scholarly journals Investigating the influence of pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) seed endocarp on the acidity index of the extracted oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37078
Author(s):  
José Vaz Pinheiro Neto
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Acidity Index ◽  
Sunflower Oils ◽  
Materials Used

Biodiesel is a clean and cyclical energy resource that is derived from animal and/or vegetable fat. As it blends well with petrodiesel, biodiesel is added to Brazilian commercial diesel. The main raw materials used to produce biodiesel in Brazil include soybean, corn, and sunflower oils. However, these are also used for human consumption and hence, have a high market value. Therefore, pinhão manso oil, which exhibits high productivity at low cost, is a promising alternative. However, the high acidity index of this oil results in a low transesterification yield and the produced biofuel does not meet the requirements imposed by the ANP. Thus, this study intends to demonstrate that a large part of the free fatty acids in pinion oil are present in the seed endocarp. For the development of the project, the oil was extracted by hot solvent, using the soxhlet equipment and the hexane solvent, to determine the acidity index, the titration technique was used, the titrant used was sodium hydroxide. So the acidity index of the oil extracted from the seed with its shell is 10.9 mgKOH/g, while the lipid obtained without the shell exhibits a value of 0.95 mgKOH/g, proving the influence of the endocarp.

scholarly journals Materials and Applications for Low-Cost Ceramic Membranes

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanmyrat Abdullayev ◽  
Maged Bekheet ◽  
Dorian Hanaor ◽  
Aleksander Gurlo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

In water treatment applications, the use of ceramic membranes is associated with numerous advantages relative to polymer-based filtration systems. High-temperature stability, fouling resistance, and low maintenance requirements contribute to lower lifecycle costs in such systems. However, the high production costs of most commercially available ceramic membranes, stemming from raw materials and processing, are uneconomical for such systems in most water treatment applications. For this reason, there is a growing demand for new ceramic membranes based on low-cost raw materials and processes. The use of unrefined mineral feedstocks, clays, cement, sands, and ash as the basis for the fabrication of ceramic membranes offers a promising pathway towards the obtainment of effective filtration systems that can be economically implemented in large volumes. The design of effective ceramic filtration membranes based on low-cost raw materials and energy-efficient processes requires a balance of pore structure, mass flow, and robustness, all of which are highly dependent on the composition of materials used, the inclusion of various pore-forming and binding additives, and the thermal treatments to which membranes are subjected. In this review, we present recent developments in materials and processes for the fabrication of low-cost membranes from unrefined raw materials, including clays, zeolites, apatite, waste products, including fly ash and rice husk ash, and cement. We examine multiple aspects of materials design and address the challenges relating to their further development.

scholarly journals Recycled Waste Powders for Alkali-Activated Paving Blocks for Urban Pavements: A Full Laboratory Characterization

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piergiorgio Tataranni
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Laboratory Characterization ◽  
Visual Impact ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Recycled Waste

Paving blocks are today a popular paving solution for urban surfaces. Considering the wide variety of products currently on the market, it is possible to build pavements that differ in terms of functionality, bearing capacity, skid resistance, visual impact, and aesthetic integration with the surrounding landscape. Interlocking concrete paving block is the most common construction technology considering its low cost and its easy installation. Different wastes and second-hand materials have recently been tested in order to completely or partially replace the raw materials used for the production of paving blocks. In this paper, a waste basalt powder is used for the production of alternative paving blocks through the alkali-activation process. Two different synthetic blocks were produced, with and without aggregates. Taking into account the EN 1338 standard for concrete paving blocks, a complete laboratory characterization is proposed for the two experimental blocks. Tests highlighted positive results and downsides that need to be optimized in order to convert the laboratory production to an industrial scale.

scholarly journals Briquetting of Biomass for Low Cost Fuel using Farm Waste, Cow Dung and Cotton Industrial Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 8349-8353
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Industrial Boiler ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Groundnut Shell

The ultimate source of energy for crucial activities like cooking, heating and parboiling process is burning wood and other agricultural products. Due to growing populations utilizing resource of combustible biomass materials will finally result in insufficiency of those materials until certain measures are taken to secure them. It mainly focuses on the minimization of pollution especially land, water and air and to avoid the deforestation mainly for many fuels for burning. The product taken is the by-product, which is obtained from the residue left after letting the cotton industrial waste for reuse. The raw materials used are cassava waste, coconut shell, groundnut shell, cotton waste and cow dung with thirty different mix ratios. The briquettes were made without using any binder. Using hydraulic pressure with UTM given to produce the briquettes are 5.0 kN/cm 2 , 5.6 kN/cm2 and 6.0 kN/cm2 . Good energy content has been obtained when the pressure for producing briquettes at 5.6 kN/cm2 .These briquettes are mainly used for industrial boiler running and cooking purpose.

