Bioenergetic Assessment and Economic Efficiency of  Predecessors and Fertilizer Systems in the Cultivation of Winter Wheat

The influence of a type of crop rotation, the predecessor and various doses of mineral fertilizers on the yield of winter wheat was examined. The studies were conducted at the North Kuban Agricultural Experimental Station in two 10-field rotations – grain tillage and grain-grass tillage – in the course of a prolonged stationary experiment. The soil was ordinary chernozem, low in humus, deep, with the humus content in the arable (0-30 cm) soil layer equaling to 3.95-4.00% depending on the nutrient status, the content of mineral nitrogen equaling to 5.9-8.3 mg/kg of soil, and the content of exchangeable potassium equaling to 330-360 mg/kg of soil.It has been established that from the point of view of bioenergetic and economic efficiency, the most favorable predecessors for cultivation of winter wheat should be considered sainfoin and winter wheat, and for the rotation of sainfoin – peas. Maize harvested for grain and sugar beet are more time-consuming and energy-consuming tillage predecessors. Among the applied fertilizer systems, the best economic and bioenergetic indicators were obtained by using medium and higher doses of complete mineral fertilizer.

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Weediness and yield of winter wheat depending on the basic elements of farming system

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20201700144 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 00144

Author(s):

V. G. Kutilkin ◽

S.N. Zudilin ◽

S. N. Shevchenko

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Humus Content ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Farming System ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Ordinary Chernozem ◽

Weed Species ◽

Organic Mineral ◽

Fertilizer System

Through the period of 1977–2018, studies were conducted on three experimental fields of the Samara State Agricultural Academy with the purpose of studying the influence of the basic elements of the farming system on the weediness and the yield of winter wheat. Experimental schemes included the following options: the type of fallow in the crop rotation (black, seeded and green-manured), fertilizer systems (organic-mineral recommended, organic-mineral intensive and organic) and various methods and depths of soil tillage of fallow lands. Observations and surveys were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The soil of the plots was ordinary chernozem and typical medium-thick loamy chernozem (humus content was from 6.0 to 8.3 %, mobile phosphorus was from 90 to 155 mg/kg, exchange potassium was from 129 to 190 mg/kg, pHsalt was from 6.3 to 6.8). Replacing black fallow with seeded or green-manured fallow increased the weediness of crops 1.4–1.6 times and reduces the yield of winter wheat by 0.29–1.03 t/ha. Organic fertilizer systems significantly changed the weed species compositions and contributed to an increase in the number of perennials by a factor of 3.0, and their masses by a factor of 1.3–1.4 in comparison with organic-mineral fertilizer system. Organic-mineral fertilizer systems did not have a significant effect on the yield of winter wheat. The organic fertilizer system led to a slight (0.26–0.31 t/ha) grain shortage compared with organic-mineral. The methods and depths of soil tillage did not have a practically significant effect on the weediness and yield of winter wheat.

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Fertility of Leached Chernozem and Productivity of Winter Wheat Depending on Fertilizers in a Forest-steppe Zone

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v4i14.5627 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

T.K. Lazarov ◽

S.Kh. Dzanagov ◽

A.V. Gazdanov ◽

A.E. Basiev ◽

Z.T. Kanukov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Humus Content ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Steppe Zone ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Leached Chernozem ◽

Relative Stabilization

The study revealed optimum doses, NPK combinations, terms and methods of fertilizer application, which provides for highly efficient use of nutrients thus maintaining the fertility of soils, high efficiency and high quality of winter wheat grains. The application of some mineral fertilizers was followed by some decrease (trend) of humus content in relation to control samples. The option manure+NPK was characterized by relative stabilization of humus condition of soil, and concerning the average humus content this option exceeded the control one by 0.32 %. Fertilizers clearly improved the nutrient status of leached chernozem under winter wheat enriching its 0–40 cm layer with mobile nitrogen (NН4+ and NO3−), phosphorus and potassium respectively by 6.0–9.2; 3.2–9.4; 9.3–36.7 and 21.5–32.8 mg/kg of soil on average per vegetation. Options with high doses of mineral fertilizers were characterized by the largest content. The application of fertilizers under winter wheat in N50−150P40−120K40−120 doses increased grain yield from 0.22 to 2.32 t/ha (6.9–72.5 %). The estimated option was the best.

