Epigenetic control of cell invasion – the trophoblast model

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Serman ◽  
Filip Simon ◽  
Dora Fabijanovic ◽  
Ljiljana Serman
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Phenotype ◽  
Tissue Invasion ◽  
Young Embryo ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Adhesion And Invasion

AbstractTrophoblast implantation and placentation allow the survival of the young embryo and its normal development inside the uterus. In order for these processes to function properly, the trophoblast has to undergo a series of characteristic changes that lead to its adhesion and invasion of the uterus. This is achieved, among other mechanisms, by inactivation of specific tumor suppressor genes, commonly by methylation of their promoters. Cell adhesion and tissue invasion are also characteristics of malignant tumors and patterns of methylation similar to that seen in trophoblast are found in various tumor types. Another important mechanism that aids trophoblast cells invasion is their transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Such a transition is also a common characteristic of invading malignant cells. Thus, studying tissue invasion and its control mechanisms can benefit the understanding of both the trophoblast and malignant cells behavior.

scholarly journals The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of the Proto-Oncogene MYC in Different Types of Cancer

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Mikhailovna Stasevich ◽  
Matvey Mikhailovich Murashko ◽  
Lyudmila Sergeevna Zinevich ◽  
Denis Eriksonovich Demin ◽  
Anton Markovich Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Myc Gene ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Tumor Types

Alterations in the expression level of the MYC gene are often found in the cells of various malignant tumors. Overexpressed MYC has been shown to stimulate the main processes of oncogenesis: uncontrolled growth, unlimited cell divisions, avoidance of apoptosis and immune response, changes in cellular metabolism, genomic instability, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Thus, controlling the expression of MYC is considered as an approach for targeted cancer treatment. Since c-Myc is also a crucial regulator of many cellular processes in healthy cells, it is necessary to find ways for selective regulation of MYC expression in tumor cells. Many recent studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNAs play an important role in the regulation of the transcription and translation of this gene and some RNAs directly interact with the c-Myc protein, affecting its stability. In this review, we summarize current data on the regulation of MYC by various non-coding RNAs that can potentially be targeted in specific tumor types.

scholarly journals ROLE OF ACCESS OSTEOTOMY IN HEAD AND NECK LESIONS – A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
BHARATHI K ◽  
MANOJ CHANDRASEKAR ◽  
KAPIL DEV KUMAR S ◽  
BALA JAGANNATH GUPTA B
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Hand Search ◽  
Surgical Access ◽  
Operative Care ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Surgical Field ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Neurovascular Structures

The surgical resection of the head and neck lesions summarizes the principles, classifications, applications, complications, and post-operative care of osteotomy with the standard protocols performed safely. It often poses a great surgical challenge due to the anatomical complexity, difficulty in accessibility, and proximity of vital structures. A multidisciplinary approach is often required in these situations for their better exposure to provide surgical access. Access osteotomy is the choice and type for these head and neck lesions, which are most often based on the anatomic extent of the lesion, vascularity of the lesion, and involvement of neurovascular structures in and around it. The literature search using Medline from the year 1986 to 2019 were performed and textbooks were also collected by hand search from the same period. The role of aggressive surgical resection has not been established for malignant head and neck lesions with the technical feasibility and its efficacy for specific tumor types must be defined by the future studies. Thus, we would like to conclude that access osteotomy allows the surgeon a better view and an access of the surgical field to resect the tumor completely with safer margins, preserving the vital structures, pre-operative functions, and reducing post-operative complications.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN RECEPTOR IN THE DELIVERY OF TARGETED PREPARATIONS IN ONCOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
H. M Treshalina ◽  
G. B Smirnova ◽  
S. A Tsurkan ◽  
J. R Tcherkassova ◽  
N. A Lesnaya
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Mitochondrial Pathway ◽  
Alpha Fetoprotein ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Tumor Models ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Afp Production

