scholarly journals Competition and critical periods in spring sugar beet cultivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Mansilla Martínez ◽  
José-Arturo de Juan Valero ◽  
Alfonso Domínguez Padilla ◽  
María-Raquel Picornell Buendía
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
High Yields

AbstractHigh yields with low costs require that sugar beets be kept free of weeds, during critical periods, using labor or chemical treatments. Since the critical periods for this crop in Castilla - La Mancha (Spain) are unknown, the first goal of this study was to determine the effect of early and late competition on yield. The second goal was to determine the critical periods, while taking into consideration the semiarid climatic conditions of this region. Two irrigation farms located in the province of Albacete are dedicated to sugar beet cultivation. These two farms were chosen to carry out the tests March (140,000-150,000 seeds ∙ ha-1) and harvested in October. Two simultaneous and complementary experiments were carried out in each year and farm. Two scenarios were considered with eight different treatments each. In the first one (With Weeds Until - WWU), plots were infested by weeds up to a certain date. In the second one (Free of Weeds Until - FWU), plots were kept free of weeds up to a certain date. For each test, a randomised experimental blocked field was designed and there were four repetitions, each of them containing eight elemental plots (12 m2). Each plot was weeded by hand or weeds were left to grow till a definite date.The results indicated that a 1% loss of yield was reached in the early competition after 14 days, while a loss of 5% was reached after a period of 41 days after it was infested. The results also indicated that in late competition, if a crop is kept clean for 124 days and it is infested afterwards, a 1% loss is reached. However, the loss increases to 5% if the plot is kept clean for 111 days. For a 1% loss the critical period is 110 days and 70 days for a 5% loss.

scholarly journals Reaction of some weed species to herbicides in sugar beet cultivation

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Domańska ◽  
L. Leska ◽  
Z. Łęgowiak ◽  
G. Maćkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Polygonum Convolvulus ◽  
Herbicide Activity

In the years 1975-1980, on the Experimental Farm Chylice fields of the Warsaw Agricultural University, herbicide activity was evaluated on commonly appearing weed species in sugar beet cultivation. The most frequent weeds were: <i>Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum convolvulus</i> and <i>Polygonum lapatifolium</i>. Preemergence use of chloridazon and furthermore postemergence use of phenmedipham were most effective in control. Metolachlor or bentiocarb mixed with metamitron and chloridazon were effective too. It was found that 70% control of <i>Chenopodium album</i> increased crops of sugar beets by about 25% on the basis of two years experiments (1979-1980), differing in quantity and periods of rainfall, a visible dependence of herbicide effectiveness on climatic conditions was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Регулятор росту рослин «Грейнактив-С» покращує насіння цукрових буряків

2018 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
В. М. Смірних ◽  
М. В. Тищенко ◽  
С. В. Філоненко ◽  
В. В. Ляшенко ◽  
М. М. Нікітін
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Low Costs

Наведено результати досліджень впливу регулятора росту рослин «Грейнактив-С», що застосовується для передпосадкової обробки садивних коренеплодів цукрових буряків, на процеси формування насіннєвої продуктивності висадків та посівні якості гібридного бурякового насіння, а також на розвиток морфологічних елементів насіннєвих рослин. У результаті польових досліджень було встановлено, що обробка садивних коренеплодів цукрових буряків регулятором росту рослин «Грейнактив-С» за 12 годин до їх висаджування сприяє кращому відростанню висадків і збільшенню їх висоти, порівняно з контролем, на 8,0 і 28,7% відповідно. Ураження рослин висадків буряків мозаїкою і некрозом судин листя на ділянках із «Грейнактивом-С» виявилось у 1,41 і 1,52 рази, відповідно, меншим порівняно з варіантом, де коренеплоди не оброблялись цим препаратом. Застосування «Грейнактиву-С» для обробки садивних коренеплодів перед їх висаджуванням сприяло зменшенню у 2 рази кількості насінників цукрових буряків, заселених листковою буряковою попелицею. Препарат «Грейнактив-С», що застосовувався для обробки садивних коренеплодів, сприяв збільшенню врожайності гібридного насіння буряків на 11,5 %, маси 1000 плодів – на 14,0 %. На 5-й день кількість схожого насіння в термостаті на відповідному варіанті виявилася на 10 % більшою, ніж на контролі, а ростковість – у 1,3 рази більшою, ніж на контрольному варіанті. To solve the problem of increasing the seed productivity of sugar beet deforestation, and, having low costs for their cultivation, it is possible not only by genetic selection methods, the application of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, but also by means of growth regulators of plants that become integral elements of intensive technology growing this crop. All this testifies to the relevance of the study of the influence of the growth regulator of plants «Grainaktiv-S», which was used for the processing of seedy root crops of sugar beet, on the processes of growth and development of planting of plants, as well as on the seed quality of the hybrid beet seed. As a result of field studies, it was found that the treatment of sugar beet seedy root crops 12 hours prior to their planting by the growth regulator «Grainaktiv-S» contributes to a better growth of landings and an increase in their height compared with control of 8.0 and 28.7 %, respectively. The damage to beet plants by mosaic and necrosis of leaf vessels on sites with «Grainactiv-C» was 1.41 and 1.52 times lower, respectively, compared to the variant where the root crops were not treated with this drug. The number of seeds of sugar beets populated with leafy beetroot aphids was 2 times lower in the variant where «Grainaktiv-S» was used for processing root crops before planting. The drug «Grainaktiv-S», used to treat the planting root crops, contributed to an increase in the yield of hybrid beet seeds by 11.5 %, and a weight of 1000 fruits – by 14.0 %. On day 5, the number of similar seeds in the thermostat in the corresponding variant was 10 % higher than that of the control, and germination in the same variant under the conditions of the thermostat on the 5th day was 1.3 times higher than in the control version.