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Number of ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms depending on technology of winter wheat cultivation on ordinary chernozem of the Central Caucasus

South of Russia ecology development ◽

10.18470/1992-1098-2021-2-55-64 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 55-64

Author(s):

E. A. Menkina ◽

N. N. Shapovalovа ◽

A. A. Voropayeva

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Ordinary Chernozem ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Self Healing ◽

Trophic Groups ◽

Number Of Microorganisms ◽

Central Caucasus

Aim. To study the influence of cultivation technology on the number of ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and the yield of winter wheat on the common chernozem of the Central Caucasus.Material and Methods. The number of microorganisms was determined by counting colonies on dense nutrient media according to generally accepted methods.Results. The number of microorganisms that transform organic and mineral forms of nitrogen and soil yeast was determined, depending on meteorological conditions, soil cultivation and fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers had the most significant effect on the activity of the soil microbiota. In years of varying moisture availability, fertilizers improved the nutrient regime of the soil, which contributed to increased plant development, microflora activity and increased winter wheat yield. In both the technologies applied, the largest number of all groups of microorganisms studied was observed when applying a complete mineral fertilizer -N52P52K52 .This dose of fertilizer also provided the highest yield of winter wheat - 6.07-6.33 t/ha. With a balanced plant nutrition regime (N52P52K52), the processes of decomposition and mineralization of plant residues proceeded at the same rate in both technologies. At the same time, without the use of fertilizers, the total activity of microorganisms in the no-till technology exceeded the minimum technology by 23.4х105 columnforming units, which indicates the beginning of the process of self-healing of the soil in the third year after the transition to direct sowing of crops.Conclusion. The number of microorganisms is one of the most sensitive indicators of the direction of complex biochemical processes, allowing us to assess the combined influence of all factors on the overall state of the soil microbiocenosis.

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Influence of methods and rates of fertilizer application on winter wheat productivity by direct seeding on ordinary chernozem

Scientific Journal of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems ◽

10.31774/2222-1816-2021-11-1-211-225 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

N. N. Shapovalova ◽

◽

A. A. Voropaeva ◽

Ye. I. Godunova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Ordinary Chernozem ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

North Caucasus ◽

No Till ◽

Direct Sowing ◽

Methods Of Application

Purpose: to study the influence of methods and rates of mineral fertilizers on the winter wheat yield and grain quality by direct sowing on corn on ordinary chernozem under conditions of unstable moisture in Stavropol Territory. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in 2014–2019 in a three-factor experiment in the fields of the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agrarian Center. We studied the effect of pre-sowing fertilization and nitrogen fertilization (N52) on wheat productivity with two tillage technologies: with the recommended tillage system and with direct sowing (No-Till). Pre-sowing fertilization options: 1) without fertilizers; 2) N6P26; 3) N12P52; 4) N24P104; 5) N52P52; 6) N52P52K52; 7) N52; 8) N104P52K52. Results. Direct sowing had an advantage over the recommended technology in the reserves of productive moisture in the soil layer of 0–100 cm during the sowing period. In the No-Till technology, the average yield increase from pre-sowing fertilizer was within 0.78–3.02 t/ha (28–109 %), from nitrogen fertilization it was 0.55–1.85 t/ha (15–48 %) and when both methods of application are combined – 1.47–4.02 t/ha (53–145 %). The highest and most stable increments over the years (3.07–4.56 t/ha, or 101–219 % to the control) were obtained when using the maximum rate of pre-sowing fertilizer with nitrogen fertilization – N104P52K52 + N52. The increase in grain yield per unit of active fertilizer substance was 15.5 kg. Mass fraction of crude gluten in grain exceeded the control by 3.0–7.9 %. The application of this fertilizer dose helped to equalize the yield between technologies. Conclusions. The results showed that in order to obtain the greatest agronomic effect in the third year of direct sowing of winter wheat on maize, the predominant application of nitrogen fertilizer in a total dose exceeding the dose of phosphorus and potassium by 2–3 times is required. Correctly selected methods of application and fertilizers rates prevent a decrease in wheat yield when switching from the recommended tillage technology to direct sowing.

