Salt Composition of Clay Soils and Its Variation with Long-term Water Filtration in Republic of Kalmykia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Anatoly A. DORDZHIEV ◽  
Anatoly G. DORDZHIEV ◽  
Mergen M. SANGADZHIEV ◽  
Leonid M. RUBEKO ◽  
Victor A. ONKAEV
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Salt Composition ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Republic

Knowledge of soils types in a certain area allows to predict the stability of the system. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to determine the salt composition of clayey soils and its variation with long-term water filtration, for example, the Republic of Kalmykia. For a detailed study of the topic, the authors carried out various experiments that were based on physico-chemical analyzes of samples and monoliths selected from different regions of Kalmykia. For this, water-soluble salts found in clay soils were considered. Basically, these are three groups: readily soluble, mildly soluble and hardly soluble. Chemical analyzes of chloride, sulphate and carbonate salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium were conducted on the basis of the Kalmyk State University. Separately attention was paid to the ion-exchange process and, in particular, to the transition from the solid phase to the pore solution. In connection with the strong mineralization of groundwater in the republic, the monoliths are mineralized to 10-20 g / l and in terms of chemical composition, chloride-sodium and sulfate-chloride. Calcium carbonates and gypsum are considered separately depending on the depth of the monolith. On the basis of the experiments carried out, plots of the dependence were plotted in different mineral constituents. It has been established that in gypsum and gypsum-bearing rocks the correlation coefficients for loam and sandy loam are low. The desalinization factor is more than 50%, and the desalinization is uneven in all monoliths taken from different depths. In sandy loam these parameters are lower by 20%. Separately, the parameters of exchange of mineral, disperse composition and the presence of organic substances are considered. The results will allow engineers, designers, practitioners and students to use the results in their daily work.

The effect of over 50 years of liming on soil aluminium forms in a Retisol

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kryzevicius ◽  
D. Karcauskiene ◽  
E. Álvarez-Rodríguez ◽  
A. Zukauskaite ◽  
A. Slepetiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Limed Soil

AbstractThe aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of long-term (56 years) liming on changes in soil pH and aluminium (Al) forms in the soil profile compared with an unlimed soil in a sandy moraine loam of a Dystric Glossic Retisol. Long-term liming had a significant influence on soil acidity of the whole profile, causing increased pH values in the following horizons to 120 cm depth: the ploughing horizon (Ahp), where humus accumulates; the eluvial horizon (E), from which clay particles are leached; a horizon having retic properties and predominantly coarser-textured albic material (E/B); and a horizon with retic properties and predominantly finer-textured argic material (B/E). In the solid phase, non-crystalline Al in limed soil decreased in the Ahp horizon; meanwhile a decrease in total organically bound Al (Alp) and organo–Al complexes of low to medium stability was detected in the deeper El and ElBt horizons. High-stability Al complexes with organic matter were the predominant form of Alp in the unlimed and limed whole soil profile. The concentration of total water-soluble Al ranged from 0.61 to 0.80 mg/l in the limed soil profile but 0.62–1.15 mg/l in the unlimed soil. The highest concentration of exchangeable Al was determined in the upper horizons of the unlimed soil profile and the concentration decreased significantly in the same horizons of the limed soil profile. Long-term liming promoted changes in Al compounds throughout the soil profile.

scholarly journals Scientific Substantiation of Introduction of Systems of Small-Intensive Irrigation Under Conditions of Mineral Farming in Azerbaijan

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
RAE. Z.H. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Universal Application

The study of the world experience and the results of long-term experiments with drip irrigation systems in the Republic in various climatic and soil conditions shows that the creation of irrigation systems of this type is effective and economically profitable when irrigation of various perennial plantations, vegetable, tilled crops, ornamental plantations, nurseries etc. Drip irrigation has almost universal application, in particular, it is applicable where other methods of irrigation can not be used or ineffective: With a complex relief and a large slope of the site (up to 45 degrees or more); In areas with prolonged droughts and constant strong winds; For local water sources with a relatively limited amount of water; On soils with low power and very low or high hygroscopicity; On soils prone to salinity; When used for irrigation of water with a high content of water-soluble salts, etc.

