Tokophobia (fear of childbirth): prevalence and risk factors

AbstractObjective:To identify the prevalence of and to determine the risk factors for developing a fear of childbirth (tokophobia).Methods:We evaluated 191 pregnant women during Parenting and Childbirth Classes. Participants were approached when attending Parenting and Childbirth Classes between June 2014 and September 2014 and were asked to complete several questionnaires related to depression (CES-D), anxiety (STAI X1 and X2), satisfaction with life (SWLS), delivery expectation/experience (W-DEQ), and specific fears.Results:Most (90%) of the responders were nulliparous. As many as 75% of the participants reported low to moderate tokophobia, whereas 25% exhibited high or very high fear of childbirth. Pathological fear occurred in 1.6% of the participants. The most significant was the fear of having an episiotomy followed by fear of having no control on the situation and fear of pain. An association exists between a preferred elective cesarean birth and tokophobia.Conclusions:The results draw attention to the need for early detection and treatment of fear of childbirth. The data may help identifying women at risk that require prenatal psychological intervention.

Download Full-text

General Practice Recruitment for People at Risk of Schizophrenia: The Buckingham Experience

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/000486740003401s19 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. A131-A136 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ian R. H. Falloon

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Primary Care ◽

At Risk ◽

General Practice ◽

Early Detection ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Community Sample ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Psychotic Episode

Objective The process of detecting people at high risk of schizophrenia from a community sample is a major challenge for prevention of psychotic disorders. The aim of this paper is to describe early detection procedures that can be implemented in primary care settings. Methods A selected literature review is supplemented by experiences and data obtained during the Buckingham Integrated Mental Health Care Project. Results General medical practitioners have been favoured as the agents most likely to prove helpful in detecting the key risk factors that predict the onset of schizophrenic disorders, as well as in recognising the earliest signs and symptoms of these conditions. However, the practical problems of screening for multiple and subtle risk factors in general practice are substantial, and general practitioners (GPs) often have difficulty recognising the earliest signs of a psychotic episode. A range of strategies to assist GPs detect early signs of psychosis in their patients are considered. Conclusions It is feasible to implement primary care setting early detection procedures for people at risk of schizophrenia. Implementation is aided by the use of a brief screening questionnaire, training sessions and case supervision; and increased collaboration with mental health services and other community agencies.

Download Full-text

Feasibility of cardiovascular risk screening in Portuguese community pharmacies

Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 2255

Author(s):

Anabela Fonseca ◽

Tacio Lima ◽

Margarida Castelo-Branco ◽

Isabel Vitória Figueiredo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

At Risk ◽

Early Detection ◽

Community Pharmacists ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Risk Screening ◽

Screening Programs

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of human mortality. As highly accessible and qualified health professionals, community pharmacists can be included in the early detection of patients at risk for CVD by implementing CVD screening programs. Objective: To assess the feasibility of CVD risk screening services in Portuguese community pharmacies from the evaluation of customers acceptability. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a community pharmacy in Portugal. The purpose of entering the pharmacy was recorded for all customers. Afterwards, the customers were invited to be interviewed by the pharmacist, who registered their willingness to participate and collected the participants’ data and biochemical and physical parameters to assess their CV risk by applying the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) model. For the participants who were not eligible for the SCORE-based risk assessment, the pharmacist considered the major modifiable CVD risk factors - hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking habits, obesity, impaired fasting glucose and sedentary behavior - according to the ESC guidelines. Results: Picking up medication was the most prevalent reason 69.8% (n=1,600) for entering the pharmacy, and among the contacted customers, 56.4% (n=621) agreed to have their CVD risk assessed. Of the 588 participants, 56.6% (n=333) were already on CV pharmacotherapy and were therefore not eligible for screening. Of the 43.4% (n=255) CV pharmacotherapy-naïve participants, 94.9% (n=242) were screened with at least one CVD risk factor; 52.9% (n=135) were not eligible for the SCORE assessment, of which 92.6% (n=125) presented CVD risk factors. Of the 120 SCORE eligible participants, 80.0% (n=96) were at least at moderate risk of CVD. Conclusions: We determined the feasibility of CVD risk screening in Portuguese community pharmacies, as we found high customer acceptability, noted the reasons for nonattendance, and found a high prevalence of CVD risk factors in at-risk patients. This is an opportunity for Portuguese community pharmacists to take a leading role in the early detection of CVD.

