Evaluation of the possible hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potentials of the Averrhoa carambola juice extract in female albino rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. Aba ◽  
Augustus U. Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Averrhoa Carambola ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Acute Study ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractBackgroundAverrhoa carambola fruit is consumed by many people because of its sweetness and medicinal values. However, there is a dearth of researched information on its complete toxicity profile. This study investigated the possible toxicity potentials of star fruit juice in female albino rats.MethodsThirty-five rats assigned into seven groups of five rats each and administered with varying doses (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg) of the juice were used for acute toxicity studies. Another 20 rats assigned to four groups (A–D) of five rats each were administered the juice at 0, 600, 400 and 200 mg/kg body weight orally for 28 days. On the 29th day, whole blood, sera and vital organs were collected for hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological analyses, respectively.ResultsAcute study results indicate that the juice was safe even at 5000 mg/kg after 48 h. In the subacute studies, there were no significant (p < 0.05) differences in all hematological parameters, total protein, albumin and globulin values of the treated groups compared with those of the control group. The aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, as well as urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde values of the rats treated with the juice were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the control rats in a dose-dependent manner. The liver and kidney histomorphologies of the rats treated with the juice showed lesions of degeneration and necrosis when compared with those of the control.ConclusionThe juice of A. carambola is both nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic but had no deleterious effects on the hematology.

In Vivo Anti-Anemic Effect of an Aqueous Root Extract of Phyllanthus Muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell in Model Rats.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Nyirenda ◽  
Gershom B. Lwanga ◽  
Kaampwe M. Muzandu ◽  
David K. Chuba ◽  
Gibson M. Sijumbila
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevanceAnemia is a very serious condition in Zambia. One of the plants that has been used traditionally is Phyllanthus muellerianus where different parts of shrub are used to treat a number of diseases in Zambian folklore medicine. Earlier studies have investigated medicinal properties of its aqueous root extracts. This study evaluated the effect of P. muellerianus roots on the hematological indices of albino rats and determined its phytochemical profile. Aim of the studyTo carry out phytochemical screening of the root extract and assess the ant-anemic effect of the aqueous extract on laboratory rats with tail-bled induced anemia Materials and MethodsThirty-six male albino rats placed in six groups were used for the study. The groups comprised the 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg plant extract, Ranferon (200 mg/kg) positive control, anemic non treated control and a normal (non-anemic) control. Anemia, induced through bleeding of the rats, was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) levels less than 12 g/dL. The anti-anemic potential of the plant was determined by comparing its effect on the hematological parameters of rats on treatment to that of the control group.ResultsAfter treatment, rats on the 400 mg/kg plant extract dose showed the greatest increase in the mean values for Hb, Packed cell volume (PCV) and RBC count were 43.3±1.2%, 15.4±0.3 g/dL and 6.3±0.3 x106 /mL respectively, when compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed positive results for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids and tannins with varying amounts.Conclusions. The aqueous root extract of P. muellerianus was efficacious against anemia in a dose-dependent manner. The phytochemical compositions seem to be responsible for its hematopoietic properties. Thus, the root decoction of P. muellerianus is useful in alleviating anemia and the results lend credence to its use in traditional medicine in the management of anemia.

scholarly journals An Effective Phytoconstituent Aconitine: A Realistic Approach for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dilek Çankal ◽  
Esra Küpeli Akkol ◽  
Yeliz Kılınç ◽  
Mert İlhan ◽  
Raffaele Capasso
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Infraorbital Nerve ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent

Trigeminal neuralgia pain remains a challenge to treat. Natural compounds may be promising options for relieving pain. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of aconitine in a rat model of trigeminal neuralgia pain. Infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury was performed in adult Wistar Albino rats. After the neuropathic pain developed, the rats were assigned to one of the treatment groups: carbamazepine 40 or 80 mg/kg; aconitine 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 mg/kg; or saline injection (control group). Behavioral testing with von Frey filaments and the rotarod test were carried out before the surgical procedure and on the 24th to 29th postoperative days. Following the completion of tests, ipsilateral and contralateral spinal cords were harvested for Western blot analyses to assess NR-1 protein expression. ANOVA followed by Mann-Whitney U test was performed for the statistical analyses. P values of <0.05 were considered significant. Aconitine significantly reduced mechanical sensitivity in a dose-dependent manner. A significant reduction in motor coordination was noted for the higher doses of aconitine which was similar with the 40 and 80 mg/kg doses of carbamazepine. NR-1 expression was reduced in the ipsilateral spinal cord, whereas no significant difference was noted between the groups in the expression of NR-1 in the contralateral spinal cord. Aconitine had a significant pain relieving effect, which was similar to carbamazepine, in a dose-dependent manner. Aconitine may be an alternative pharmacological agent for the control of trigeminal neuralgia pain.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Phyllanthus amarus leaf meal for hepato nephro-protective potentials in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Cyprian Robinson Unigwe
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Phyllanthus Amarus ◽  
Serum Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Dose Dependent

