Purification of Eucalyptus globulus water prehydrolyzates using the HiTAC process (high-temperature adsorption on activated charcoal)

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Sabrina Gütsch ◽  
Herbert Sixta
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Charcoal Adsorption ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Value Added Products

Abstract The implementation of biorefinery concepts into existing pulp and paper mills is a key step for a sustainable utilization of the natural resource wood. Water prehydrolysis of wood is an interesting process for the recovery of xylo-oligosaccharides and derivatives thereof, while at the same time cellulose is preserved to a large extent for subsequent dissolving pulp production. The recovery of value-added products out of autohydrolyzates is frequently hindered by extensive lignin precipitation, especially at high temperatures. In this study, a new high-temperature adsorption process (HiTAC process) was developed, where lignin is removed directly after the autohydrolysis, which enables further processing of the autohydrolyzates. The suitability of activated charcoals as a selective adsorbent for lignin under process-relevant conditions (150 and 170°C) has not been considered up to now, because former experiments showed decreasing efficiency of charcoal adsorption of lignin with increasing temperature in the range 20–80°C. In contrast to these results, we demonstrated that the adsorption of lignin at 170°C directly after autohydrolysis is even more efficient than after cooling the hydrolyzate to room temperature. The formation of lignin precipitation and incrustations can thus be efficiently prevented by the HiTAC process. The carbohydrates in the autohydrolysis liquor remain unaffected over a wide charcoal concentration range and can be further processed to yield valuable products.

Whey Utilization: Sustainable Uses and Environmental Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeta Zandona ◽  
Marijana Blažić ◽  
Anet Režek Jambrak
Keyword(s):  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Edible Films ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Value Added Products

The dairy industry produces large amounts of whey as a by- product or co-product, which has led to considerable environmental problems due to its high organic matter content. Over the past decades, possibilities of more environmentally and economically efficient whey utilisation have been studied, primarily to convert unwanted end products into a valuable raw material. Sustainable whey management is mostly oriented to biotechnological and food applications for the development of value-added products such as whey powders, whey proteins, functional food and beverages, edible films and coatings, lactic acid and other biochemicals, bioplastic, biofuels and similar valuable bioproducts. This paper provides an overview of the sustainable utilization of whey and its constituents, considering new refining approaches and integrated processes to covert whey, or lactose and whey proteins to high value-added whey-based products.

scholarly journals Value-Added Products from Urea Glycerolysis Using a Heterogeneous Biosolids-Based Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Bartoli ◽  
Chengyong Zhu ◽  
Michael Chae ◽  
David Bressler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Thermal Hydrolysis ◽  
Process Economics ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Value Added Products

Although thermal hydrolysis of digested biosolids is an extremely promising strategy for wastewater management, the process economics are prohibitive. Here, a biosolids-based material generated through thermal hydrolysis was used as a catalyst for urea glycerolysis performed under several conditions. The catalytic system showed remarkable activity, reaching conversion values of up to 70.8 ± 0.9% after six hours, at 140 °C using a catalyst/glycerol weight ratio of 9% and an air stream to remove NH3 formed during the process. Temperature played the most substantial role among reaction parameters; increasing temperature from 100 °C to 140 °C improved conversion by 35% and glycidol selectivity by 22%. Furthermore, the catalyst retained good activity even after the fourth catalytic run (conversion rate of 56.4 ± 1.3%) with only a slight decrease in glycidol selectivity. Thus, the use of a biosolids-based catalyst may facilitate conversion of various glycerol sources (i.e., byproduct streams from biodiesel production) into value-added products such as glycidol, and may also improve the economic feasibility of using thermal hydrolysis for treatment of biosolids.