scholarly journals Gone or just out of sight? The apparent disappearance of aromatic litter components in soils

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Klotzbücher ◽  
K. Kalbitz ◽  
C. Cerli ◽  
P. J. Hernes ◽  
K. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mineral Surfaces ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Mineral Soils

Abstract. Uncertainties concerning stabilization of organic compounds in soil limit our basic understanding on soil organic matter (SOM) formation and our ability to model and manage effects of global change on SOM stocks. One controversially debated aspect is the contribution of aromatic litter components, such as lignin and tannins, to stable SOM forms. In the present opinion paper, we summarize and discuss the inconsistencies and propose research options to clear them. Lignin degradation takes place step-wise, starting with (i) depolymerisation, followed by (ii) transformation of the water-soluble depolymerization products. The long-term fate of the depolymerization products and other soluble aromatics, e.g., tannins, in the mineral soils is still a mystery. Research on dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and fluxes indicates dissolved aromatics are important precursors of stable SOM attached to mineral surfaces and persist in soils for centuries to millennia. Evidence comes from flux analyses in soil profiles, biodegradation assays, and sorption experiments. In contrast, studies on composition of mineral-associated SOM indicate the prevalence of non-aromatic microbialderived compounds. Other studies suggest the turnover of lignin in soil can be faster than the turnover of bulk SOM. Mechanisms that can explain the apparent fast disappearance of lignin in mineral soils are, however, not yet identified. The contradictions might be explained by analytical problems. Commonly used methods probably detect only a fraction of the aromatics stored in the mineral soil. Careful data interpretation, critical assessment of analytical limitations, and combined studies on DOM and solid-phase SOM could thus be ways to unveil the issues.

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MECHANICALLY TREATED ARGLABIN AND ITS MECHANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON ARABINOGALACTAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Anatol'yevna Neverova ◽  
Anara Nikhanbaevna Zhabaeva ◽  
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Levchuk ◽  
Vasiliy Anatol'yevich Babkin ◽  
Almas Rashidovich Beisenbaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Molecular Dispersion ◽  
Soluble Polysaccharide ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Republic

Over the past decades, researchers have increasingly turned to natural compounds and preparations created on their basis. Biologically active terpenoids, in particular, natural sesquiterpene lactones, are of great interest. One of the rich sources of these compounds is a plant of the genus Artemisia, whose representative is wormwood Artemisia glabella Kar et Kir., Growing on the territory of Central Kazakhstan. In the study of the chemical composition of wormwood, a new biologically active compound, sesquiterpenic lactone arglabin, with antitumor and radiosensitizing properties has been isolated. The antitumor drug "Arglabin" is used in oncological clinics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Uzbekistan, the Republic of Georgia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the complex therapy of tumors of the breast, lung, liver, etc. The purpose of this work is to study the physicochemical properties of mechanically treated arglabin and its mixture with a larch water–soluble polysaccharide arabinogalactan, obtained by mechanochemical means. According to IR, UV and NMR 13С spectroscopy, long–term mechanochemical treatment does not lead to a change in the chemical composition of arglabin molecules. All the spectra obtained are identical to the spectra of the initial (not mechanically treated) arglabin. Using X–ray analysis, it was shown that in the mechanocomposites of arglabin with arabinogalactan there is no disordering of the crystal structure of arglabin and its molecular dispersion in the polysaccharide matrix does not occur.

scholarly journals Gone or just out of sight? The apparent disappearance of aromatic litter components in soils

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thimo Klotzbücher ◽  
Karsten Kalbitz ◽  
Chiara Cerli ◽  
Peter J. Hernes ◽  
Klaus Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mineral Surfaces ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Mineral Soils