There was executed the analysis of thematic literature during from 1956 to 2015 devoted to receptors to fetal proteins, including to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) known in medicine as oncomarker and used by malignant cells for the organization of tumoral homeostasis. As protein carrier, AFP similar to albumin takes of vitally important molecules in a space «hydrophobic pocket» and moves inside a cell, but as the cancer-embryonal antigen (CEA) - determines the existence of a malignant tumor, but not the type of a neoplasm. On the bounding of AFP with teratogen and their internalization and delivery in an embryo there is based the development of ways of «address» delivery of substances into a cell. This is realized by means of receptor mediated endocytosis via specific membranous receptors to AFP (ReCAF) with high selectivity concerning malignant cells of various genesis. Up to 90% of all malignant cells of the human and tumor models for human and mammalians express AFP receptors, including rather recently opened stem tumor cells - the most probable source of metastasing. AFP production and expression of receptors is selectively raised in malignant tumors of patients and human tumor models. The hyperproduction of AFP and hyperexpression of ReCAF are related to the histologic type of tumor model and are characteristic for embrional cell tumors and hepatoblastomas with initially low drug sensitivity or with the resistance. When choosing the model it is necessary to consider that in different types of tumor cells ReCAF have specific features in cultivation which are not pronounced in conditions of an animal organism. More differentiated tumors are characterized by the larger level of the AFP production and a hyperexpression of ReCAF. The use of subcutaneous tumor xenografts signal for AFP localizations with the hyperexpression of receptors, allows to reveal mostly evidentially the effectiveness of the therapeutic system at the preclinical level. Address delivery of therapeutic systems created on the basis of AFP or its fragments is capable of causing the change of their pharmacological properties. The therapeutic prize is possible due to the induction of process of apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, but at the same time the fall in the cytotoxic capacity of system is possible.

scholarly journals Leiomyoma of mesentery in a young male: a case report and review of literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2193
Author(s):  
Sreepriya P. P. ◽  
Shreekant Bharti ◽  
Ashesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Manoj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Young Patients ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Biological Behaviour ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Mesenteric Tumors ◽  
Tumor Types

Primary tumours of mesentery are relatively rare, and its biological behaviour is unpredictable. We herein describing a case of incidentally detected mesenteric leiomyoma along with review of literature in a 19-year-old gentleman, who had a mass in the mesentery of terminal ileum, which was detected during surgery. Mesentric masses can be both solid as well as cystic. Published reports have consisted of small numbers of cases, which makes it difficult to determine the incidence of specific tumor types. Reasonable estimates of incidence ranges from 1 case per 200,000 population and in 30-40% cases they are cystic and more in females. Diagnosis is delayed unless they become symptomatic with haemorrhage, obstruction or mass per abdomen. As primary mesenteric tumors are rare, particularly in young patients, it is considered important that this type of unusual tumor be included in the differential diagnosis for mesenteric tumors. Since the biologic behaviour of mesenteric smooth muscle tumours seems to be unpredictable long term follow up is warranted.

scholarly journals Proteoglycans in the Pathogenesis of Hormone-Dependent Cancers: Mediators and Effectors

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Tzanakakis ◽  
Eirini-Maria Giatagana ◽  
Andrey Kuskov ◽  
Aikaterini Berdiaki ◽  
Aristidis Tsatsakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Hybrid Molecules ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Tumor Types

Hormone-dependent cancers exhibit high morbidity and mortality. In spite of advances in therapy, the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers remains an unmet health need. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits unique characteristics that differ among various tumor types. It is composed of cancerous, non-cancerous, stromal, and immune cells that are surrounded and supported by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, the interactions among cancer cells, stromal cells, and components of the ECM determine cancer progression and response to therapy. Proteoglycans (PGs), hybrid molecules consisting of a protein core to which sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains are bound, are significant components of the ECM that are implicated in all phases of tumorigenesis. These molecules, secreted by both the stroma and cancer cells, are crucial signaling mediators that modulate the vital cellular pathways implicated in gene expression, phenotypic versatility, and response to therapy in specific tumor types. A plethora of deregulated signaling pathways contributes to the growth, dissemination, and angiogenesis of hormone-dependent cancers. Specific inputs from the endocrine and immune systems are some of the characteristics of hormone-dependent cancer pathogenesis. Importantly, the mechanisms involved in various aspects of cancer progression are executed in the ECM niche of the TME, and the PG components crucially mediate these processes. Here, we comprehensively discuss the mechanisms through which PGs affect the multifaceted aspects of hormone-dependent cancer development and progression, including cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, immunobiology, autophagy, and response to therapy.

scholarly journals Refined mapping of genomic rearrangements involving the short arm of chromosome 9 in acute lymphoblastic leukemias and other hematologic malignancies