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Selection of drought-resistant crops for South Steppe of Ukraine

The Scientific Journal Grain Crops ◽

10.31867/2523-4544/0153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 13-22

Author(s):

V. V. Gamayunova ◽

L. H. Khonenko ◽

M. I. Fedorchuk ◽

O. A. Kovalenko

Keyword(s):

Humus Content ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growing Season ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Chemical Application ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Drought Resistant

The cultivation expediency of more drought-resistant crops, in particular sorghum, millet, false flax, safflower and others, instead of sunflower in the area of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine is substantiated. This is, first of all, required by climate change both in Ukraine and in the world. Since 2004, researches of field crops were carried out in the conditions of the Educational and Scientific Practical Center of the Mykolaiv National Agrarian University. Soil phase is the southern chernozem with humus content in the 0–30 cm soil layer which consist of 2.96–3.21 %, with medium and high level of availability of mobile phosphorus and potassium and low – mobile nitrogen. Experiments with soriz (Oksamyt hybrid) were conducted during 2004–2006, millet (Tavriiske, Kostantynivske, Skhidnevarieties) in 2008–2010, grain sorghum (Stepovyi 5 hybrid) in 2014–2016, safflower dye (Lahidnyi variety) in 2017–2019. The years of research differed significantly in temperature and even more in the amount of precipitation before sowing and during the growing season of crops. However, the weather conditions were typical of the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine. It is established that all studied drought-resistant crops respond positively to nutrition optimization – the level of yield and quality of grain or seeds increases. It was found that the soriz productivity depending on the application of fertilizers and sowing dates increased by 37.6–39.2 %, millet –by 33.3–41.6 %, grain sorghum depending on the background of nutrition and growing conditions – by 8.2–33.2 %, dye safflower – by 11.1–64.6 %. It was determined that the optimization of nutrition of cultivated crops allows to increase their resistance to adverse conditions and productivity in the case of application of low doses of the mineral fertilizers before sowing, pre-sowing treatment of seeds, and growth-regulating chemical application of plants on the main stages of the growing season. Key words: drought-resistant plants, climatic conditions, nutrition optimization, yield, crop quality, varieties, sowing dates.

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Scientific bases of the humus stabilization in ordinary chernozem in Russia

Polish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.17951/pjss.2019.52.1.113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Oleg Goryanin ◽

Anatoly Chichkin ◽

Baurzhan Dzhangabaev ◽

Elena Shcherbinina

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Humus Content ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Ordinary Chernozem ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Middle Volga Region

<p>The influence of long-term use of mineral and organic fertilizers, crop rotations, plant residues, soil treatment systems on humus content of common chernozems and stabilization of productivity of field crops in the arid conditions of the Middle Volga region is considered on the example of researches in the Samara area. The zone climate of field experiments is characterized as extremely continental. The sum of the active temperatures (above 10°C) is 2,800-3,000°C. The average annual rainfall is 454.1 mm with fluctuations over the years from 187.5 mm to 704.6 mm. At some years, precipitation does not happen within a month or more. Hydrothermal index in May-August is 0,7, the duration of the frost-free period is 149 days. If the humus content in the region is 4.35-4.52%, then, it is necessary to introduce 6.7-8.0 t/ha of manure per year to maintain the balance of the deficit. The introduction of biological methods for the conservation and reproduction of soil fertility (green fertilizers, perennial grasses, straw as fertilizer) reduces the loss of humus by 0.15-0.24 t/ha. This makes it possible to increase the payback of mineral fertilizers, which must be taken into account when developing fertility reproduction systems for soils. In the variants with minimal and differentiated cultivation of the soil during crop rotation in 30 years of the study, the loss of humus in the 0-30 cm layer decreased by 0.04 - 0.73% (43-789 kg per year with maximum values in the combination of direct seeding of spring crops with deep loosening for a number of crop rotations is 4.14%, significantly exceeding the control (by 0.54%). The decrease in soil fertility in the variants with constant plowing and minimal tillage contributed to an increase in the conjugation of productivity of crops with humus. Based on the research, in order to preserve the fertility of the soil of ordinary chernozem, it is necessary to use green fertilizer, leguminous perennial grasses. In the regional rotations of crop production, new generation technologies are recommended, the basis of which is differentiated tillage with the use of crushed straw as fertilizer.</p>

