Myokines and adipomyokines: inflammatory mediators or unique molecules of targeted therapy for obesity?

Skeletal muscles make up about 25% of the total mass in children and more than 40% in adults. Studies of the last twenty years have shown that along with the main functions, muscle tissue has hormonal activity. It was found that myocytes are able to release signaling molecules-myokines. They act auto-and paracrine within the muscle, and at a high level-through the systemic circulation, carrying out interactions between skeletal muscles and various organs and tissues, such as the liver, bone and adipose tissue, the brain. It is proved that the key factor in the expression of myokines is physical activity, and their level largely depends on physical fitness, the amount of skeletal muscle mass and its composition (the ratio of fast and slow fibers), on the intensity and duration of physical activity. Myokines have a wide range of physiological effects: myostatin suppresses the growth and differentiation of muscle tissue, and decorin, acting as its antagonist, promotes muscle hypertrophy. Interleukin 6 provides an energy substrate for contracting muscle fibers, fibroblast growth factor 21 activates the mechanisms of energy production during fasting and improves tissue sensitivity to insulin; irisin stimulates thermogenesis, glucose uptake by myocytes, and also contributes to an increase in bone mineral density. The study of myokines is one of the key links in understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity and metabolic complications, the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the implementation of the action of physical activity. Taking into account the physiological effects of myokines in the body, in the future they can become therapeutic targets for the treatment of these conditions.

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Analysis of Relationship between the Body Mass Composition and Physical Activity with Body Posture in Children

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/1851670 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Justyna Wyszyńska ◽

Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz ◽

Justyna Drzał-Grabiec ◽

Maciej Rachwał ◽

Joanna Baran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Mass ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

The Body ◽

Body Posture ◽

Activity Level ◽

Mass Composition ◽

Body Mass Composition ◽

The Relationship

Introduction. Excessive body mass in turn may contribute to the development of many health disorders including disorders of musculoskeletal system, which still develops intensively at that time.Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between children’s body mass composition and body posture. The relationship between physical activity level of children and the parameters characterizing their posture was also evaluated.Material and Methods. 120 school age children between 11 and 13 years were enrolled in the study, including 61 girls and 59 boys. Each study participant had the posture evaluated with the photogrammetric method using the projection moiré phenomenon. Moreover, body mass composition and the level of physical activity were evaluated.Results. Children with the lowest content of muscle tissue showed the highest difference in the height of the inferior angles of the scapulas in the coronal plane. Children with excessive body fat had less slope of the thoracic-lumbar spine, greater difference in the depth of the inferior angles of the scapula, and greater angle of the shoulder line. The individuals with higher level of physical activity have a smaller angle of body inclination.Conclusion. The content of muscle tissue, adipose tissue, and physical activity level determines the variability of the parameter characterizing the body posture.

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Production of high-protein biscuits for people with increased physical activity

Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies ◽

10.20914/2310-1202-2020-4-95-101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 95-101

Author(s):

S. V. Yegorova ◽

A. A. Slavyanskiy ◽

T. A. Postnikova ◽

L. V. Ustinova ◽

R. S. Rostegaev

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

New Technologies ◽

Food Product ◽

High Energy ◽

The Body ◽

Professional Activity ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Wide Range

People whose professional activity is associated with high energy consumption have a completely different lifestyle, unusual for the average person engaged in mental activity. They are directly related to one thing in common - high levels of physical activity. This leads to a large expenditure of the body's own energy and the breakdown of muscle tissue. To maintain the optimal state of a person during a period of intense activity, it is necessary to replenish energy costs in order to avoid the development of an extreme state, which is characterized by a severe state of the body, which develops under the influence of extreme emergency factors of the external and internal environments and is characterized by significant disorders of the body's vital functions. The article discusses issues related to rations for people with increased physical activity in extreme situations. Despite the fact that on the food market for people with increased physical activity there is a wide range of various snacks that are part of pocket and dry rations, one of the important tasks is to develop a modern food product that provides an increase in nutritional value. The existing rations are of insufficient nutritional value. The solution to this problem is possible through new technologies. The most promising are finely ground mixtures of various vegetables and fruits in combination with grain products. The creation of a new product in the form of a mixture for biscuits will expand the range of functional products and increase the profit of enterprises, since sales of such products in 2019 amounted to 274 billion rubles, which is 16 billion rubles more than in 2018. Biscuits from a multicomponent mixture with a high-grade protein in the composition will allow you to quickly restore the energy consumption of highly active people.