Download Full-text

Related Psychosocial Factors and Delivery Mode of Depression and Anxiety in Primipara in Late Pregnancy

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/3254707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Xingying Chen ◽

Fangfang Hong ◽

Dandan Wang ◽

Bingyan Bai ◽

Yue Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Status ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Psychological Intervention ◽

Medical Model ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Psychological State ◽

Anxiety State ◽

Delivery Mode ◽

Depression And Anxiety

Studies in recent years show that the delivery process, the choice of delivery mode, and the delivery outcome of primiparas are affected by their mental state. With the transformation of the medical model from the single biomedical model to the biopsychosocial medical model, the influence of social psychological factors on maternal psychological state has aroused heated discussion among clinical scholars. In this study, 480 cases of normal primiparas who had regular prenatal examination and delivered in hospital were selected as the research object. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) was used to record the depressive anxiety state of all study subjects in the third trimester, and we analyzed the effects of age, education background of pregnant women and their spouses, the nature of jobs, family income, prenatal and pregnancy health status, medical insurance status, attend pregnant women’s school, and accompanying status of family member on their depressive anxiety state. The influence of depression and anxiety on delivery mode was analyzed. The result showed that the age, health status during prenatal and pregnancy, accompanying status of family members, and attend pregnant women’s school are the independent risk factors affecting depression and anxiety status of primiparas during late pregnancy. Antenatal depression and anxiety have certain influence on the choice of the delivery mode of pregnant women. Targeted psychological intervention for primiparas with high-risk factors is helpful to improve their psychological state and reduce the rate of cesarean section.

Download Full-text

Antenatal Care Description and Pregnancy Risk of Pregnancy in Pregnant Mother in Palu City 2019: Study of Co-Ass Assistance for IKM-KK Faculty of Medicine, Tadulako University

Journal La Medihealtico ◽

10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v1i2.86 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 8-14

Author(s):

Ketut Suarayasa ◽

Bertin Ayu Wandira

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

High Risk Pregnancy ◽

Young Doctor ◽

Pregnancy Risk ◽

Risk Pregnancy ◽

Low Risk Pregnancy ◽

Very High

The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of pregnancy risk factors in pregnant women accompanied by young doctor from the IKM-KK department of the Faculty of Medicine at Tadulako University during a stase at the Primary Health Care in the city of Palu. The design of this study was descriptive in order to obtain an overview of pregnancy risk factors obtained from the checklist for assisting pregnant women. The population in this study were all pregnant women who received young doctor from the IKM-KK department in the last 2 (two) years, totaling 147 pregnant women. While the sample in this study was 3rd trimester pregnant women whose notes in the accompanying book are complete. The results showed that: 1) Compliance with the lowest Antenatal Care standard in laboratory tests (70%); 2) Pregnant Women with Low Risk Pregnancy (KRR) of 58.2%, High Risk Pregnancy (KRT) of 32.2% and Very High Risk Pregnancy (KRST) of 9.6%; 3) The three highest risk factors for pregnancy are getting pregnant too soon again <2 years (31.3%), had cesarean section (22.9%) and pre-eclampsia (16.7%); and 4) Pregnant women with very high risk pregnancies (KRST) at most (72.7%) were found in urban health centers, including: kamonji (36.3%), Singgani (18.2%) and Talise (18.2%).

Download Full-text

PREGNANCY - ASSOCIATED PLASMA PROTEIN-A AND PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA AMONG ANTENATING PREGNANT WOMEN IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

International Journal of Medical Science and Diagnosis Research ◽

10.32553/ijmsdr.v5i6.817 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Abidoye Gbadegesin ◽

Taiwo Kuye-Kuku ◽

Ishaq A. Adesanya ◽

Joy O. Agbara ◽

Yusuf A. Oshodi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

At Risk ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Plasma Protein ◽

Protein A ◽

University Teaching ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patients At Risk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Risk Of Preeclampsia

Background: Preclampsia is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality which accounts for 5%-10% of deaths worldwide. Several studies have attempted to effectively predict preclampsia early in pregnancy. The effective method of detection and treatment are yet to be determined. Early identification of women at risk would enhance prompt monitoring and treatment of both mother and fetus. International Federation of Gynaecology and obstetrics FIGO recommends that the use of risk factors along with biomarkers would be beneficial in predicting the disease among pregnant women. Thus, the discovery of a sensitive and specific biomarker would reduce the unwanted effect of preeclampsia. Several biomarkers have been studied but efforts to find an effective one for the prediction of preeclampsia is still elusive. The study evaluated the relationship between pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (P PPA) and preeclampsia as a biomarker in predicting preeclampsia. Objectives: To determine the relationship between the levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the onset of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women with risk factors for preeclampsia and those without known risk factors (control). Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study of consenting patients who presented at the maternity unit of Ifako-Ijaiye Mother and Child Centre between 11-15 weeks gestation with risk factors for preeclampsia (cases) and those without known risk factors for preeclampsia (controls). Blood samples were obtained and sent to Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Medical Research Laboratory for analysis of Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A). Results: No significant correlation was found between the onset of preeclampsia and the levels of Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A in pregnant women with risk as well as those without risk factors who later on developed the disease. p>0.05. Among women without identifiable risk of preeclampsia, median Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A was significantly higher in pregnant women who did not develop Preeclampsia compared to those who subsequently developed preeclampsia (p=0.004). There was a statistically significant difference in the median PAPP-A levels between patients at risk of preeclampsia (cases) compared with those without risk (controls). p<0.05. Conclusion: There was a significantly lower median level of PAPP-A among patients with risk factors for preeclampsia when compared with low-risk patients. Meanwhile, there is no significant correlation between the levels of PAPP-A and onset of preeclampsia among those who subsequently developed the disease in those at risk and those without.

