Natural signs from Plato to Thomas A. Sebeok

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-573
Author(s):  
Winfried Nöth
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Roland Barthes ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Conventional Meaning ◽  
The Third ◽  
Natural Signs

Abstract The paper pays tribute to Thomas A. Sebeok with an inquiry into the place of the semiotics of nature within his system of “global semiotics” and of natural signs within his typology of signs, which distinguishes “six species of signs.” It complements Sebeok’s theory of natural signs with a historical study of semiotic definitions of natural signs in four chapters. The first, “Natural signs from Plato to the Scholastics” focuses on Plato’s Cratylus, Aristotle’s “On Interpretation,” Augustine of Hippo, and the Scholastics, in particular Roger Bacon’s distinction between natural and “given” signs. The second, “Natural signs in 20th century analytical and cognitive philosophy,” discusses Rollin’s Natural and conventional meaning as well as the definitions of natural signs proposed by Jerzy Pelc, David S. Clarke, Laird Addis, and in Ruth Garret Millikan’s teleosemiotics. The third, “Structuralist strategies of excluding natural signs from semiotics” discusses how natural signs were excluded from cultural semiotics in the writings of Roland Barthes (Mythologies), Algirdas J. Greimas, and in Umberto Eco’s early semiotic writings. The fourth investigates how C. S. Peirce overcomes the dualism of nature and convention in his general theory of signs founded on evolutionary principles. The paper concludes with reflections on Sebeok’s theory of modeling as the distinctive feature of human semiosis.

A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Alin Constantin Corfu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University

"A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera. The treatise generally known as De sphaera offered at the beginning of the 13th century a general image of the structure of the cosmos. In this paper I’m first trying to present a triple stake with which this treaty of Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195 - c. 1256). This effort is intended to draw a context upon the treaty on which I will present in the second part of this paper namely, a short modern history of studying this treaty starting from the beginning of the 20th century up to this day. The first stake consists in the well-known episode of translation of the XI-XII centuries in the Latin milieu of the Greek and Arabic treaties. The treatise De sphaera taking over, assimilating and comparing some of the new translations of the texts dedicated to astronomy. The second Consists in the fact that Sacrobosco`s work can be considered a response to a need of renewal of the curriculum dedicated to astronomy at the University of Paris. And the third consists in the novelty and the need to use the De sphaera treatise in the Parisian University’s curriculum of the 13th century. Keywords: astronomy, translation, university, 13th Century, Sacrobosco, Paris, curriculum"

The Limit Situation And The Narrative Of War (On The Material Of The Novel “My Lieutenant” By Daniil Granin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Kuprin ◽  
Galina I. Danilina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Continuous Limit ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
Abstract Author ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this study is the analysis of limit situation in the narrative of war. The material of the study is the novel of Daniil Granin “My Lieutenant” and related texts. In the first part of the paper, the authors explore existing approaches to the term “limit situation” and similar concepts into scientific and philosophical traditions; limits of its applicability in literary studies and its relation to the categories of “narrative instances” and “event”. Proposed a literary-theoretical definition of the limit situation, which can be used in the analysis of fiction texts. Existing approaches to the examination of the situation of war are analyzed: philosophical-existential, psychoanalytic, sociological, literary. In the second part of the paper, the authors propose their method for analyzing limit situations in texts about war, which basis on existing approaches and preserves the text-centric principle of studying the structure of the story. Two interrelated areas of research have been identified: the study of war as a continuous limit situation in the intertextual aspect (the discourse of war); the study of limit situations (death, suffering, guilt, accident) in the narrative of war as part of a specific text. In the third part of the scientific work,the analysis of war as a continuous limit situation results in the study of the concept of “limit” (border) in a fiction text. The role of “limit” (border) concept in the texts about the war is studied, the possible types of limits in the discourse of war are examined. Limit situations in the narrative of war are analyzed on the basis of the novel “My Lieutenant” by Daniil Granin. A review of journalistic and scientific works about the novel revealed both the continuity and the differences between the novel and the “lieutenant” prose of the 20th century. An analysis of the limit situations in the novel revealed their key position in the narrative. These situations are independent of the fiction time, of the fluctuation of the point of view’; the function of the abstract author is to build the narrative as a “directive” immersion of the hero and narrator in these situations.

scholarly journals Insulin’s Discovery: New Insights on Its Hundredth Birthday: From Insulin Action and Clearance to Sweet Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Melanie Leroux ◽  
Martial Boutchueng-Djidjou ◽  
Robert Faure
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nobel Lecture ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
The Third

In 2021, the 100th anniversary of the isolation of insulin and the rescue of a child with type 1 diabetes from death will be marked. In this review, we highlight advances since the ingenious work of the four discoverers, Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod, James Bertram Collip and Charles Herbert Best. Macleoad closed his Nobel Lecture speech by raising the question of the mechanism of insulin action in the body. This challenge attracted many investigators, and the question remained unanswered until the third part of the 20th century. We summarize what has been learned, from the discovery of cell surface receptors, insulin action, and clearance, to network and precision medicine.

Theory of Electron Diffraction by Crystals

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyozaburo Kambe
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

A general theory of electron diffraction by crystals is developed. The crystals are assumed to be infinitely extended in two dimensions and finite in the third dimension. For the scattering problem by this structure two-dimensionally expanded forms of GREEN’S function and integral equation are at first derived, and combined in single three-dimensional forms. EWALD’S method is applied to sum up the series for GREEN’S function.