Abstract. Uncertainties concerning stabilization of organic compounds in soil limit our basic understanding on soil organic matter (SOM) formation and our ability to model and manage effects of global change on SOM stocks. One controversially debated aspect is the contribution of aromatic litter components, such as lignin and tannins, to stable SOM forms. In the present opinion paper, we summarize and discuss the inconsistencies and propose research options to clear them. Lignin degradation takes place stepwise, starting with (i) depolymerization and followed by (ii) transformation of the water-soluble depolymerization products. The long-term fate of the depolymerization products and other soluble aromatics, e.g., tannins, in the mineral soils is still a mystery. Research on dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and fluxes indicates dissolved aromatics are important precursors of stable SOM attached to mineral surfaces and persist in soils for centuries to millennia. Evidence comes from flux analyses in soil profiles, biodegradation assays, and sorption experiments. In contrast, studies on composition of mineral-associated SOM indicate the prevalence of non-aromatic microbial-derived compounds. Other studies suggest the turnover of lignin in soil can be faster than the turnover of bulk SOM. Mechanisms that can explain the apparent fast disappearance of lignin in mineral soils are, however, not yet identified. The contradictions might be explained by analytical problems. Commonly used methods probably detect only a fraction of the aromatics stored in the mineral soil. Careful data interpretation, critical assessment of analytical limitations, and combined studies on DOM and solid-phase SOM could thus be ways to unveil the issues.

Sinn Féin and the IRA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Sinn Fein ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Irish Republicanism ◽  
The Republic ◽  
British State ◽  
State Responses

When Sinn Féin and the IRA emerged in Northern Ireland in 1969 they used a combination of revolutionary politics and violence to an effort to overthrow British rule. Today, the IRA is in a state of ‘retirement’, violence is a tactic of the past, and Sinn Féin is a co-ruler of Northern Ireland and an ever growing political player in the Republic of Ireland. This is one of the most startling transformations of a radical violent movement into a peaceful political one in recent times. So what exactly changed within Irish republicanism, what remains the same, and, crucially, what caused these changes? Where existing studies explain the decision to end violence as the product of stalemate or strategic interplay with the British state, this book draws on a wealth of archival material and interviews to argue that moderation was a long-term process of increasing inclusion and contact with political institutions, which gradually extracted moderate concessions from republicanism. Crucially, these concessions did not necessitate republicans forsaking their long-term ethno-national goals. The book also considers the wider implications of Irish republicanism for other cases of separatist conflict, and has significance for the future study of state responses to violent separatism and of comparative peace processes.

scholarly journals Polymer Binders of Ceramic Nanoparticles for Precision Casting of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1714
Author(s):  
Paweł Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ethyl Silicate ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Precision Casting ◽  
Polymer Binders ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Nano Alumina ◽  
Solid Phase Content

This study presents the general characteristics of binders used in precision casting of Nickel-based superalloys. Three groups of binders were described: resins, organic compounds, and materials containing nanoparticles in alcohol or aqueous systems. This study also includes literature reports on materials commonly used and those recently replaced by water-soluble binders, i.e., ethyl silicate (ES) and hydrolysed ethyl silicate (HES). The appearance of new and interesting solutions containing nano-alumina is described, as well as other solutions at the initial stage of scientific research, such as those containing biopolymers, biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL), or modified starch. Special attention is paid to four binders containing nano-SiO2 intended for the first layers (Ludox AM, Ludox SK) and structural layers (EHT, Remasol) of shell moulds. Their morphology, viscosity, density, reactions, and electrokinetic potential were investigated. The binders were characterized by a high solid-phase content (>28%), viscosity, and density close to that of water (1–2 mPa·s) and good electrokinetic stability. The nanoparticles contained in the binders were approximately spherically shaped with an average particle size of 16–25 nm.

scholarly journals Using Fission-Track Radiography Coupled with Scanning Electron Microscopy for Efficient Identification of Solid-Phase Uranium Mineralogy at a Former Uranium Pilot Mill (Grand Junction, Colorado)

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Raymond H. Johnson ◽  
Susan M. Hall ◽  
Aaron D. Tigar
Keyword(s):  
Fission Track ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Nuclear Research Reactor ◽  
Elemental Data ◽  
Individual Grains ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Section Sample

