastic particles of into a tank filled with Ferro fluid. The plastic particles and Ferro fluid are then subjected to an EM wave by the use of an EM coil. The EM wave alters the viscosity of the Ferro fluid and causes the shredded plastic particles to rise and sink at different vertical levels within the Ferro fluid tank, based on their respective densities. This method allows for an efficient, accurate, and low cost method to sort plastic particles as compared to conventional technologies. Overviews of the model development, experimental design, and test results are provided that demonstrates proof-of-concept. The results of the study indicated that the EM separation method may offer significant cost, efficiency, and accuracy improvements over conventional methods.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency of Biorefinery Schemes Using Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daissy Restrepo-Serna ◽  
Jimmy Martínez-Ruano ◽  
Carlos Cardona-Alzate
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energetic Analysis ◽  
Energetic Point ◽  
Energy Balances

The use of biomass to obtain value-added products has been a good alternative for reducing their environmental impacts. For this purpose, different studies have been carried out focused on the use of agro-industrial waste. One of the most commonly used raw materials has been bagasse obtained from the processing of sugarcane in high quantities in countries like Brazil, India, China, Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico, Colombia, Indonesia, Philippines, and the United States. From 1 ton of sugarcane, 280 kg of bagasse can be obtained. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a waste that is rich in polysaccharides, which makes it a promising raw material for obtaining products under biorefinery concept. The objective of this work was to analyze from the energetic point of view, different biorefinery schemes in which SCB is employed as a raw material. The design and simulation of the different biorefinery schemes is performed in Aspen Plus software. From this software, it was possible to obtain the different mass and energy balances, which are used in the technical and energetic analysis. Exergy is used as a comparison tool for the energy analysis. These analyses allowed for the selection of the best biorefinery configuration from SCB.

scholarly journals EXTRACTION SPECIMENS BASED ON THE BUCKTHORN BARK AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IDENTIFY ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVES INCLUDED

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Natal'ya Anatol'yevna Borovikova
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
The State ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Anthracene Derivatives ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article provides an overview of drugs based on buckthorn bark included in the State register of medicines of the Russian Federation and patented in recent years. The methods of quantitative determination of anthracenes-derived raw materials of buckthorn according to the state Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XI and XIII editions and the European Pharmacopoeia are analyzed and presented in the comparative aspect. The main representatives of the anthracene-derived buckthorn are shown for a number of sources, taking into account modern phytochemical studies. The algorithm of development of a technique of spectrophotometric quantitative determination of anthracenes derivatives in buckthorn bark and extraction preparations from it is gradually presented. Studied and selected the optimal conditions of extraction: raw material grinding – 1 mm, extractant – 10% sodium hydroxide solution, the ratio of raw materials and extractant – 0.1 : 100, the extraction temperature in a water bath 100 °C, the duration of extraction – 30 minutes. The analytical maximum of 510 nm was established, a certified sample of frangul-emodin was used as a standard substance, and an experimental calculation of the specific absorption rate of frangul-emodin interaction products with an alkaline-ammonia mixture was presented. In the research we describe an optimized pharmacopoeial methodology, metrological characterizations and results of quantitative determination of the anthracene derivatives in aqueous and alcohol extracts based on the buckthorn bark. The content of the amount of anthracenes in the samples of raw materials of five domestic producers. The content varies from 4.35 to 4.85%.

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