scholarly journals Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Current Progress

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Sivakumar Rajagopal ◽  
Rameez Pulapparambil Vallikkattil ◽  
M. Mohamed Ibrahim ◽  
Dimiter Georgiev Velev
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Manufacturing Strategy ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Materials Used

For hybrid electric vehicles, supercapacitors are an attractive technology which, when used in conjunction with the batteries as a hybrid system, could solve the shortcomings of the battery. Supercapacitors would allow hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high efficiency and better power control. Supercapacitors possess very good power density. Besides this, their charge-discharge cycling stability and comparatively reasonable cost make them an incredible energy-storing device. The manufacturing strategy and the major parts like electrodes, current collector, binder, separator, and electrolyte define the performance of a supercapacitor. Among these, electrode materials play an important role when it comes to the performance of supercapacitors. They resolve the charge storage in the device and thus decide the capacitance. Porous carbon, conductive polymers, metal hydroxide, and metal oxides, which are some of the usual materials used for the electrodes in the supercapacitors, have some limits when it comes to energy density and stability. Major research in supercapacitors has focused on the design of stable, highly efficient electrodes with low cost. In this review, the most recent electrode materials used in supercapacitors are discussed. The challenges, current progress, and future development of supercapacitors are discussed as well. This study clearly shows that the performance of supercapacitors has increased considerably over the years and this has made them a promising alternative in the energy sector.

scholarly journals Application of Protein-Based Films and Coatings for Food Packaging: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Chen ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Yaohua Cheng ◽  
Chuansheng Wang ◽  
Haichao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Gas Barrier ◽  
Food Packaging Materials ◽  
Gelatin Films ◽  
Materials Used

As the IV generation of packaging, biopolymers, with the advantages of biodegradability, process ability, combination possibilities and no pollution to food, have become the leading food packaging materials. Biopolymers can be directly extracted from biomass, synthesized from bioderived monomers and produced directly by microorganisms which are all abundant and renewable. The raw materials used to produce biopolymers are low-cost, some even coming from agrion dustrial waste. This review summarized the advances in protein-based films and coatings for food packaging. The materials studied to develop protein-based packaging films and coatings can be divided into two classes: plant proteins and animal proteins. Parts of proteins are referred in this review, including plant proteins i.e., gluten, soy proteins and zein, and animal proteins i.e., casein, whey and gelatin. Films and coatings based on these proteins have excellent gas barrier properties and satisfactory mechanical properties. However, the hydrophilicity of proteins makes the protein-based films present poor water barrier characteristics. The application of plasticizers and the corresponding post-treatments can make the properties of the protein-based films and coatings improved. The addition of active compounds into protein-based films can effectively inhibit or delay the growth of microorganisms and the oxidation of lipids. The review also summarized the research about the storage requirements of various foods that can provide corresponding guidance for the preparation of food packaging materials. Numerous application examples of protein-based films and coatings in food packaging also confirm their important role in food packaging materials.

Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels

2005 ◽  
Vol 500-501 ◽  
pp. 471-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Korchynsky
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Microalloyed Steels ◽  
Thin Slab Casting ◽  
Steel Consumption ◽  
Materials Used

The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.

Pembuatan Rumah Pangan Lestari di Desa Midang Making of Sustainable Food Houses in Midang Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Fahruddin Fahruddin ◽  
Fortuna Syahna Syaqillah
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Local People ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Village

Food is anything that comes from biological sources and water, either processed or unprocessed, which is intended as food or drink for human consumption. This includes food additives, food raw materials, and other materials used in the preparation, processing and or manufacture of food or beverages. This food is very attached to the theme we are currently taking, namely "Sustainable Food Homes. Just like the theme we took, we finally built a sustainable food house in Midang Hamlet, Midang Village, Gunung Sari District. In making sustainable food houses, we are also assisted by local residents ranging from men or women, both young and old. We obtained land in Midang Hamlet which is also one of the lands leased by the village to be managed by POKDARWIS (Tourism Awareness Group). The purpose of making this sustainable food house is to optimize the existing land as a place for providing food for the local community. So that people can consume vegetables and some other food for free, easy and close. In addition to the POKDARWIS area, we also socialize with local people to take advantage of their respective yards. Besides being able to optimize their house yards, they can also save more for certain costs. Sambal builds a sustainable food house and does not forget that we also do counseling or presentations on plant care, nurseries and so on. So that local residents have knowledge about plant care and do not forget we also invite residents to carry out joint planting and distribution of planting seeds that they shared previously so that they can be taken home and cared for privately in their respective homes.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE USE OF GLYCERIN AND SODIUM SILICATE IN WATER-BASED DRILLING FLUID