Phyllanthus amarus is an important medicinal plant that is widely distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions of the planet and has the ability to prevent and treat several human and animal diseases but has been associated with pathological defects on various organs on dose-dependent pattern. This study was carried out to evaluate Phyllanthus amarus leaf meal (PALM) for hepato-nephro-protective potentials in broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty (120) day old marshal broiler chickens were used for the experiment that lasted for 56 days. The birds were randomly allotted to five treatments of T0 (control, no PALM), T1 (2.5g/kg PALM), T2 (5.0g/kg PALM), T3 (7.5g/kg PALM) and T4 (10g/kg PALM) in a complete randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated thrice with 8 birds per replicate. The birds were fed with commercial Top® feed and water was given ad-libitum. At the end of the experiment, blood was aseptically collected via venipuncture from a randomly selected bird per replicate to determine the serum biochemical parameters and later was humanely sacrificed for organs harvest. The liver and kidney were carefully dissected out and fixed in buffered 10% formalin for histological study. The biochemical data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and statistical difference in means was separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The histo-pathological slides were interpreted by experts. ALT for T1 – T4 were statistically similar but differed significantly (P<0.05) from T1 . The ALP, however, showed T2 – T4 differing significantly (P<0.05) from T0 and T1 . The uric acid was highest in T4 and differed significantly (P<0.05) from other groups. The urea was highest in quantity in T3 and T4 and as well differed significantly (P<0.05) from other treatments. Therefore, the results showed significant differences (P<0.05) across treatment groups except for AST. PALM gradually increased the ALT, ALP, uric acid and urea in a dose dependent manner across treatments except urea that slightly decreased at T4 . The findings indicated that the PALM had varied time and dose dependent pathological effects on the liver and kidney of treated groups. It can therefore be concluded that PALM enhances serum biochemical parameters and has deleterious effects on the cyto-architecture of liver and kidney. It is recommended that PALM (crude) up to 2.5 g/kg should not be administered protractedly in chickens since it could constitute damage to visceral organs.

scholarly journals Nutritional, haematinic and biosafety evaluation of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) leaf extract on albino rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (13) ◽  
pp. 313-329
Author(s):  
Benjamin O. Gabriel ◽  
MacDonald Idu
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Acute Study

This study evaluates the nutritional, Haematinic and biosafety of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) aqueous leaf extract on albino rats. Proximate and mineral compositions were determined using standard methods. Haematinic activity of the plant was done using graded doses; 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride to induce anaemia. A modified method was used for acute and sub-acute toxicological evaluations. Results from the study showed that aqueous extracts of I. batatas had significant increase in RBC, HCT, Hgb, MCV, MCH and MCHC at 7.19+/-0.45, 46.13+/-0.08, 13.43+/-0.27, 82.40+/-0.92, 24.15+/-1.24 and 37.78+/-0.20, respectively, when compared with the control group. Acute study showed no pathological behaviour with absent mortality. Sub-acute study of the spleen, heart, liver and kidney showed a mild activation of local immune system. The extracts recorded 89.14% scavenging property compared with 94.3% ascobate in antioxidant study. Proximate analysis had 31.56% of moisture content, 16.25% of protein, 7.64% of ash, 0.37% of crude fibre, 0.19% of fat and 43.99% of carbohydrate. Investigation of calcium, magnesium, Iron, potassium, phosphorus, sodium and zinc were 28.03, 339.61, 15.87, 4.61, 35.90, 4.21 and 0.08 mg/kg others were not detected. This may be due to stimulating mechanism of Myelo-Erythroid cell ratio in bone marrow or antioxidant effect. Result thus validates ethno-botanical uses of I. batatas for the treatment of anaemia.

scholarly journals Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of crude extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rofiyat Omolara Raji ◽  
Hadiza Lami Muhammad ◽  
Abdulkadir Abubakar ◽  
Sophia Shekwoyan Maikai ◽  
Habibat Feyishara Raji
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gymnema Sylvestre ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Biochemical Indices

