An overview of phytochrome: An important light switch and photo-sensory antenna for regulation of vital functioning of plants

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Qayyum Rao ◽  
Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan ◽  
Naila Shahid ◽  
Salah ud Din ◽  
Ambreen Gul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Light Signals ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Outer Environment

AbstractPlants are the primary source of nutrition and essential to maintain life on earth. They have evolved very delicate and advanced photo-sensory antennae to sense their outer environment and transduce the received information for their growth and development accordingly. This “light switch” phenomenon of plants has slowly being unraveled and various plant photoreceptors, their role in downstream molecular signaling, mutual interaction, response to circadian cycle and light signals have been discovered. The photosensory antennae in plants; phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins play a very crucial role in sensing the ambient light intensities. By direct interaction with the environment through these photosensory antennae, plants shift their homeostasis to regulate their growth and development. The phytochrome light receptors of plants are responsive to R/FR light and by inducing signaling pathways, trigger the physiological responses such as germination and flowering. The phytochromes also directly contribute to plant development by affecting its photosynthetic rate. To elucidate the role of phytochromes in plant metabolism, this review will focus on the importance of phytochromes, their mechanism of action and their application as an emerging field in plant biology.

Role of Golgi Apparatus in the Formation of Plant Slimes, Cuticles and Extraneous Wall Material

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 86-87
Author(s):  
Hilton H. Mollenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Properties

Cell walls are fundamentally involved in many aspects of plant biology including the morphology, growth, and development of plant cells and the interactions between plant hosts and their pathogens. Intuitively, one can recognize that these wall properties result from the sum total of the various components of which the wall is composed and that there are classes of substances each of which impart a characteristic property to the cell wall.

scholarly journals Making a mark: the role of RNA modifications in plant biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Parker ◽  
Katarzyna Knop ◽  
Gordon G. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Rna Modifications ◽  
Feature Article

Plants coordinate their growth and development through complex regulatory networks involving changes in the expression of thousands of genes. Many developmental pathways are regulated at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) through alternative choices in mRNA processing. These choices can have consequences for the localization, stability or translatability of mRNAs. One of the key ways in which RNAs are processed is by the methylation of the RNA base adenosine – a modification known as m6A. Even though it was first discovered in the 1970s, the biological significance of m6A marks has only recently become clear. In this feature article, we identify the factors controlling the writing and reading of m6A modifications in plants. We also highlight some of the features of plant development that depend on m6A and explore the recently discovered molecular mechanisms that use m6A to control development or response to environmental stress.

The art library – a moving target

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Paul Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Art Students ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

Art libraries are plural entities in that they have multiple functions and serve a variety of users. In the United Kingdom, as elsewhere, academic art libraries provide visual resources for artists and art students; they also provide a wide range of texts for students of increasingly specialised branches of the history of art and design and of ‘visual studies’. Their librarians should collaborate with academic colleagues to develop the library to serve the institution’s needs; at the same time the institution should recognise the role of the library. The broader spectrum represented by the ‘new art history’ challenges the art library to widen its scope, although this must be done through networking as well as by means of collection development. Scholars realise that they must generally expect to have to go to the major libraries and archives for primary source material, although smaller art libraries often have valuable materials and some scholars might be encouraged to share their own research collections through the libraries of their institutions. Information technology has become the key to tracing material, but is no substitute for direct interaction with the materials themselves.

Role of Information Technology and Its Perspectives in Research and Development of Economy

2022 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Bhawna Yadav ◽  
Anna Liza R. Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Development Technology ◽  
Role Of Information

Technology is widely acknowledged in economics as the primary source of economic development. Technological advancement enables more efficient production with more and superior products and services, which is essential for development. Technology encompasses a vast body of knowledge and instruments that make it easier to make efficient and creative use of economic resources to generate goods and services. Technological advancement is necessary for economic growth and development, and the more sophisticated the technology, the faster the local and global economies may improve. Globalization further fueled and results in increased importance of social and economic analysis and also necessitates coordinated development efforts using technology.

scholarly journals The role of universal regulators of plant growth and development the DELLA proteins in the control of symbiosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Aleksandra V. Dolgikh ◽  
Elena A. Dolgikh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Della Proteins ◽  
Secondary Messengers ◽  
External Signals

The regulators of the gibberellin response, the DELLA proteins, are universal participants of signaling pathways that coordinate the processes of plant growth and development. This regulation is provided by the integration of external effect, as well as internal signals, such as a level of phytohormones and secondary messengers. Since DELLA proteins are extremely sensitive to increasing or decreasing of the gibberellic acid (GA) endogenous level, their direct interaction with transcription factors modulates the activity of the latter, and, consequently, the level of expression of target genes in response to external signals causing changes in the level of GA. However, the molecular mechanisms of the effect of DELLA proteins on the development of symbiosis remain poorly understood. The review analyzes classical and modern data on the functioning of DELLA proteins in plants.

