Influence of Hot Bed Spray Dryer Parameters on Physical Properties of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Tea Powder

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Fakher Dizaji ◽  
Ali HamidiSepehr ◽  
Gholamreza Chegini ◽  
Javad Khazaei ◽  
Ali Mansuri
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Heated Air ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Rotary Speed ◽  
The Cost

Abstract In this study, the effects of some processing parameters on moisture content, drying yield, bulk density, solubility and particle size of peppermint tea powders obtained from a hot bed spray dryer were investigated. In this method of drying, a heated bed is used instead of heated air to simplify spouted bed drying method and lower the cost of drying. A wheel rotary atomizer was employed for spraying of material and a frustum-shaped bed heated by thermal elements was applied around the atomizer. Independent variables were bed temperature (130, 140 and 150°C), feed flow rate (10, 20 and 30 L/h) and rotary speed of atomizer (7,000, 12,000 and 16,000 rpm). The moisture content of dried tea powders ranged from 3.13 to 4.87%. The highest drying yield (87.23%) and solubility (89.6%) were obtained at the bed temperature of 130°C and feed flow rate of 10 L/h.

scholarly journals Screen Bowl Centrifuge Dewatering Process: A Parameteric Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj K. Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Clean Coal ◽  
Pool Depth ◽  
Coal Recovery ◽  
Bowl Centrifuge

Screen bowl centrifugation process is widely used for fine coal dewatering due to its relatively low cost, high capacity of providing low-moisture content product as well as relative ease of operation and maintenance. However, screen bowl centrifuge tends to lose a significant amount of ultrafine clean coal to the main effluent and screen-drain streams. This study aims at obtaining a better understanding of the parameter main effects and interaction effects with an ultimate goal of improving the dewatering performance of a screen bowl centrifuge. A three-level factorial experimental design has been utilized to conduct a test program using a continuously operated screen bowl centrifuge having a bowl diameter of 0.5 meter. The results of this study indicate that moisture content of the clean coal product is affected by both feed solid content and the pool depth maintained in the centrifuge. On the other hand, clean coal recovery to the product launder was found to be a function of feed solid content and volumetric feed flow rate but independent of the pool depth. The interaction effect of feed flow rate and feed solid content also appeared to have a significant effect on the clean coal recovery.

An Intelligent Reference Governor for Primary Air Control System in a Circulating Fluidized Bed

2015 ◽  
Vol 719-720 ◽  
pp. 376-380
Author(s):  
Xu Sheng Zhuo ◽  
Tong Li ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Dan Dan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Reference Governor

In combustion of a circulating fluidized bed, primary air plays a key role in keeping materials fluidized and regulating bed temperature. This report provides a design of reference governor for primary air fans to amend their control commands. That will improve the combustion efficiency via regulating primary air flow rate timely according to the changes of coal feed flow rate and bed temperature. To deal with the large inertia and slow response feature of primary air fans, a rule-based control method was used to design the reference governor. Based on the experiences of technical experts and operation data analysis, an expert rules system with wide coverage range was developed, which composed of the logical relationships between the coal feed flow rate, bed temperature and the primary air flow rate in various operation conditions. Test results show that designed reference governor can improve the control performance of primary air flow rate obviously.

Effects Of Variables On The Production Of Red-Fleshed Pitaya Powder Using Response Surface Methodology

2011 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Mohd Azizi Che Yunus ◽  
Ching Yaw Lee ◽  
Zuhaili Idham
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Central Composite

Teknik reka bentuk komposit pusat dalam kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM), telah dipilih untuk memeriksa pengaruh parameter-parameter pengeringan sembur terhadap kandungan lembapan dan ketumpatan pukal serbuk buah naga. Pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah tak bersandar dengan julat seperti yang disebutkan telah diuji kaji: suhu masukan (156-224°C), kadar aliran suapan (16.6-33.4 ml/min) dan kepekatan maltodextrin (31.6-48.4%). Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa data eksperimen dapat diwakili oleh bentuk polinomial tertib kedua. Bagaimanapun, hanya istilah linear mempunyai pengaruh mutlak terhadap keadaan serbuk. Parameter-parameter terbaik untuk mencapai nilai kandungan lembapan terendah adalah suhu masukan 224°C, kadar aliran suapan 22.9 ml/min dan kepekatan maltodextrin 40%, dengan jangkaan 3.88% kandungan lembapan. Nilai ketumpatan pukal yang maksimum iaitu 0.45 g/ml dicapai pada suhu masukan 156°C, kadar aliran suapan 16.6 ml/min dan kepekatan maltodextrin 48.4%. Kata kunci: Kaedah gerak balas permukaan; sembur kering; buah naga Central Composite Design technique from Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effects of spray drying conditions on red-fleshed pitaya powder moisture content and bulk density. The spray drying independent variables and ranges are inlet air temperature (156-224°C), feed flow rate (16.6-33.4 ml/min) and maltodextrin concentration (31.6-48.4 %). Results showed that the data were adequately fitted to second order polynomial model. However, only linear terms proved to be significant for powder attributes. The best spray drying conditions within the experimental ranges for minimum powder moisture content of 3.88% would be inlet air temperature, feed flow rate and maltodextrin concentration of 224°C, 22.9 ml/min and 40% respectively. The maximum powder bulk density of 0.45 g/ml was obtained at inlet air temperature of 156°C, 16.6 ml/min feed flow rate and 48.4% maltodextrin concentration. Key words: Response surface methodology; spray-drying; red-fleshed pitaya