Download Full-text

GAMBARAN KEJADIAN PRE EKLAMSIA PADA IBU HAMIL

Midwifery Journal Jurnal Kebidanan UM Mataram ◽

10.31764/mj.v6i1.1694 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Evi Wahyuntari ◽

Pratika Wahyuhidaya

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

At Risk ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Medical Record ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Chronic Hypertension ◽

Medical Record Data ◽

Work Area ◽

Record Data

Kelainan tekanan darah selama kehamilan seperti preeklampsia, hipertensi gestasional, dan chronic hipertensi terjadi pada 10% wanita hamil. Kelainan tekanan darah ini akan berefek pada morbiditas, ketidakmampuan ibu dan penyebab kamatian tertinggi pada ibu hamil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan pre eklamsia pada kehamilan Penelitian deskriptif Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil baik yang mengalami Preeklampsia maupun yang tidak mengalami Preeklampsia dan melakukan pemerikasaan di RSKIA Sadewa diambil dari data rekam medik pada bulan Januari sampai bulan Nopember 2018 dengan jumlah 2862 ibu hamil. Kriteria Inklusi semua ibu hamil normal yang tidak mengalami Preeklampsia dan data yang ada di dalam rekam medis pasien yang terisi lengkap. Kriteri eksklusi data rekam medis yang tidak terisi lengkap atau tidak adanya data salah satu dari kriteria insklusi Hasil: gambaran faktor risiko preeklampsia di RSKIA Sadewa 31 (31%) responden rentang usia berisiko, 95 (95%) dengan pendidikan tinggi, 53 (53%) responden dengan paritas multigravida, 83 (93%) riwayat kesehatan tidak berisiko. Kesimpulan gambaran preeklampsia di RSKIA Sadewa sebagian besar responden yang mengalami preeklamsia tidak memiliki riwayat kesehatan yang berisiko. Saran dengan mengetahui karakteristik responden, maka kejadian preeklampsia dapat di minimalisir.Blood pressure abnormalities during pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension occur in 10% of pregnant women. This blood pressure disorder will influence morbidity, maternal disability and the highest cause of death in pregnant women. This study aims to determine factors associated with pre-eclampsia in pregnancy. Descriptive research the population in this study were all pregnant women both experiencing pre-eclampsia and those not experiencing pre-eclampsia and conducting examinations in RSKIA Sadewa taken from medical record data from January to November 2018 with a total of 2862 pregnant women. Criteria for inclusion of all normal pregnant women without preeclampsia and the data contained in the complete medical records of patients. Criteria for exclusion of incomplete medical record data or absence of data from one of the inclusion criteria Results: description of pre-eclampsia risk factors in RSKIA Sadewa 31 (31%) respondents at-risk age range, 95 (95%) with tertiary education, 53 (53 %) respondents with multigravida parity, 83 (93%) medical history was not at risk. Conclusion Anaemia's description in the work area of Kalasan Public Health Center most of the respondents did not experience anaemia before. Suggestions by knowing the characteristics of respondents, then events can be minimized by doing early detection of risk factors

Download Full-text

Mogućnosti prevencije rizičnih ponašanja djece predškolske dobi

Magistra Iadertina ◽

10.15291/magistra.774 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1.) ◽

Author(s):

Marina Đuranović ◽

Valentina Opić

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

At Risk ◽

Early Detection ◽

Risk Behaviors ◽

Risky Behavior ◽

Risky Behaviors ◽

Educational Process ◽

Risky Behaviour ◽

Public Places ◽

Social Incompetence

With each passing day there are more and more children who show different, often unacceptable behaviours in their families, in public places in kindergartens or schools. There are many reasons why children begin to adopt patterns of risky behavior. One of them is the inability to meet the child's needs (from family, immediate and wider community) in a suitable manner. The need of early detection of risk factors from the immediate environment of the child which may be the causes of risky behaviour are becoming increasingly important, especially because children at who are noticed early risky behavior are at risk, which would later be identified as social incompetence. Risky behaviors are signs of exposure to the risk of a child or call for help. In order to prevent occurrence of children's risky behaviors, it is necessary to act preventively. Pedagogical prevention should be well designed and implemented in the educational process. This paper will attempt to define the risk behaviors of children, will display some of the risk factors that encourage risky behavior and emphasize the importance of quality educational prevention.

Download Full-text