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Francisco de A. Ribeiro Filho ◽  
Fernando B. Mainier ◽  
Luciane P. Costa Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Better Than

Glycerin is a by-product of the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil to produce biodiesel. Glycerin production has increased as the number of biodiesel industries has grown. With features such as water solubility, low cost, and non-toxicity, it is a good substance for water-based drilling fluid formulations with less environmental contamination. The experiments were conducted using a drilling fluid commonly used in Brazil and were compared with glycerin additions at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20% by volume. Considering that as a result of the raw materials used, the biodiesel production routes produce a contaminated glycerin, it was decided to use a bi-distilled glycerin. In addition, sodium silicate, which uses industrial water or seawater, was added as a corrosion inhibitor due to its good performance and environmental non-toxicity. The sodium silicate was effective in combating corrosion without interfering with the fluid properties. The values of plastic viscosity, yield point, L3 (reading 3 rpm), and gel strength, mostly presented results equal to or better than the original formulation of the fluid used as a comparison.

scholarly journals RISIKO MENDERITA KANKER DAN NON KANKER PADA PEKERJA TERPAPAR BENZENA DI HOME INDUSTRYSEPATU KELURAHAN TAMBAK OSO WILANGUN SURABAYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Fahrudhi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoe Industry ◽  
A Value ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Materials Used

 Work to make the shoes is a job that has a risk of harm. Equipment used in the production process such as electric heating machine / fire (oven), glue, nails and a hammer. raw materials made of fabrics, synthetic leather or plastic materials. For the gluing process uses two types of glue that glue Brands Pro ARdico yellow, white glue and glue LK brand PU-Weber, DS-DNS Bond 818. Of the various equipment and materials used, the chemicals in the manufacturing process of shoes is one of the dangers presented high. The use of chemicals can damage the health of the craftsmen shoes one of them contained in the use of glue. The general objective of this study was to analyze the level of risks to health from exposure to benzene in shoe craftsman worker. This study is an observational study conducted in the shoe industry craftsmen village Tambak Oso Wilangon Surabaya. Meanwhile, in terms of time, the type of approach used in this study is cross-sectional design of the study design using risk analysis paradigm by taking one of the other, its components, namely a risk assessment / risk assessment. The concentration of benzene measured has a value of at least 0:04 mg / m3 and a maximum of 7.44 mg / m3. The calculation result obtained RQ RQ ≤ 1 of 8 people (40%) and RQ> 1 as many as 13 people (60%) and the calculation of the ECR obtained all workers with ECR value> 10-5 as many as 20 people (100%). The conclusion from this study is there risk to workers' health effects Noncarcinogenic and all employees at risk for health effects carcinogenic.Keywords: Risk, glue, gasoline, Benzene, RQ, ECR

SIFAT MEKANIK PAPAN GYPSUM DARI SERBUK LIMBAH KAYU NON KOMERSIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saibatul Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Gypsum Board ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Sawn Timber ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Artocarpus Elasticus ◽  
Ficus Glomerata

The purpose of this research is to know the mechanical strength of gypsum board by utilizing waste sawn wood. Raw materials used consist of flour, gypsum,wood particles, boraks and kambang (Goniothalamus sp), wood tarap (Artocarpus elasticus REINW) and lua (Ficus glomerata ROXB). Wood particle 40 mesh and 60 mesh, concentrations boraks of 1 and 2 and the percentage particles of gypsum sawn timber is 300, 400 and 500%. The results showed that the average value Modulus of Rufture (MoR) in lua wood ranges from 12.55 – 14,47 kgcm2, wood kambang 25.10-31,11 kgcm2 and wood tarap 19.20- 24,18 kgcm2. As for Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) on the lua 1129,80- 2092,70 kgcm2, wood kambang 2512,37-3971,32 kgcm2 and tarap 2050,63-2691,09 kgcm2. Gypsum board are mechanical properties do not meet quality standards created SNI 03-6434-2000.Keywords: sawdust, lua, kambang, tarap, gypsum, mechanical

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document