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1931-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Dreyling ◽  
SK Bohlander ◽  
MM Le Beau ◽  
OI Olopade
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Southern Blot ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Multiple Tumor ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas ◽  
Tumor Types

Deletions of chromosomal band 9p21 have been detected in various tumor types as well as in more than 20% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These deletions frequently include the entire interferon (IFN) gene cluster as well as the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene. Recently, the CDKN2 gene (p16INK4A, MTS I, CDK41) was proposed as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene on 9p21 because it is frequently deleted in cell lines derived from multiple tumor types. To determine if CDKN2 or another closely related gene on 9p is the target of 9p deletions in ALL and other hematologic malignancies, we analyzed 20 primary patient samples (13 ALL, 2 acute myeloid leukemias [AML], and 5 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas [NHL]) with 9p rearrangements using Southern blot analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and single- strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) for alterations of CDKN2. Homozygous deletions of the CDKN2/CDKN2B (p15) region were detected in 10 cases (50%; 6 ALL, 2 AML, and 2 NHL). In 1 additional case, the intensity of the Southern blot band was significantly reduced, suggesting a CDKN2 deletion in a subpopulation of the malignant cells. No CDKN2 or CDKN2B rearrangements were seen. The IFN gene cluster was homozygously deleted in 2 of 15 (13%) analyzed cases, whereas the MTAP gene was deleted in 6 of 15 cases (40%). In addition, hemizygous deletions of the CDKN2 region were identified in 6 ALL cases using interphase FISH. No point mutation of the coding region of CDKN2 was detected by SSCP in these cases. We conclude that CDKN2 is the most frequently homozygously deleted marker on 9p. The absence of point mutations in the coding region of CDKN2 in cases with hemizygous 9p deletions and the frequent codeletion of MTAP, CDKN2B, and other yet unidentified neighboring genes suggest that the simultaneous deletion of these genes may be necessary for the selective growth advantage of malignant cells.

scholarly journals LA MODULAZIONE DEI LIVELLI DI GLUTATIONE COME STRATEGIA DI ATTACCO NELLE INTERAZIONI OSPITE-PARASSITA

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-IT) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pompella ◽  
A. Masi ◽  
F. Pennacchio
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Redox Equilibrium

Insect studies, dealing with parasitism of aphids, have shown that the disruption of host glutathione (GSH) pool and metabolisms significantly contributes to its physiological regulation and castration. The parasitic wasp <em>Aphidius ervi</em> injects into host aphids a venom containing large amounts of a gamma-glutamyltransferase (Ae-GGT) enzyme, which causes a depletion of GSH primarily involving ovarian tissue. Injected Ae-GGT in fact consumes substrate GSH, which ultimately triggers apoptosis. Studies on virulence factors of microrganisms have documented that the invasion strategies of selected pathogenic bacteria also target host GSH metabolism. Indeed, it has been shown that GGT activity of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> and <em>H. suis</em>, the agents responsible of peptic ulcer, can exert antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in gastric epithelial cells. By confocal microscopy, <em>H. suis</em> outer membrane vesicles (OMV) − submicroscopic structures 20-50 nm in diameter, budding from the cell surface − were identified as carriers of <em>H. suis</em> GGT, capable of delivering the enzyme to the deeper mucosal layers. In association with such membranous structures, active GGT from <em>H. suis</em> in fact translocates across the epithelial layers and can access lymphocytes residing in the gastric mucosa, resulting in the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation,<em> i.e.</em>, a perturbation of host immunity and a facilitation of bacterial infection. Cellular GSH appears, thus, to represent a conserved target for parasitic (micro)organisms which aim at altering host redox homeostasis to weaken its immune defenses, using GGT as a key-element of a virulence strategy. Taking into account the “parasitic” behavior exhibited by malignant cells spreading across tissues and organs of the patient (the “host”). GGT activity is in fact expressed in a number of malignant tumors, and expression levels often increase along with progression to more invasive phenotypes. Now, active GGT can be released from cells, including cancer cells, in association with submicroscopic vesicles resembling exosomes. The similarity of such structures with GGT-rich OMV particles of <em>H. pylori</em> and <em>H. suis</em> is indeed obvious. GGT activity of cancer cells can affect intracellular redox equilibrium, and produces in addition significant extracellular effects, <em>e.g.</em> on the redox status and ligand binding affinity of cell surface receptors related with cell survival/apoptosis balance. Thus, GGT-rich exosomes shed by cancer cells can produce in host’s surrounding tissues effects comparable to those reported for Ae-GGT or <em>Helicobacter</em> GGT, possibly resulting in facilitation of malignant cells survival and diffusion.