Effect of Temperature on Crater Formation and Ejecta Composition in Aluminum Alloy Targets

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 768-773
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nishida ◽  
Koichi Hayashi ◽  
Junichi Nakagawa ◽  
Yoshitaka Ito
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Crater Formation ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Gas Gun ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The influence of temperature on crater formation and ejecta composition in thick aluminum alloy targets were investigated for impact velocities ranging from approximately 1.5 to 3.5 km/s using a two-stage light-gas gun. The diameter and depth of the crater increased with increasing temperature. The ejecta size at low temperature was slightly smaller than that at high temperature and room temperature. Temperature did not affect the size ratio of ejecta. The scatter diameter of the ejecta at high temperature was slightly smaller than those at low and room temperatures.

High Temperature Anisotropic Magnetoresistive (AMR) Sensors

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (HiTEN) ◽  
pp. 000236-000243
Author(s):  
Bharat B. Pant ◽  
Lucky Withanawasam ◽  
Mike Bohlinger ◽  
Mark Larson ◽  
Bruce W. Ohme
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Bias Voltage ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Thermal Chamber ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Magnetic field sensors are employed in down-hole oil, gas, and geothermal well-drilling applications for azimuth sensing, orientation/rotation sensing, and magnetic anomaly detection. Key requirements of these applications include high measurement accuracy in the near-DC frequency regime, high-operating temperatures, high mechanical shock and vibration, and severe size constraints. Silicon manufacturing processes enable the development of rugged components with small size compatible with assembly processes used for adjacent electronics in hermetically sealed hybrid and/or ceramic packages. Silicon-based magnetic sensors include Anistotropic Magnetoresistive (AMR), Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) and Tunnelling Magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors. Commercially available GMR and TMR sensors generally cannot be operated much above 150°C. While GMR and TMR have enabled great areal density growth for magnetic recording industry over the past two decades, AMR sensors provide high accuracy measurements in the near-DC regime above 150°C. This is in part due to simplicity of their construction, but also due to their low noise characteristics at low frequencies compared to GMR and TMR. This paper will describe the extension of Honeywell's low noise AMR sensors into high temperature regime up to 225°C. Sensors being reported have room temperature bridge resistance of ~700 Ω, open loop sensitivity of ~2.5 mV/V-Gauss, with a temperature coefficient of sensitivity of −2500 ppm/°C. The low-frequency minimum detectable field monotonically increases with increasing temperature. At room temperature it is ~2.2 μG/√Hz@1 Hz and reaches a value of ~26μG/√Hz@1 Hz at 225°C. Signal and noise density both increase with increasing sensor bias voltage such that low-frequency signal-to-noise ratio does not vary in the bias voltage range of 2.5 V to 10V. These sensors have also been configured in a closed loop format using low noise electronics. Measurements of closed loop transfer function in the range of ±0.8 Gauss were made. The sensor was placed in a thermal chamber while the feedback electronics were placed outside at room temperature. The linearity of the transfer function is quite excellent; deviation from linearity increases monotonically with increasing temperature reaching < 0.002% of full scale or 29 μGauss at 225°C. Closed loop operation of a typical sensor shows 1-σ measurement variability of 21 μGauss at 220°C. By a combination of averaging and closed loop operation an input step from 0 to 75 μGauss is replicated at the output to within 0.1 μG at 225°C.

scholarly journals Ammonia borane enabled upgrading of biomass derivatives at room temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 5972-5977
Author(s):  
Wenfeng Zhao ◽  
Sebastian Meier ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
Anders Riisager
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ammonia Borane ◽  
Efficient Catalyst ◽  
Free System ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Free ◽  
Value Added Products

An efficient catalyst-free system composed of ammonia borane in water or alcohol was developed to selectively convert biomass-derived feedstock into four value-added products under extremely mild conditions.