Role of chromium (III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
R. Iskra ◽  
V. Vlizlo ◽  
R. Fedoruk
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Cultural Medium ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Chromium Compounds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

The results of our studies and the data of modern literature regarding the biological role of Cr(III) compounds in conditions of their application in the nutrition for pigs and cattle are discussed. The metabolic impact of Cr(III), coming from different sources – mineral and organic compounds, obtained by chemical synthesis or a nanotechnological method (chromium citrate), as well as in the form of biocomplexes from the cultural medium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts was analyzed. The metabolic connection between the impact of Cr(III) and the biosynthesis of some hormones – insulin, cortisol – as well as the sensitivity of some tissues and organs to the effect of chromium compounds was studied. A considerable part of the review material was dedicated to the metabolic effect of Cr(III) compounds on the reproductive function of pigs and cattle and their impact on the viability of the offspring and gametes of animals. The data about the stimulating effect of Cr(III) on the growth and development of the organism of piglets and calves, meat and milk performance of these species of animals are discussed. The relevance of dosing Cr(III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle is highlighted.

Defensive Role of Plant-Derived Secondary Metabolites: Indole and Its’ Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Mulat ◽  
Raksha Anand ◽  
Fazlurrahman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Defensive Role ◽  
Insect Attack

The diversity of indole concerning its production and functional role has increased in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The bacterial species produce indole and use it as a signaling molecule at interspecies, intraspecies, and even at an interkingdom level for controlling the capability of drug resistance, level of virulence, and biofilm formation. Numerous indole derivatives have been found to play an important role in the different systems and are reported to occur in various bacteria, plants, human, and plant pathogens. Indole and its derivatives have been recognized for a defensive role against pests and insects in the plant kingdom. These indole derivatives are produced as a result of the breakdown of glucosinolate products at the time of insect attack or physical damages. Apart from the defensive role of these products, in plants, they also exhibit several other secondary responses that may contribute directly or indirectly to the growth and development. The present review summarized recent signs of progress on the functional properties of indole and its derivatives in different plant systems. The molecular mechanism involved in the defensive role played by indole as well as its’ derivative in the plants has also been explained. Furthermore, the perspectives of indole and its derivatives (natural or synthetic) in understanding the involvement of these compounds in diverse plants have also been discussed.

The 2016 Police and Crime Commissioner elections

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the 2016 elections for Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) and to compare them with those that took place in 2012. It seeks to evaluate the background of the candidates who stood for office in 2016, the policies that they put forward, the results of the contests and the implications of the 2016 experience for future PCC elections. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based around several key themes – the profile of candidates who stood for election, preparations conducted prior to the contests taking place, the election campaign and issues raised during the contests, the results and the profile of elected candidates. The paper is based upon documentary research, making particular use of primary source material. Findings The research establishes that affiliation to a political party became the main route for successful candidates in 2016 and that local issues related to low-level criminality will dominate the future policing agenda. It establishes that although turnout was higher than in 2012, it remains low and that further consideration needs to be devoted to initiatives to address this for future PCC election contests. Research limitations/implications The research focusses on the 2016 elections and identifies a number of key issues that emerged during the campaign affecting the conduct of the contests which have a bearing on future PCC elections. It treats these elections as a bespoke topic and does not seek to place them within the broader context of the development of the office of PCC. Practical implications The research suggests that in order to boost voter participation in future PCC election contests, PCCs need to consider further means to advertise the importance of the role they perform and that the government should play a larger financial role in funding publicity for these elections and consider changing the method of election. Social implications The rationale for introducing PCCs was to empower the public in each police force area. However, issues that include the enhanced importance of political affiliation as a criteria for election in 2016 and the social unrepresentative nature of those who stood for election and those who secured election to this office in these contests coupled with shortcomings related to public awareness of both the role of PCCs and the timing of election contests threaten to undermine this objective. Originality/value The extensive use of primary source material ensures that the subject matter is original and its interpretation is informed by an academic perspective.

scholarly journals The Role of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in the Response to Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney B. Johnson ◽  
Jizhou Zhang ◽  
Daniel Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Bone Marrow Microenvironment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) is the primary source of immune cells. Hematopoiesis is regulated by a diverse cellular microenvironment that supports stepwise differentiation of multipotent stem cells and progenitors into mature blood cells. Blood cell production is not static and the bone marrow has evolved to sense and respond to infection by rapidly generating immune cells that are quickly released into the circulation to replenish those that are consumed in the periphery. Unfortunately, infection also has deleterious effects injuring hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), inefficient hematopoiesis, and remodeling and destruction of the microenvironment. Despite its central role in immunity, the role of the microenvironment in the response to infection has not been systematically investigated. Here we summarize the key experimental evidence demonstrating a critical role of the bone marrow microenvironment in orchestrating the bone marrow response to infection and discuss areas of future research.

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