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Somatostatin receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE ◽

10.2218/gtopdb/f61/2019.4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Corinne Bosquet ◽

Justo P. Castaño ◽

Zsolt Csaba ◽

Micheal Culler ◽

Pascal Dournaud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Somatostatin Receptor ◽

Somatostatin Receptors ◽

The Body ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Endogenous Ligand ◽

Endogenous Ligands ◽

Inhibiting Factor ◽

Wide Range ◽

Somatostatin 14

Somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibiting factor) is an abundant neuropeptide, which acts on five subtypes of somatostatin receptor (SST1-SST5; nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Somatostatin Receptors [89]). Activation of these receptors produces a wide range of physiological effects throughout the body including the inhibition of secretion of many hormones. Endogenous ligands for these receptors are somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) and somatostatin-28 (SRIF-28). cortistatin-14 has also been suggested to be an endogenous ligand for somatostatin receptors [56].

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MYOKINES, THEIR ROLE IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION

SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL BULLETIN OF UGRA ◽

10.25017/2306-1367-2021-27-1-4-11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 4-11

Author(s):

Nikolay Mikhailovich Vladimirov ◽

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Weight ◽

Human Body ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Review Article ◽

The Body ◽

Regular Exercise ◽

Muscular System ◽

Exercise Muscle

Skeletal muscles are the largest organ in the human body, making up 40–50% of the total human body weight. This work is devoted to the study of physical activity on the athlete’s body. Given that the muscular system is more multifunctional than previously thought, and is able to aff ect many systems of the body through the synthesis and secretion of cytokines-classical regulators of the immune system, classifi ed as myokines. In this review article, we summarize our current knowledge of the main identifi ed and characterized myokines, focusing on their biological activity and functions. Through regular exercise, muscle-induced factors called myokines can exert and play an important role in protecting against many diseases.

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The Effects of Pressure and Shear on Capillary Closure in the Microstructure of Skeletal Muscles: Computational Studies

ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference ◽

10.1115/sbc2007-176516 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Eran Linder-Ganz ◽

Amit Gefen

Keyword(s):

Muscle Tissue ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

The Body ◽

Acute Ischemia ◽

Fe Model ◽

Mechanical Forces ◽

Deep Tissue ◽

Deep Tissue Injury ◽

Complete Closure

Deep tissue injury (DTI) is a serious and potentially deadly type of pressure ulcers, which initiate in deep muscle tissue under bony prominences of immobilized patients, and progress outwards towards the skin with no clear visual indications of the injury at the surface of the body. It had been suggested that DTI appear in muscle tissue first, due to the dense capillary vasculature in skeletal muscles which is susceptible to obstruction and occlusion by mechanical forces [1–3]. Though mechanical forces may cause capillaries to collapse and thus induce ischemic conditions in adjacent muscle cells [2], some investigators stipulated that ischemia alone cannot explain the etiology of DTI, and so, other mechanisms, particularly excessive cellular deformations must be involved [1]. We hypothesize that physiological levels of stresses and strains in muscle tissue under bony prominences — even when muscles are highly loaded as during sitting — do not cause complete closure of muscle capillaries, and therefore, do not cause an acute ischemia in muscles. If this is indeed the case, then ischemia cannot be the only factor contributing to DTI onset. In order to test our hypothesis, we developed a finite element (FE) model of the microstructure of skeletal muscle, at the level of muscle fascicles, and employed the model to determine the stress and strain levels required for causing partial and complete closure of capillaries.