The thermal expansion and high temperature transformation of SnS and SnSe*

1979 ◽  
Vol 149 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heribert Wiedemeier ◽  
Frank J. Csillag
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Square Planar ◽  
Orthorhombic Modification ◽  
Temperature Transformation ◽  
Increasing Temperature

AbstractThe thermal expansion of SnS and SnSe has been studied above room temperature up to the melting point of 1163 ± 5K and 1135 ± 5K, respectively, by X-ray diffraction techniques using a 190 mm Unicam high temperature camera. The changes of the lattice parameters indicate that the atomic positions in the (010) plane approach a square planar arrangement with increasing temperature. The transformation of SnS and SnSe from orthorhombic to a pseudotetragonal orthorhombic modification with

scholarly journals Temperature Effects Associated with the Adsorption of Neodymium Ions onto Activated Charcoal

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riaz Qadeer
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Charcoal Adsorption ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Activated Charcoal Adsorption

The temperature dependence of the kinetics of the adsorption of neodymium ions from aqueous solution onto activated charcoal has been studied. The results obtained indicate that a form of equilibration appears to be attained after ca. 30 min although further very slow changes may occur over a much longer period. The adsorption process is controlled by the diffusion of neodymium ions into the pores of the activated charcoal. Adsorption follows first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 13.09 kJ/mol. Values of the equilibrium constant for the adsorption of neodymium ions onto activated charcoal increase with increasing temperature, thereby indicate the endothermic nature of the process.

The Mechanical Properties of Fe-36.5Al and its Cr or ti Containing Alloys at Elevated Temperature

1994 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingqiang Li ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Aidang Shan ◽  
Dongliang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Ternary Alloys ◽  
Transgranular Cleavage ◽  
Feal Alloy ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Increasing Temperature

AbstractThe mechanical properties of B2 structural FeAl alloys, prepared by hot rolling, at elevated temperatures have been measured by tensile tests. The alloys of Fe-36.5at.%A1, Fe-36.5at.%A1-5at.%Cr and Fe-36.5at.%Al-2at.%Ti were taken for tensile tests at a temperature range from room temperature to 1000°C. The fracture surfaces of these alloys were observed by SEM. The results showed that elongations of these alloys increased with increasing temperature when the testing temperatures were above 600°C. All the maximum elongations of these alloys appeared at 1000°C and those of Fe-36.5A1, Fe-36.5Al-5Cr, and Fe-36.5Al-2Ti alloys were 120%, 183% and 208% respectively. Fracture surfaces showed that failure of these alloys was by a combination of intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage below 700°C. but showed a ductile fracture above 700°C. The ductility and strength of ternary alloys were higher than that of binary FeAl alloy at elevated temperatures, especially at high temperature. The <111> dislocations and helices have been observed in Fe-36.5A1 alloy by TEM. The large elongation of FeAl alloy at high temperature resulted from <111> dislocations slipping and <111> helices climbing.

Synthesis and Electrical Properties of Mo-ZrO2 Cermet

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 2121-2126
Author(s):  
Ji Fang Xu ◽  
Gong Yuan Liu ◽  
Lei Tang ◽  
Jie Yu Zhang ◽  
Chang Jie
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Metal Phase ◽  
Phase Zone ◽  
Ceramic Phase ◽  
Mo Content ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Under the protected condition of the purified argon atmosphere, Mo-ZrO2cermets were sintered by Mo powder and ZrO2powder at 1873K for 2 hours. Mircostructure of cermets were observed by means of XRD, optical microscope and SEM anslysis. Electrical properties of sintered samples with different Mo content and temperature were measured using DC four-electrode method. The results showed that metal phase and ceramic phase were independent of each other. With the reduction of Mo content, Mo metal phase as the continuous network structure is dispersedly distributed in the ceramic phase zone. The electrical conductivity of cermets at room temperature increased with decreaseing of the Mo content. The trend that the high-temperature electrical conductivity of cermets changed with the Mo content is the same as the trend that at the room temperature. When the Mo content is greater than 40%, the high-temperature electrical conductivity increased linearly with increasing temperature. The electrical conductivity of 40mol-% Mo-ZrO2reached the peak at 1223K and 1473K.

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