Early (Avant-garde) Symphonies by Valentin Silvestrov As a Sound Universe

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-343
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Shapovalova ◽  
Іryna Romaniuk ◽  
Marianna Chernyavska ◽  
Svitlana Shchelkanova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Philosophy Of Music ◽  
Philosophical Concept ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ninth Symphony ◽  
Human Ontology ◽  
First Time

"In the article under consideration are the ways of symphony genre transformation in the early works of Valentin Silvestrov (Ukraine). For the first time, the First, Second, Third, and Fourth symphonies by the genius composers of the 20th century are analyzed as a certain stylistic system. These compositions are endowed with the features of avant-garde poetics, and as a subject of musicological reflection, they are associated with a rethinking of the semantic paradigm of the genre. V. Silvestrov's early symphonies stand out from the classical practice of European symphonies. Scientific awareness of their phenomenal nature necessitated a methodological choice aimed at the most accurate identification of the philosophical concept of the new sound universum of V. Silvestrov's music. Deep correlation of the image of a human being as a factor of the symphony poetics (the influence of philosophical concepts of human ontology in the 20th century with the transformation of the genre canon) is considered. This refers to the nonmusical dimension of the genre semantics. The study of V. Silvestrov's early symphonies reveal a new philosophy of music through gradual movement – modulation: from the neo-baroque First Symphony and ""cosmic pastorals"" Musica Mundana of the Second Symphony through the history anthropologisation in the Third Symphony ""Eschatology"" to the monodrama Musica Humana in the Fourth Symphony. The dichotomy of Musica Mundana – Musica Humana is not accidental: in V. Silvestrov's creative method, remains relevant, which is confirmed by the dramaturgy of his latest work – the Ninth symphony (2019). Keywords: V. Silvestrov's early symphonies, evolution of style, worldview, Musica Mundana, monodrama. "

scholarly journals Discourses on the nursing and psychiatric nurse models, published in the Annals of Nursing (1933-1951)

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle de Macedo Pereira ◽  
Maria Itayra Padilha ◽  
Alexandre Barbosa de Oliveira ◽  
Tânia Cristina Franco Santos ◽  
Antonio José de Almeida Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Psychiatric Nursing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Psychiatric Nurse ◽  
Historical Sources

Social-historical study aimed at discussing the nursing and psychiatric nurse models, from the discourses published in the Annals of Nursing. The historical sources were articles published in the Annals of Nursing journal, from 1933 to 1951. An analysis of the discourse was subsidized by the genealogy of power by Michel Foucault. The analysis showed that the discourse on nursing and the psychiatric nurse, in the first half of the 20th century, is set, on one side, by the propositions used by psychiatrists, who sought to reiterate stereotypes and vocations to practice nursing, and, on the other side, by the active participation of nurses seeking to legitimize expertise for psychiatric nursing. It was concluded that the discourses analyzed defined a psychiatric care focused on the nurse and not the rest of the nursing staff, at that time.

Governing workplace safety through apparatuses: A historical study of the French construction industry in the 20th century

Organization ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Daudigeos ◽  
Stéphane Jaumier ◽  
Amélie Boutinot
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Workplace Accidents ◽  
Critical Management ◽  
Composite Nature ◽  
Power Arrangements ◽  
Critical Management Studies

Critical management studies have largely failed to offer a comprehensive understanding of the devising and implementation of workplace-safety policies and of the complex power arrangements these may imply. By primarily studying forms of control in relative isolation, these studies have instead produced various puzzles, namely, the persistence of a disciplinary treatment of workplace safety within the current neo-liberal era and the paucity of resistance to this. Drawing on the Foucauldian concept of apparatus and related analytical framework, we propose to remedy this through analysing the successive arrangements governing workplace accidents in the French construction industry during the 20th century. We evidence three successive regimes of control in which distinct apparatuses interact in various ways across different settings. Our study testifies to the composite nature of regimes of control governing workplace safety, and shows how it may impinge upon power relations, ultimately allowing more relevant struggles for a safer workplace to be envisaged. Additionally, by proposing an operationalization of the so-far-overlooked concept of apparatus, our study elaborates on the relevance of the governmentalist tradition for critical management studies.

scholarly journals Historical meaning of party socialism and the logic of failure in planned economy

2006 ◽  
pp. 51-73
Author(s):  
Masajuki Ivata
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Black Market ◽  
Planned Economy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Centralized Planning ◽  
Market Plan

The paper consists of three parts. The first part discusses the socialist thought and practice, the second the theory of crisis in the economy with centralized planning, and at the end the author analyses the role of dollar black market in the planned economy in Poland. The first part has the following structure: Four methodological fields of research Socio-experimental cycles; Consumed legitimacy; Anorganic dictatorship versus the organic dictatorship; MPC triangle (market - plan - compromise) as the 20th century heritage. The second part investigates the conditions for the balance in planned economy, functional and non-functional processes in planned economy and finally the failure of planned economy. The third part discusses the issue of the relation between the black market course of dollar and the balance levels of domestic (in this case - Polish) planned prices.

scholarly journals L’imaginaire d’images: une réflexion sur la photographie chez Barthes, Duras et Guibert

Çédille ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 565-591
Author(s):  
Antonella Lipscomb
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Marguerite Duras ◽  
Roland Barthes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Fine Line ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Herve Guibert

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between autobiography, pho-tography and autofiction in a selection of 20th century French autobiographies, such as Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes, L’Amant by Marguerite Duras, L´Image fantôme by Hervé Guibert. I will examine the complex relationship these auto-biographers maintain with the photographic portraits they choose to integrate or simply allude to in their autobiographies and show how the conflict between textual and visual images of the self reinforce the fine line between autobiography and autofiction.

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