scholarly journals Proving Peaceful Islam through the Application of Al-'Illat Wa Al-Ma'lûl Approach in Reading Qur’anic Verses of War (Interpretation of Q.2: 190-194 and Q.9: 5-15)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Iftitah Jafar ◽  
Mudzhira Nur Amrullah
Keyword(s):  
System Approach ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Crucial Problem ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Violent Action ◽  
Old Men

This paper will prove Islam as a religion of peace by using al-illat wa al-ma'lûl approach in reading Qur’anic verses of war. Qur’anic verses of war have been a crucial problem in interfaith relation. Non-Muslims used such verses as a weapon to label Islam as a violent religion. Moreover, some terrorists justified their violent action with verses of war. However, Muslims insist that such verses basically do not express violence especially if they are properly understood. Radical understanding of Qur’anic texts is partly caused by the approach that exegetes use. Apart from the approach is the use of literal translation and atomistic approach. Atomistic approach suggests the readers to split a verse and treat it separately without relating it to other parts of the verse. Moreover, it does not pay a specific attention to the historical context of the texts (asbȃb al-nuzȗl). In addition, it neglects the correlation of the verses (munᾱsaba). Some approaches have contributed to the problem includes: 1. System approach, 2. Esoteric interpretation approach, and 3. Historic-contextual approach. However, these three approaches did not solve the problem. Therefore, the writer introduces al-illat wa al-ma'lûl approach. The research question is how to prove Islam as a religion of peace by implementing al-‘illat wa al-ma‘lȗl approach in understanding Qur’anic verses of war? Methodologically, this approach was adopted from the concept of cause and effect in various studies, specifically: Physics, History, Philosophy, Communication as well as Islamic studies, especially: Uṣȗl al-Fiqh, Ḥadȋth and Tafsȋr. The approach runs through 4 steps: 1. Literal analysis of key words, especially "qᾱtil," in Q.2:190-194 and Q.9:5-15. 2. Analyzing macro context of revelation (asbȃb al-nuzȗl al-‘ȃmm) and the micro context of the texts (asbȃb al-nuzȗl al-khȃṣs). 3. Analyzing the correlation of the verse internally and externally. 4. Determine which part of the verse is the cause (al-‘illat) and which one is the effect (al-ma‘lûl). It also determines which verses function as a cause and which ones function as an effect. The result of study shows that: 1. The order to fight unbelievers has been preceded by a cause that unbelievers have declared war. 3. The order to fight idolaters wherever they found them is issued when the war is raging and in certain places and in certain time. 4. The command to fight is upright on a noble purpose namely justice, liberation and self-defense. This command to fight is based on the real condition of Muslims whom were oppressed, persecuted, tortured and expelled. This war is also upright on the ethics of war, such as not killing old men, women and children, not destroying houses of worship, and plantations. To conclude, all command to fight for Muslim is a consequence of the previous events as a cause. Therefore, Islam is a peaceful religion it is a defensive and not aggressive or offensive religion.

Dynamics of The Study of The Quran in Indonesia: Language and Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fajri
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
Textual Approach ◽  
Linguistic Aspect ◽  
National Languages ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