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Physical Activity in Women with Breast Cancer and Those After Mastectomy

Acta Balneologica ◽

10.36740/abal202002108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 103-107

Author(s):

Patrycja Gierszon ◽

Agata Stachura ◽

Magdalena Paziewska ◽

Marzena Samardakiewicz ◽

Marzena Furtak-Niczyporuk

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

The Body ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Professional Literature ◽

Mammary Gland Cancer ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect

Mammary gland cancer, commonly known as breast cancer, is the most common malignancy in women in Poland. The occurrence of the disease and its treatment are associated with a decrease in physical fitness and endurance of the body, and also make it difficult to meet basic life needs and result in a deterioration in the quality of life. The aim of the study is to present physical activity in women with breast cancer and after mastectomy. Analysis of professional literature and available research results in patients undergoing oncological therapy in the treatment of breast cancer indicates the need for them to undertake physical activity and physiotherapy in order to minimize the effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and mastectomy. Analysis of studies in terms of the impact of physical activity on the rehabilitation and recovery of patients with breast cancer showed a significant impact of physical fitness on bone mineral density as the most important factor in the development and maintenance of normal bone metabolism. Physical exercises have also been shown to have a positive effect on patients during and after treatment. Regular physical exercise in women treated for cancer is essential and has a significant impact on reducing muscle deficits and the entire skeletal system.

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Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Function and Effects of Early Rehabilitation during Acute Heart Failure: Rationale and Study Design

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/6982897 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kinga Węgrzynowska-Teodorczyk ◽

Agnieszka Siennicka ◽

Krystian Josiak ◽

Robert Zymliński ◽

Monika Kasztura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Acute Heart Failure ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Muscle Function ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Group Versus ◽

The Body ◽

Skeletal Muscle Function ◽

Peripheral Tissues

Background. Acute heart failure (AHF) is associated with disturbances of the peripheral perfusion leading to the dysfunction of many organs. Consequently, an episode of AHF constitutes a “multiple organ failure” which may also affect the skeletal muscles. However, the abnormalities within skeletal muscles during AHF have not been investigated so far. The aim of this project is to comprehensively evaluate skeletal muscles (at a functional and tissue level) during AHF. Methods. The study will include ≥63 consecutive AHF patients who will be randomized into 2 groups: ≥42 with cardiac rehabilitation group versus ≥21 with standard pharmacotherapy alone. The following tests will be conducted on the first and last day of hospitalization, at rest and after exercise, and 30 days following the discharge: clinical evaluation, medical interview, routine physical examination, echocardiography, and laboratory tests (including the assessment of NT-proBNP, inflammatory markers, and parameters reflecting the status of the kidneys and the liver); hemodynamic evaluation, noninvasive determination of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance using the impedance cardiography; evaluation of biomarkers reflecting myocyte damage, immunochemical measurements of tissue-specific enzymatic isoforms; evaluation of skeletal muscle function, using surface electromyography (sEMG) (maximum tonus of the muscles will be determined along with the level of muscular fatigability); evaluation of muscle tissue perfusion, assessed on the basis of the oxygenation level, with noninvasive direct continuous recording of perfusion in peripheral tissues by local tissue oximetry, measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results and Conclusions. Our findings will demonstrate that the muscle tissue is another area of the body which should be taken into consideration in the course of treatment of AHF, requiring a development of targeted therapeutic strategies, such as a properly conducted rehabilitation.

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The Role of GSK-3β in the Regulation of Protein Turnover, Myosin Phenotype, and Oxidative Capacity in Skeletal Muscle under Disuse Conditions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5081

Author(s):

Timur M. Mirzoev ◽

Kristina A. Sharlo ◽

Boris S. Shenkman

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Turnover ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Oxidative Capacity ◽

The Body ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Gsk 3Β

Skeletal muscles, being one of the most abundant tissues in the body, are involved in many vital processes, such as locomotion, posture maintenance, respiration, glucose homeostasis, etc. Hence, the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is crucial for overall health, prevention of various diseases, and contributes to an individual’s quality of life. Prolonged muscle inactivity/disuse (due to limb immobilization, mechanical ventilation, bedrest, spaceflight) represents one of the typical causes, leading to the loss of muscle mass and function. This disuse-induced muscle loss primarily results from repressed protein synthesis and increased proteolysis. Further, prolonged disuse results in slow-to-fast fiber-type transition, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced oxidative capacity. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a key enzyme standing at the crossroads of various signaling pathways regulating a wide range of cellular processes. This review discusses various important roles of GSK-3β in the regulation of protein turnover, myosin phenotype, and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscles under disuse/unloading conditions and subsequent recovery. According to its vital functions, GSK-3β may represent a perspective therapeutic target in the treatment of muscle wasting induced by chronic disuse, aging, and a number of diseases.