BIO-FUEL PRODUCTION FROM CARBONDIOXIDE GAS USING S. elongatus PCC 7942 FROM CYANOBACTERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Teresa Sponza ◽  
Cansu Doğanx
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Butanol Production ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Cost Analyses ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pcc 7942 ◽  
Dissolved O2

The scope of this study, is  1-butanol production from CO2 with S. elongatus PCC 7942 culture. The yields of 1-butanolproduced/CO2utilized have been calculated. The maximum concentration of produced 1- butanol is 35.37 mg/L and 1-butanolproduced/CO2utilized efficiency is 92.4. The optimum operational conditions were  30°C temperature, 60 W intensity of light, pH= 7.1, 120 mV redox potential, 0.083 m3/sn flow rate with CO2 and 0.5 mg/l dissolved O2 concentration. Among the enzymes on the metabolic trail of the production of 1-butanol via using S. elongatus PCC 7942 cyanobacteria. At maximum yield; the measured concentrations are 0.016 µg/ml for hbd; 0.0022 µg/ml for Ter and 0.0048 µg/ml for AdhE2. The cost analyses necessary for 1-butanol production has been done and the cost of 1 litre 1-butanol has been determined as maximum 1.31 TL/L.

Experimental and Modelling of Aqueous Radioactive Waste Treatment by Ultrafiltration

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1149-1151
Author(s):  
Laura Ruxandra Zicman ◽  
Elena Neacsu ◽  
Felicia Nicoleta Dragolici ◽  
Catalin Ciobanu ◽  
Gheorghe Dogaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Process Factors ◽  
Volumetric Flux

Ultrafiltration of untreated and pretreated aqueous radioactive wastes was conducted using a spiral-wound polysulphonamide membrane. The influence of process factors on its performances was experimental studied and predicted. Permeate volumetric flux and permeate total suspended solids (TSS) were measured at different values of feed flow rate (7 and 10 m3/h), operating pressure (0.1-0.4 MPa), and feed TSS (15 and 60 mg/L). Permeate flux (42-200 L/(m2�h)) increased with feed flow rate and operating pressure as well as it decreased with an increase in feed TSS, whereas permeate TSS (0.1-33.2 mg/L) exhibited an opposite trend. A 23 factorial plan was used to establish correlations between dependent and independent variables of ultrafiltration process.

scholarly journals Thermal Efficiency and Economics of a Boil-Off Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction System Considering the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Liquid Hydrogen Carriers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4566
Author(s):  
Minsoo Choi ◽  
Wongwan Jung ◽  
Sanghyuk Lee ◽  
Taehwan Joung ◽  
Daejun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Fuel Cell Stack ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Flow

This study analyzes the thermodynamic, economic, and regulatory aspects of boil-off hydrogen (BOH) in liquid hydrogen (LH2) carriers that can be re-liquefied using a proposed re-liquefaction system or used as fuel in a fuel cell stack. Five LH2 carriers sailing between two designated ports are considered in a case study. The specific energy consumption of the proposed re-liquefaction system varies from 8.22 to 10.80 kWh/kg as the re-liquefaction-to-generation fraction (R/G fraction) is varied. The economic evaluation results show that the cost of re-liquefaction decreases as the re-liquefied flow rate increases and converges to 1.5 $/kg at an adequately large flow rate. Three energy efficient design index (EEDI) candidates are proposed to determine feasible R/G fractions: an EEDI equivalent to that of LNG carriers, an EEDI that considers the energy density of LH2, and no EEDI restrictions. The first EEDI candidate is so strict that the majority of the BOH should be used as fuel. In the case of the second EEDI candidate, the permittable R/G fraction is between 25% and 33%. If the EEDI is not applied for LH2 carriers, as in the third candidate, the specific life-cycle cost decreases to 67% compared with the first EEDI regulation.