Abstract Background Gymnema sylvestre is a reputable medicinal plant commonly explore for the management of diabetes and other ailments in traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the phytochemical compositions and effect of crude extract, hexane, and ethyl-acetate fractions of Gymnema sylvestre on biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats. Methods Albino rats were distributed randomly into a control group and nine treatment groups orally administered crude extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW) for 21 days. Liver and kidney function indices, as well as hematological parameters, were monitored. Results Our results revealed that the crude methanol extract contains flavonoids (8.56 ± 0.50 mg/g), alkaloids (13.84 ± 0.67 mg/g), total phenol (1.98 ± 0.50 mg/g), saponins (23.85 ± 0.35 mg/g) and tannins (16.00 ± 0.34 mg/g). The crude methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of Gymnema sylvestre had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg BW in acute oral toxicity test. The extract and fractions at 300 and 600 mg/kg BW cause loss of body weight of the rats, significantly altered (p < 0.05) the levels of biochemical indices including the aspartate transaminases, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphates, bilirubin, proteins, urea, creatinine, and white blood cells (WBC) counts when compared with the non-treated control. However, the extract and fractions at 100 mg/kg BW did not cause any significant (p > 0.05) alterations to the levels of biochemical and hematological parameters when compared with the non-treated control. Conclusion Gymnema sylvestre at sub-acute doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg BW could compromise the functional integrity of the rats’ liver and kidney. The study, therefore, suggested the use of Gymnema sylvestre for oral remedy at a dose of 100 mg/kg or below.

scholarly journals Toxicological Studies of Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on Wister Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Mustapha Sahabi Aliyu ◽  
Yahaya Ibrahim ◽  
Alhassan Yunusa Dada ◽  
Sadiq Abubakar Sifawa
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Chronic Doses

Aim: The aim is to evaluate the toxicological profiles of methanol stem bark extract of E. camaldulensis (MSEEC) on Wister albino rats. Methods: Acute toxicity study was conducted according to OECD, 2001. The rats were grouped into six groups of one rat each and were given single oral dose 5000 mg/kg of the extract.  A total of 30 albino rats of both sex were used for the toxicological study. The rats were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats. Control group (group 1) received distilled water orally 1 ml/kg. Groups (2-5) received doses of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg of the extracts. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0.  Results: The LD50 of MSEEC was greater than 5000mg/kg. The sub-chronic doses of 500-2000 mg/kg of the extract shows no significant (P>.05) difference of the hematological parameters when compared to the control. The Serum biochemical parameters were no significant (P>.05) compared to the control. However, there was an increase in creatinine level at doses 500, 1500 and 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that administration of methanol stem bark extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis did not produce significant toxic effect.

The Toxicity Effect of Echium Amoenum on the Liver and Kidney of Mice.

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozhgan Ghorbani ◽  
Atefeh Araghi ◽  
Nabi Shariatifar ◽  
Seyed Hooman Mirbaha ◽  
Behrokh Marzban Abbasabadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Copper Ion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Toxicity Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Echium Amoenum

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of Echium amoenum plants on the liver and kidney of animal model. Background: Echium amoenum is one of the medicinal plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids with several properties which has widely consumed among different communities. Objective: The toxic effects of Echium amoenum on the liver and kidney were investigated in this study. Methods: Sixty mice were kept for 28 days under the appropriate laboratory conditions. Echium amoenum extract (25, 12.5, 50 mg / kg, ip.) was administered for 28 days. At the end of experiment, blood samples were drawn and liver and kidneys were removed for evaluating hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of extract. Additionally, experiments were conducted to assay the enzymatic and oxidative activities. Results: There was no significant difference in the levels of copper ion in the liver and kidneys among all groups. There was a significant difference in the levels of lipid peroxidation in the liver of treated groups versus control group. The significant difference was not observed in the levels of glutathione of the liver of all groups. However, the levels of glutathione of the kidney significantly decreased in the treated groups versus control group. There was no significant difference in the liver enzymes including ALP, SGOT, and SGPT between all groups. This indicates that damage increase with enhancing the time and concentrations of extract. Biochemical analysis showed the creatinine and urea levels did not change in the treated groups versus control group. Conclusion: According to the present findings, it is suggested that Echium amoenum causes hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity effects in dose and time dependent manner.