<p>This paper describes the development of the study of the Quran in Indonesia. Through historical-analytical approach, it shows that since the arrival of Islam in Indonesia, the study of the Quran has always been developing. They were starting from oral translation until the birth of interpretive products with various dynamics in them. The research question is, what are the forms of the dynamics of the study of the Quran in Indonesia. This study shows that the study of the Quran in Indonesia is moving dynamically, especially in terms of language characters and paradigms. The languages and characters used vary, ranging from Arabic and Arabic script to local-national languages and scripts (Indonesian and Latin characters), such as <em>jawi, lontara</em>, and <em>pegon</em>. Furthermore, the paradigm is also dynamic, such as textual and contextual approaches. The textual approach has characteristics dealing with the linguistic area and historical context of the Quran, not touching the context in which the Quranic verse is studied. Then the contextual approach, which is not only a linguistic aspect but also pays attention to the context both when the Quran was revealed and the context in which the Quran lives, to see the universal meaning of the Quran. In Indonesia, contextual approaches have started in the reformative or modern-contemporary era, at the end of the 20th century AD, and have developed until now<em>.</em></p><p><em>Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang perkembangan kajian </em><em>a</em><em>l</em><em> </em><em>Quran di Indonesia. Melalui pendekatan historis-analitis</em><em> </em><em>dapat diketahui bahwa s</em><em>ejak masuknya Islam ke Indonesia, kajian al Quran selalu mengalami perkembangan. Berawal dari terjemahan secara lisan, hingga lahirnya produk-produk tafsir dengan berbagai dinamika di dalamnya. Pertanyaan yang ingin dijawab dalam penelitian ini adalah terkait apa saja bentuk dinamika kajian al Quran yang terjadi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kajian al Quran di Indonesia bergerak dinamis, terutama dalam aspek bahasa-aksara dan paradigma.  Bahasa dan aksara yang dipakai beragam, mulai dari bahasa dan aksara Arab sampai pada bahasa dan aksara lokal-nasional (bahasa Indonesia dan aksara latin), seperti aksara jawi, lontara, dan pegon. Sedangkan paradigmapun juga dinamis, yaitu pendekatan tekstual dan kontekstual.  Pendekatan tekstual memiliki karaktersitik berkutat pada wilayah linguistik dan konteks sejarah al Quran, tidak menyinggung konteks di mana ayat al Quran itu dikaji. Kemudian pendekatan kontekstual yang tidak hanya aspek linguistiknya saja, tetapi juga memerhatikan konteks saat al Quran itu diturunkan maupun konteks dimana al Quran itu hidup  untuk melihat makna universal al Quran. </em><em>Di I</em><em>ndonesia, Pendekataan kontekstual sudah mulai terjadi di era reformatif atau modern-kontemporer</em><em>, </em><em>akhir abad ke-20 M</em><em> dan berkembang sampai sekarang.</em></p>

Historical Perspectives on Diverse Asian American Communities: Immigration, Incorporation, and Education

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Susan J. Paik ◽  
Stacy M. Kula ◽  
L. Erika Saito ◽  
Zaynah Rahman ◽  
Matthew A. Witenstein
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Immigrant Experiences ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

Background/Context Asian Americans have recently been reported as the largest incoming immigrant population and the fastest growing racial group. Diverse in culture, tradition, language, and history, they have unique immigrant stories both before and after the Immigration Act in 1965. Historians, sociologists, educators, and other experts inform us that immigrant arrival into a new country has long-standing effects for any cultural group, but there is limited research that collectively and systematically examines historical immigrant experiences, particularly for diverse Asian American populations. Purpose The purpose of this analytic study is to provide a survey of the historical context experienced by diverse Asian American groups and to link these variations to their current educational outcomes. Based on an adapted model of incorporation, the article analyzes the historical experiences into a taxonomy to understand past and present trends. The research question under consideration is: “How do historical experiences of diverse Asian American immigrant populations link to their current educational outcomes?” Research Design The study design employed a historical analysis based on a taxonomy, which helps classify and systematically organize information to understand patterns and themes. To apply the adapted model across the subgroups of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian major groups, the authors gathered, reviewed, and systematically organized over 100 sources (e.g., literature review, census data, websites, other historical information, etc.). Findings/Results The findings illustrate the diversity that exists within and between Asian American groups in terms of their immigration, incorporation, and educational experiences. The modes of incorporation, as well as additional barriers and opportunities, varied across all Asian American communities. There is further need to disaggregate data as some groups experienced more barriers than opportunities and continue to struggle in the United States. Conclusions/Recommendations Historical contexts can help inform educators, policy makers, and researchers on ways to support Asian American students and their families. In understanding upward mobility, the nature of co-ethnic communities also played a role for the success of some groups. This study challenges the model minority stereotype by discussing the diversity that exists within and between Asian American groups and reveals how key stakeholders can work together to support positive opportunity structures and partnerships.

scholarly journals Islam, HAM, dan Diskriminasi: Reinterpretasi Hadis-Hadis Kepemimpinan secara Kontekstual

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syachrofi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Islamic View

This paper discusses one of the humanitarian problems that still often occurs today, discrimination. Discrimination is not only contrary to human rights but also contrary to the Islamic view which is raḥmah fī al-‘ālamīn. But, in fact, Islam is always suspected as a religion that teaches various forms of discriminatory treatment. The accusation is based on Islamic religious texts which narratively teach discrimination. I find that there are two hadiths that are discriminatory about electing leaders. The first hadith is about having to elect a leader from the Quraysh clan. The second hadith is about the prohibition for women to be a leader. Textually, these hadiths are quite problematic because they contain the narration of racial-ethnic discrimination and gender discrimination. Therefore, in this article, I attempt to reinterpret these hadiths by using a contextual approach by analyzing the language and socio-historical context. My conclusion is that these hadiths were stated by the Prophet Muhammad in temporary cases. Substantially, these hadiths contain the significances that are relevant today.