scholarly journals Effects of Fe-Doped Electrolyte and Feed Flow Rate Evaluation in Home Made Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

2021 ◽  
Vol 1143 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
Hary Devianto ◽  
Isdiriyani Nurdin ◽  
Pramujo Widiatmoko ◽  
Kafi Adi Prasetya ◽  
Basil Pradipta
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Rate Evaluation

Column Study for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye using Azadirachta indica Adsorbent

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Vibha Goswami ◽  
Renu Upadhyaya ◽  
Sumanta Kumar Meher
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Methylene Blue Dye ◽  
Packed Bed Column ◽  
Bed Height ◽  
Percentage Removal

In this study, synthesised Azadirachta indica adsorbent was used for the removal of methylene blue dye using a packed bed column. The effect of feed flow rate, feed methylene blue dye concentration, and bed height of column on percentage removal of dye was studied. It was observed that the column bed exhausted rapidly at a higher flow rate and therefore, a breakthrough occurred faster. However, it was observed that bed exhaustion time increases on increasing the bed height from 2 to 10 inch at 10 mg/L feed dye concentration and feed flow rate of 40 ml/min. It was also found that the breakthrough curve is more dispersed and the percentage removal of dye increases on decreasing the feed methylene dye concentration from 150 to 10 mg/L. The percentage removal was found to be 96.89% at 20 ml/min of feed flow rate under 10 inch of bed height and 10 mg/L of feed dye concentration. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope were used for estimating the effluent dye concentration from the column and morphological study, respectively.

Scaling laws of vascular trees: of form and function

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. H894-H903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghassan S. Kassab
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Tree Structure ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vascular Trees

The branching pattern and vascular geometry of biological tree structure are complex. Here we show that the design of all vascular trees for which there exist morphometric data in the literature (e.g., coronary, pulmonary; vessels of various skeletal muscles, mesentery, omentum, and conjunctiva) obeys a set of scaling laws that are based on the hypothesis that the cost of construction of the tree structure and operation of fluid conduction is minimized. The laws consist of scaling relationships between 1) length and vascular volume of the tree, 2) lumen diameter and blood flow rate in each branch, and 3) diameter and length of vessel branches. The exponent of the diameter-flow rate relation is not necessarily equal to 3.0 as required by Murray's law but depends on the ratio of metabolic to viscous power dissipation of the tree of interest. The major significance of the present analysis is to show that the design of various vascular trees of different organs and species can be deduced on the basis of the minimum energy hypothesis and conservation of energy under steady-state conditions. The present study reveals the similarity of nature's scaling laws that dictate the design of various vascular trees and the underlying physical and physiological principles.

Sorption and desorption of phosphorus by shale: batch and column studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnsely S. Cyrus ◽  
G. B. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Desorption Process ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sorbent Materials ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Cost

Constructed wetland systems have gained attention as attractive solutions for wastewater treatment. Wetlands are not efficient to treat wastewater with high concentrations of phosphorus (P). In order to remove high soluble P loads by wetland, sorbent beds can be added prior to the discharge of wastewater into wetlands. Sorption by sorbent materials is identified as a method for trapping excess P in wastewaters. In the present investigation, shale has been identified as a sorbent material for removal of phosphate (PO4-P) due to the cost effectiveness, stability and possibility of regeneration. The study focuses on the removal of PO4-P from wastewater using shale and the feasibility of using the P-sorbed material as slow-release fertilizer. Phosphorus sorption experiments were conducted by using shale (2 mm and 2–4.7 mm). Results indicate that Shale I (particle size = 2 mm) showed the highest sorption of PO4-P (500 ± 44 mg kg−1). Breakthrough point was reached within 10 h in columns with flow rates of 2 and 3 ml min−1. Lower flow rate of 1 ml min−1 showed an average residence time of about 2 h while columns with a higher flow rate of 3 ml min−1 showed a residence time of about 40 minutes. Variation in flow rate did not influence the desorption process. Since very low concentrations of PO4-P are released, Shale saturated with PO4-P may be used as a slow nutrient release source of P or as a soil amendment. The sorbent can also be regenerated by removing the sorbed PO4-P by using 0.1 N HCl.

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