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Health Benefits of Endurance Training: Implications of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor—A Systematic Review

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2019/5413067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Włodzimierz Mrówczyński

Keyword(s):

Parkinson Disease ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽

The Body ◽

Motor Deficits ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Brain

This article presents a concept that wide expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors (TrkB) in the nervous tissue, evoked by regular endurance training (ET), can cause numerous motor and metabolic adaptations, which are beneficial for human health. The relationships between the training-evoked increase of endogenous BDNF and molecular and/or physiological adaptations in the nervous structures controlling both motor performance and homeostasis of the whole organism have been presented. Due to a very wide range of plastic changes that ET has exerted on various systems of the body, the improvement of motor skills and counteraction of the development of civilization diseases resulting from the posttraining increase of BDNF/TrkB levels have been discussed, as important for people, who undertake ET. Thus, this report presents the influence of endurance exercises on the (1) transformation of motoneuron properties, which are a final element of the motor pathways, (2) reduction of motor deficits evoked by Parkinson disease, and (3) prevention of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). This review suggests that the increase of posttraining levels of BDNF and its TrkB receptors causes simultaneous changes in the activity of the spinal cord, the substantia nigra, and the hypothalamic nuclei neurons, which are responsible for the alteration of the functional properties of motoneurons innervating the skeletal muscles, for the enhancement of dopamine release in the brain, and for the modulation of hormone levels involved in regulating the metabolic processes, responsively. Finally, training-evoked increase of the BDNF/TrkB leads to a change in a manner of regulation of skeletal muscles, causes a reduction of motor deficits observed in the Parkinson disease, and lowers weight, glucose level, and blood pressure, which accompany the MetS. Therefore, BDNF seems to be the molecular factor of pleiotropic activity, important in the modulation processes, underlying adaptations, which result from ET.

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Treadmill Training Effect on the Myokines Content in Skeletal Muscles of Mice With a Metabolic Disorder Model

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.709039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Nikolaevna Zakharova ◽

Tatiana Alexandrovna Kironenko ◽

Kseniia G. Milovanova ◽

A. A. Orlova ◽

E. Yu Dyakova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Treadmill Training ◽

Dark Phase ◽

Training Time ◽

Training Scheme ◽

Exercise Effect ◽

Almost All

The effect of treadmill training loads on the content of cytokines in mice skeletal muscles with metabolic disorders induced by a 16 week high fat diet (HFD) was studied. The study included accounting the age and biorhythmological aspects. In the experiment, mice were used at the age of 4 and 32 weeks, by the end of the experiment—respectively 20 and 48 weeks. HFD feeding lasted 16 weeks. Treadmill training were carried out for last 4 weeks six times a week, the duration 60 min and the speed from 15 to 18 m/min. Three modes of loading were applied. The first subgroup was subjected to stress in the morning hours (light phase); the second subgroup was subjected to stress in the evening hours (dark phase); the third subgroup was subjected to loads in the shift mode (the first- and third-weeks treadmill training was used in the morning hours, the second and fourth treadmill training was used in the evening hours). In 20-week-old animals, the exercise effect does not depend on the training regime, however, in 48-week-old animals, the decrease in body weight in mice with the shift training regime was more profound. HFD affected muscle myokine levels. The content of all myokines, except for LIF, decreased, while the concentration of CLCX1 decreased only in young animals in response to HFD. The treadmill training caused multidirectional changes in the concentration of myokines in muscle tissue. The IL-6 content changed most profoundly. These changes were observed in all groups of animals. The changes depended to the greatest extent on the training time scheme. The effect of physical activity on the content of IL-15 in the skeletal muscle tissue was observed mostly in 48-week-old mice. In 20-week-old animals, physical activity led to an increase in the concentration of LIF in muscle tissue when applied under the training during the dark phase or shift training scheme. In the HFD group, this effect was significantly more pronounced. The content of CXCL1 did not change with the use of treadmill training in almost all groups of animals. Physical activity, introduced considering circadian rhythms, is a promising way of influencing metabolic processes both at the cellular and systemic levels, which is important for the search for new ways of correcting metabolic disorders.

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