scholarly journals Women’s Security using Wrist Band

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 1892-1894
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Police Station ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Alert Message ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Knock Sensor ◽  
Sensor Temperature ◽  
Day By Day

Nowadays, women and children safety is a prime issue of our society. The count of the victim is increasing day by day. In this paper, we are proposing a model which will develop a self defense system especially for women to ensure the safety and to protect themselves from present day physical harassments. We have used different sensors like the knock sensor, temperature sensor, 3-axis accelerometer. We have also used GPS which will help to detect the location of the device. GSM used in the model is used to send the alert message to predefined number, police station. We have proposed embedded microcontroller based device ARDUINO which will help to continuously monitor values of different sensors and GPS used in the device.

SENI KONTEMPORER BETAWI DI PESANGGRAHAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Indah Dwi Allanis ◽  
Mieke Choandi
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Public Area ◽  
Building Designs ◽  
Contemporary Architecture

Art and culture are one of the character that can build nation civilization. Betawi culture’s existence is included in traditional art as one of Indonesia’s cultural asset. Generally art is stated as human’s soul expression to beauty. To betawi people art is materialized in many forms like litearture, music, dance, self-defense and theatre. But the missing of interactive public space based on modern technology, that culture slowly will replaced with modern era.Betawi Contemporary Art in Pesanggrahan uses a contextual approach which examines four contextual parameters (culture, nature, urban, and physical buildings) and has an edutainment program. Where Edutainment is a new innovation to develop Betawi culture by combining education, entertainment and incorporating contemporary architecture in building designs to add architourism to the Pesanggrahan area. The concept of a new experience is to enjoy a culture with different media and provide a public space that can be used to interact and relax. Keywords: Architourism; culture; art; contemporary; public area AbstrakKesenian dan budaya merupakan salah satu karakter yang bisa membangun peradaban bangsa. Keberadaan budaya Betawi termasuk kesenian tradisional yang merupakan salah satu aset budaya Indonesia. Umumnya kesenian dinyatakan sebagai ekspresi jiwa manusia akan keindahan. Pada masyarakat Betawi kesenian terwujud dalam bermacam-macam bentuk seperti seni sastra, seni musik, seni tari, seni main pukulan (seni bela diri) dan seni teater. Namun tidak adanya wadah ruang publik yang interaktif berdasarkan teknologi modern membuat budaya tersebut lambat laun akan tergeser dengan era modern. Betawi Contemporary Art in Pesanggrahan menggunakan metode pendekatan kontekstual yang mengkaji empat parameter kontekstual (budaya, alam, urban, dan fisik bangunan) dan memiliki program edutainment. Dimana Edutainment sebagai inovasi baru untuk mengembangkan budaya Betawi dengan menggabungkan education, entertainment dan menggabungkan arsitektur kontemporer pada desain bangunan agar menambahkan Architourism pada Kawasan Pesanggrahan. Konsep pengalaman baru untuk menikmati sebuah budaya dengan media yang berbeda-beda dan memberikan ruang publik yang dapat di pergunakan untuk berinteraksi dan bersantai.

The termination of coalitions in Belgium

Res Publica ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Kris Deschouwer
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Coalition Formation ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
International Context ◽  
Limited Life

Coalitions have a limited life-span. There has been quite some research on the duration of coalitions and on the factors explaining variations in duration. But there is so far no solid theory on the mechanics of the termination of coalitions.This article gives an overview of the mechanics of termination in Belgian politics. By using the contextual approach (Pridham), that has originally been produced to analyse coalition formation, this overview might be a first step in the construction of a comparative explanatory model. The historical context, the institutional setting, the international context and the economical situation are described as elements that affect the termination of coalitions. The Belgian ethno-linguistic cleavage proves to be a very effective coalition-killer.