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INFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF PROCESSING LIGHT-GRAY FOREST SOILS ON THE CLOVER LAYER OF THE FIRST YEAR OF USE ON THE YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT OF « MOSKOVSKAYA 39 VARIETY» IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION

Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy ◽

10.18286/1816-4501-2020-4-41-48 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Е. V. Mikhalev ◽

◽

N.А. Borisov ◽

N. А. Mineeva ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

First Year ◽

Traditional Technology ◽

No Till ◽

Wheat Cultivation ◽

Winter Wheat Yield

The research aim is to identify the most energy-saving and cost-effective technology for winter wheat cultivation. The maximum moisture content of soil was recorded when it was processed using Mini-till technology – from 17.2% to 17.9%, and the lowest - with traditional technology – from 15.7% to 16.4%. The lowest soil density with traditional winter wheat technology is both on the background with fertilizer (1.18%) and on the background without fertilizer (1.21%). The lowest contamination of crops with traditional technology without mineral fertilizers (42 pcs/м2). With the Mini-till technology, the total blockage increased to 51pcs/м2, and with the No-till technology, it was maximum- 128 pcs/м2. Against the mineral fertilizers, the same tendency of total blockage-from – from 40 pcs/м2 to 132 pcs/м2, respectively. With No-till technology, the total plant damage increased from 17.0 % to 14.6 %, with traditional treatment – from 12.4% to 10.1%, and with Mini-till technology-from 12.7% to 9.6%. The yield of winter wheat when using traditional plowing against the background of mineral fertilizer is 3.59 t / ha, and against the background without mineral fertilizer – 2.24 t / ha. The yield of Mini-till technology for mineral background is 3.13 t / ha, and without fertilizers-1.81 t / ha. With the No-till technology, the winter wheat yield is 1.69 t/ha, and without fertilizers – 1.11 t/ha. The highest level of profitability with Mini-till technology against the background of mineral fertilizers-73.2%.

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Crop rotation yield depending on from the receptions of biologization

Agrarian science ◽

10.32634/0869-8155-2021-344-1-121-124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 344 (1) ◽

pp. 121-124

Author(s):

E. V. Seminchenko

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Humus Content ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Negative Balance ◽

Pure Steam

Among the methods of cultivation that increase the productivity of crops, a prominent role is assigned to crop rotation. In a properly constructed crop rotation, the efficiency of all agrotechnical methods aimed at improving the use of land increases, the biological needs of crops are satisfied, the rational use of technology is achieved, and the cost of production is reduced [1]. The soils are low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorus and high in potassium. The humus content is 1.2–2.0%, pH = 7–8. Studies have shown that green manure (sweet clover, oats, phacelia) have a positive effect on the balance of organic matter. The negative balance of organic matter is noted for pure steam. The stock of productive moisture in the 0–0.3 cm soil layer varied from 4.1 to 29.5 mm for winter wheat, 28.1–32.7 mm for chickpea and 28–35.3 mm for spring barley, depending on the weather conditions. conditions and methods of biologization. On average, over three years, the highest yield was in winter wheat for a busy fallow (phacelia) and amounted to 1.0 t/ha, which depended on weather conditions. A reliable correlation was revealed for the factors of yield-precipitation; temperature; batteries, etc.