scholarly journals Effect of Synchronous Versus Sequential Regimens on the Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Regorafenib with Irradiation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Tung-Hu Tsai ◽  
Yu-Jen Chen ◽  
Li-Ying Wang ◽  
Chen-Hsi Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hep G2 ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study was performed to evaluate the interaction between conventional or high-dose radiotherapy (RT) and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of regorafenib in concurrent or sequential regimens for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Concurrent and sequential in vitro and in vivo studies of irradiation and regorafenib were designed. The interactions of RT and regorafenib in vitro were examined in the human hepatoma Huh-7, HA22T and Hep G2 cell lines. The RT–PK phenomenon and biodistribution of regorafenib under RT were confirmed in a free-moving rat model. Regorafenib inhibited the viability of Huh-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis in Huh-7 cells was enhanced by RT followed by regorafenib treatment. In the concurrent regimen, RT decreased the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC)regorafenib by 74% (p = 0.001) in the RT2 Gy × 3 fraction (f’x) group and by 69% (p = 0.001) in the RT9 Gy × 3 f’x group. The AUCregorafenib was increased by 182.8% (p = 0.011) in the sequential RT2Gy × 1 f’x group and by 213.2% (p = 0.016) in the sequential RT9Gy × 1 f’x group. Both concurrent regimens, RT2Gy × 3 f’x and RT9Gy × 3 f’x, clearly decreased the biodistribution of regorafenib in the heart, liver, lung, spleen and kidneys, compared to the control (regorafenib × 3 d) group. The concurrent regimens, both RT2Gy × 3 f’x and RT9Gy × 3 f’x, significantly decreased the biodistribution of regorafenib, compared with the control group. The PK of regorafenib can be modulated both by off-target irradiation and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

scholarly journals Effect of lemon peel flavonoids on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation capacities of exhaustive exercise mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guili Bao ◽  
Yinglong Zhang ◽  
Xiaoguang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Lemon Peel ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractIn this study, lemon peel flavonoids (LPF) were administered to investigate its effect on the anti-fatigue and antioxidant capacity of mice that undergo exercise until exhaustion. LPF (88.36 min in LPFH group mice) significantly increased the exhaustion swimming time compare to the untreated mice (40.36 min), increased the liver glycogen and free fatty acid content in mice and reduce lactic acid and BUN content in a dose-dependent manner. As the concentration of lemon peel flavonoids increased, the serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels of mice gradually decreased. LPF increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in mice and reduces malondialdehyde levels in a dose-dependent manner. And LPF raises hepatic tissue SOD, CAT activities and reduces skeletal muscle tissue iNOS, TNF-α levels of mice compared to the control group. LPF also enhanced the expression of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), and CAT mRNA in mouse liver tissue. LPF also enhanced the expression of alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter 1 (ASCT1) mRNA and attenuate the expression of syncytin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in mouse skeletal muscle. According to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, it was found that LPF contains flavonoids such as rutin, astragalin, isomangiferin, naringin, and quercetin. Our experimental data show that LPF has good anti-fatigue effects and anti-oxidation ability. In summary, LPF has high prospects to be developed and added to nutritional supplements.

Toxicopathological effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 591-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Basir ◽  
Ahrar Khan ◽  
Riaz Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Zargham Khan ◽  
Farzana Rizvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Group A ◽  
Dose Dependent

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) on clinical, hematological, biochemical and pathological alterations in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). New Zealand white female rabbits (n = 24) of 4-5 months age having 997.92 ± 32.83 g weight were divided into four equal groups. Group A (control) received normal saline intraperitoneally (ip). Animals in groups B, C and D were treated with LCT 1.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg bw ip. Each group received seven consecutive doses at an interval of 48 hours. Blood and serum samples were collected at an interval of 96 hours. Blood analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in red blood cell and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration and lymphocytes, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils were increased. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum total proteins and serum albumin, while an increase was seen in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities compared with the control group. Serum globulin values varied non-significantly in all treatment groups as compared to control group. A dose-dependent increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte was observed. All gross and histopathological lesions observed in LCT-treated rabbits were dose-dependent. Liver of the treated rabbits exhibited extensive perihepatitis, hyperplasia of bile duct, necrosis, hemorrhages and congestion. In lungs, there were hemorrhages, thickened alveolar walls, congestion, emphysema, collapsed alveoli and accumulation of extensive inflammatory cells. Kidneys were congested and hemorrhagic whereas renal parenchyma and stroma were normal. Microscopically, heart showed congestion of blood vessels and nuclear pyknosis, myodegeneration. It was concluded from the study that LCT produced toxicopathological alterations in rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of the results, it can be suggested that overdosing of LCT be avoided while treating animals for ectoparasites.

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