“Men, Women, and Children Starving”: Archaeology of the Donner Family Camp

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly J. Dixon ◽  
Shannon A. Novak ◽  
Gwen Robbins ◽  
Julie M. Schablitsky ◽  
G. Richard Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Lake Site ◽  
The Human Condition

In spring of 1846, the George and Jacob Donner families and some 80 traveling companions began their overland trek to California. When the party ascended the Sierra Nevada in late October, a snowstorm forced the group to bivouac. At this point, the train became separated into two contingents; the larger party camped near Donner Lake and the smaller group—including the Donner families—settled at Alder Creek. Though written accounts from the Lake site imply many resorted to cannibalism, no such records exist for Alder Creek. Here we present archaeological findings that support identification of the Alder Creek camp. We triangulate between historical context, archaeological traces of the camp, and osteological remains to examine the human condition amid the backdrops of starvation and cannibalism. A stepped analytical approach was developed to examine the site’s fragmentary bone assemblage (n= 16,204). Macroscopic and histological analyses indicate that the emigrants consumed domestic cattle and horse and procured wild game, including deer, rabbit, and rodent. Bladed tools were used to extensively process animal tissue. Moreover, bone was being reduced to small fragments; pot polish indicates these fragments were boiled to extract grease. It remains inconclusive, however, whether such processing, or the assemblage, includes human tissue.

scholarly journals The New Muslims of Post-Conquest Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Samad Alavi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Iranian Plateau ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Popular Interest ◽  
Over Time

Perhaps no single historical occurrence looms larger in the imagining of contemporaryIranian identity than Islam’s rise and the ensuing widespread conversionson and around the Iranian plateau. Of course, as with any eventsoccurring over a millennium ago, not to mention events that have shaped theirheirs’ confessional commitments, one encounters a gulf between how Iran’sMuslim conversion is written in the popular imagination and how historiographicalstudies attempt to make sense of such complex transformations.Nonetheless, Sarah Bowen Savant’s The New Muslims of Post-Conquest Iran:Tradition, Memory, and Conversion might ultimately shape Iranian and Islamic studies not only by contributing novel scholarship to the field, but alsoby speaking to non-specialists’ interests as well.As evidence of popular interest, one need only note the continual reprintsof Abd al-Husayn Zarrinkub’s seminal 1957 study, Dū Qarn Sukūt (Two Centuriesof Silence), which considers the period following the Islamic conquestand the Sasanian Empire’s collapse. Savant’s study picks up where Zarrinkub’sends, arguing that post-conquest Iranians experienced a twofold conversionduring the ninth to eleventh centuries: becoming both Muslim and Persian.And while the author disavows simplistic notions like historical silence or staticnational identities, her book, like Zarrinkub’s, sheds new light on Persian Muslimidentities in a particular historical context and suggests how they areformed, negotiated, contested, and transformed over time and space ...

scholarly journals Policy Storms at the Central Office: Conflicting Narratives of Racial Equity and Segregation at School Committee Meetings

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
Serena M Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Central Office ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Urban School District ◽  
Racial Equity ◽  
School Committee ◽  
American Students ◽  
The Impact

This article reports findings from a multiyear critical ethnography that examined race talk dilemmas of school leaders at the central office at a small urban school district to understand why racialized educational policies and practices still persist against African American students. This study takes a structural approach to investigating the impact that race talk has on educational policymaking at the local district level. The guiding research question in this paper examines how we can understand educational reform and policy implementation and the unintended consequences of those interventions through the local from a historical context.

Civilians in Wars

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mila Dragojević
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Political Support ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
Violence Against Civilians ◽  
Definition Of

This introductory chapter presents the book's argument that collective crimes, or targeted violence against civilians in times of war, are acts with a political goal. But why does targeted violence against civilians occur in some communities and not in others in time of war? This is because the process of ethnicization was triggered there first by two related mechanisms: the exclusion of moderates and the production of borders. Ethnicization can be defined as the fusing of a political goal with ethnicity in order to secure political support. As a result, the range of political options becomes more limited, ambiguity of identification is artificially reduced, and defection from in-group is prevented. Even before the war had started, some communities had already transformed into amoral communities. In these communities, individuals were stripped of the freedom to express themselves or act on the basis of their personal views if those views did not align with one of the dominant and accepted political views. In those communities, eventually, the very definition of crime became altered by the wartime conditions described in the discourse of the local political leaders as the “state of exception,” under which violence against civilians defined as the “enemy” on the other side of the newly drawn border was seen as a form of justified and preemptive self-defense against perceived threats. The chapter then provides a historical context of the first political crises and instances of violence in the territory of Croatia.

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