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Theoretical justification of the main parameters of the coulter group of the sod seeder for strip sowing

Agricultural science Euro-North-East ◽

10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.3.321-331 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 321-331

Author(s):

V. A. Sysuev ◽

S. L. Demshin ◽

D. A. Cheremisinov ◽

M. S. Doronin

Keyword(s):

Soil Layer ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Theoretical Research ◽

Design Stage ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Theoretical Justification ◽

Torsion Spring ◽

Operating Modes ◽

Working Bodies ◽

Compact Design

Increasing the efficiency of direct strip sowing of grass seeds by means of seeders with active furrow openers is possible when seed and fertilizer working bodies are removed from the zone of operation of disk milling cutters. A structural and technological scheme of the coulter group of the sod seeder for strip sowing is proposed, which consists of a milling furrow opener, fertilizer and seed coulters mounted on leashes in the form of torsion spring trailers, and a rolling roller. To ensure high quality multilevel sowing of grass seeds and granules of mineral fertilizers, it is necessary at the design stage to determine the length of the fertilizer coulter sides, which prevent premature shedding of soil from the furrow walls until the mineral fertilizer granules reach the bottom of the furrow, and the minimum allowable distance between the fertilizer and seed coulters, which allows to cover the granules of mineral fertilizers with soil completely while maintaining the compact design of the coulter group. In the course of theoretical research, mathematical dependences were obtained to determine the rational parameters and operating modes of the coulter group of the proposed design, which will ensure a minimum spread of mineral fertilizer granules over the depth of incorporation and a high stability of the soil layer thickness between mineral fertilizer granules and grass seeds. Rational parameters of the coulter group of the proposed design are determined for the range of operating speeds of the sod seeder for strip sowing: angle at the apex of the shank fertilizer coulter in the horizontal plane is 15-20º, the length of the fertilizer coulter sides is 0.040-0.045 m, the width of the fertilizer coulter bell is 0.02 m, minimum permissible distance between the fertilizer and seed coulters is 0.14-0.16 м.

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METALLURGICAL PRODUCTION SLAGS – PROMISING MATERIAL FOR TECHNOLOGICAL WASTE RECLAMATION

Izvestiya Ferrous Metallurgy ◽

10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-987-992 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (12) ◽

pp. 987-992

Author(s):

I. P. Belanov ◽

N. B. Naumova ◽

I. S. Semina ◽

O. A. Savenkov

Keyword(s):

Blast Furnace ◽

Electric Furnace ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Toxic Waste ◽

Plant Production ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Aboveground Phytomass ◽

Perennial Plants ◽

Fertile Soil

The article describes results of the microplot field trial to investigate potential use of metallurgical slags for fracture of capillary rim during reclamation of toxic waste dumping areas, such as enrichment plants tailings, solid waste dumps, etc., with minimal possible introduction of fertile soil layer. Such approach allows energy-effective utilization of metallurgical wastes. Four slags, produced at EVRAZ West Siberian plant by different technologies were used: white nonferrous, blast-furnace, converter and electric furnace slags. These slags were used as an inert material, underlying thin fertile soil layer in experimental microplots, where perennial plants (legume-grass mixture) were sawn. For each slag there was check variant (no fertilizer added), and variants with potassium humic agents, and their combination as mineral fertilizers. Aboveground phytomass at the end of the grow ing season varied from 17 to128 g/m2. Converter and blast furnace slags, which had the least phytotoxicity, appeared to be better inert materials. Mineral fertilizer, introduced itself and combined with humic agents, has increased aboveground phytomass 2 – 4 times as compared with check variant. Used separately, humic agent did not affect plant production, whereas used together with mineral fertilizer, it increased phytomass 1.6 – 1.8 times. Thus combined introduction of mineral fertilizer and humic agents is recommended to stimulate germination abilit y and phytomass production. Converter and blast furnace slags can be used as inert materials for reclamation with minimal fertile soil layer application, whereas white non-ferrous and electric furnace slags are not recommended for such application due to their high phytotoxicity, negatively affecting growth and development of perennial plants, used for reclamation.

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