At a former uranium pilot mill in Grand Junction, Colorado, mine tailings and some subpile sediments were excavated to various depths to meet surface radiological standards, but residual solid-phase uranium below these excavation depths still occurs at concentrations above background. The combination of fission-track radiography and scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) provides a uniquely efficient and quantitative way of determining mineralogic associations of uranium that can influence uranium mobility. After the creation of sample thin sections, a mica sheet is placed on those thin sections and irradiated in a nuclear research reactor. Decay of the irradiated uranium creates fission tracks that can be viewed with a microscope. The fission-track radiography images indicate thin section sample areas with elevated uranium that are focus areas for SEM-EDS work. EDS spectra provide quantitative elemental data that indicate the mineralogy of individual grains or grain coatings associated with the fission-track identification of elevated uranium. For the site in this study, the results indicated that uranium occurred (1) with coatings of aluminum–silicon (Al/Si) gel and gypsum, (2) dispersed in the unsaturated zone associated with evaporite-type salts, and (3) sorbed onto organic carbon. The Al/Si gel likely formed when low-pH waters were precipitated during calcite buffering, which in turn retained or precipitated trace amounts of Fe, As, U, V, Ca, and S. Understanding these mechanisms can help guide future laboratory and field-scale efforts in determining long-term uranium release rates to groundwater.

scholarly journals Effects of Sugar Cane Molasses Addition on the Fermentation Quality, Microbial Community, and Tastes of Alfalfa Silage

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Runbo Luo ◽  
Yangdong Zhang ◽  
Fengen Wang ◽  
Kaizhen Liu ◽  
Guoxin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Electronic Tongue ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Additive Control

The objective was to study the effects of sugar cane molasses addition on the fermentation quality and tastes of alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was ensiled with no additive (Control), 1% molasses (M1), 2% molasses (M2), and 3% molasses (M3) for 206 days. The chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of the alfalfa silages were determined, the microbial communities were described by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the tastes were evaluated using an electronic tongue sensing system. With the amount of added molasses (M), most nutrition (dry matter and crude protein) was preserved and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were sufficiently used to promote the fermentation, resulting in a pH reduction from 5.16 to 4.48. The lactic acid (LA) content and LA/acetic acid (AA) significantly increased, indicating that the fermentation had turned to homofermentation. After ensiling, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus were the dominant genus in all treatments and the undesirable microbes were inhibited, resulting in lower propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), and NH3-N production. In addition, bitterness, astringency, and sourness reflected tastes of alfalfa silage, while umami and sourness changed with the amount of added molasses. Therefore, molasses additive had improved the fermentation quality and tastes of alfalfa silage, and the M3 group obtained the ideal pH value (below 4.5) and the best condition for long-term preservation.

scholarly journals Biogeochemical Controls on the Potential for Long-Term Contaminant Leaching from Soils Developing on Historic Coal Mine Spoil

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
David Singer ◽  
Elizabeth Herndon ◽  
Laura Zemanek ◽  
Kortney Cole ◽  
Tyler Sanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Mine Spoil ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Undisturbed Soil

Coal mine spoil is widespread in US coal mining regions, and the potential long-term leaching of toxic metal(loid)s is a significant and underappreciated issue. This study aimed to determine the flux of contaminants from historic mine coal spoil at a field site located in Appalachian Ohio (USA) and link pore water composition and solid-phase composition to the weathering reaction stages within the soils. The overall mineralogical and microbial community composition indicates that despite very different soil formation pathways, soils developing on historic coal mine spoil and an undisturbed soil are currently dominated by similar mineral weathering reactions. Both soils contained pyrite coated with clays and secondary oxide minerals. However, mine spoil soil contained abundant residual coal, with abundant Fe- and Mn- (oxy)hydroxides. These secondary phases likely control and mitigate trace metal (Cu, Ni, and Zn) transport from the soils. While Mn was highly mobile in Mn-enriched soils, Fe and Al mobility may be more controlled by dissolved organic carbon dynamics than mineral abundance. There is also likely an underappreciated risk of Mn transport from coal mine spoil, and that mine spoil soils could become a major source of metals if local biogeochemical conditions change.

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