scholarly journals Unique Roles of Sphingolipids in Selected Malignant and Nonmalignant Lesions of Female Reproductive System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Knapp ◽  
Karolina Chomicz ◽  
Magdalena Świderska ◽  
Adrian Chabowski ◽  
Robert Jach
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cancer Tissue ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Ceramide Content ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Prevention Of Cancer

Cancer develops as a result of the loss of self-control mechanisms by a cell; it gains the ability to induce angiogenesis, becomes immortal and resistant to cell death, stops responding to growth suppressor signals, and becomes capable of invasion and metastasis. Sphingolipids—a family of membrane lipids—are known to play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, the response to chemotherapeutic agents, and/or prevention of cancer. Despite the underlying functions of sphingolipids in cancer biology, their metabolism in different malignant tumors is poorly investigated. Some studies showed marked differences in ceramide content between the tumor and the respective healthy tissue. Interestingly, the level of this sphingolipid could be either low or elevated, suggesting that the alterations in ceramide metabolism in cancer tissue may depend on the biology of the tumor. These processes are indeed related to the type of cancer, its stage, and histology status. In this paper we present the unique roles of bioactive sphingolipid derivative in selected gynecologic malignant and nonmalignant lesions.

scholarly journals Interaction between Polycomb and SSX Proteins in Pericentromeric Heterochromatin Function and Its Implication in Cancer

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Simone Johansen ◽  
Morten Frier Gjerstorff
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Pericentromeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Polycomb Proteins ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Polycomb Bodies ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Cancer Testis

The stability of pericentromeric heterochromatin is maintained by repressive epigenetic control mechanisms, and failure to maintain this stability may cause severe diseases such as immune deficiency and cancer. Thus, deeper insight into the epigenetic regulation and deregulation of pericentromeric heterochromatin is of high priority. We and others have recently demonstrated that pericentromeric heterochromatin domains are often epigenetically reprogrammed by Polycomb proteins in premalignant and malignant cells to form large subnuclear structures known as Polycomb bodies. This may affect the regulation and stability of pericentromeric heterochromatin domains and/or the distribution of Polycomb factors to support tumorigeneses. Importantly, Polycomb bodies in cancer cells may be targeted by the cancer/testis-related SSX proteins to cause derepression and genomic instability of pericentromeric heterochromatin. This review will discuss the interplay between SSX and Polycomb factors in the repression and stability of pericentromeric heterochromatin and its possible implications for tumor biology.

Neoplasms, as one of the causes of the syndrome of palpable abdominal tumor in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Alexandr A Kostylev ◽  
Vyacheslav B Silkov ◽  
Margarita B Belogurova
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Abdominal Tumor ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Instrumental Methods

Syndrome of palpable abdominal tumor in children is a difficult diagnostic problem. The difficulties associate with many disease entities that underlie this syndrome, often erased clinical picture and late referral to a doctor. In this article we will try to clarify the problems of diagnosis and treatment of exactly oncological diseases, as a cause of the syndrome palpable abdominal tumor. The vast majority of patients with complaints palpable education seek medical care to pediatricians or general practitioners. Prolongation of the diagnosis is often and directly associate with two factors: low oncological alertness by pediatricians (rarely by Pediatric Surgeons) and the lack of attention of parents to the initial manifestations of tumor in children. We have tried to describe the most characteristic symptoms inherent in the majority of tumors localized in the abdomen, the pelvis and the retroperitoneal space. Also there is information about on laboratory and instrumental methods of research used in the diagnosis of tumors, side by side the “routine” methods such as the complete blood count, abdominal ultrasound, in some cases, determination of specific tumor markers. There are the results of the comparative analysis and distinctive features of benign and malignant tumors of this localization are highlighted. Also the basic principles of the treatment of solid tumors in children are presented in this article. The article is focused primarily on all pediatricians, pediatric surgeons and general practitioners.

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