scholarly journals Control of soil weediness and sugar beets by after crop green manure and different tillages

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-524
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Mishchenko ◽  
I. M. Masik
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
High Yields ◽  
To Receive

The research program envisaged the studying of the variation of weediness of sugar beet crops under the influence of after crop sideration and the application of soil protection cultivation. The application of oil radish green manure provided a significant decrease in the amount of seed weeds in the entire 0-30cm layer of soil in comparison with the non-seeded background on 2.8-3.4 mln. seeds ha-1 and a significant decrease in the weed density of all biological groups weeds on 0.5-6.5 weeds m-2 and their weight on 5.6-77.4g m-2 for the period of growing sugar beets. Comparing to plowing the methods of mouldboard-free cultivation provided a significant increase in the quantity of weed seeds in the layer of soil 0-10cm to 18.3-22.9×106 seeds ha-1 and their significant decrease deeper than 10cm on 19.0-23.3 mln. seeds ha-1. Among the variants of mouldboard-free cultivation the lowest amount of weed seeds in the soil layer of 0-5cm was discounted at the deepest cultivation – 24.5 and 23.5×106 seeds ha-1. The decrease of the depth of the mouldboard-free cultivation led to a significant increase in the weed density (by 4.8-68.2 weeds m-2) and their weight (82.5-1193.5g m-2) in sugar beet crops and a substantial shortfall in yields of root crops – 2.9-5.8t ha-1. It follows from the research results that the application of after crop siderate of radish oil and basic mouldboard-free cultivation reduce the potential amount of weed seeds of root layer 0-30 сm; the deep soil cultivation on 28-30cm at the siderate background provides the greatest decrease in real weediness of sugar beet crops and allows to receive high yields of crops – 34.3 t ha-1.

Productivity of sugar beets depending on the method of main soil tillage and levels of fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (94) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
M. L. Tyrus
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Yielding Capacity ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Favorable Weather ◽  
Fertilization Level

Soil tillage and fertilization level are important in the system of agro-technical measures that increase soil fertility and sugar beets productivity. Today the cultivation of this crop requires a great deal of expense, therefore, there is a need for a wider study of the use of cheap soil cultivation, soil protection, energy-saving soil tillage technologies and appropriate ferti-lization levels. Under western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine conditions, investigations were conducted on dark grey podzolic light loamy soils where the influence of tillage models and fertilization levels on the formation of sugar beets root crops was studied. Shallow no-plow tillage of the soil on 14-16 cm is expedient to use as a main tillage under sugar beets. Under favorable weather and climatic conditions, it can provide yielding capacity at the level of deep fall plowing. The use of shallow no-plow tillage helped to increase the yielding capacity of sugar beet roots relative to plowing by 28-30 cm for 1.3 t / ha and the biological sugar output – for 0.2 t / ha. Then the sugar content was by 0.1% higher in the application of deep fall plowing on 28-30 cm. The optimization of the system of sugar beets fertilization allows ensuring the growth of the yielding capacity of root crops. It is established that the application of fertilizer norm N300P225K350 provides the yielding capacity at the level of 90 t / ha. The sugar content of root crops at the given fertilizer rate was the lowest in the experiment - 16.5 – 16.6%. Thanks to the high yielding capacity of root crops in terms of N300P225K350, the sugar harvesting was the highest and depending on the method of basic soil tillage was 14.95 – 14.79 t / ha. That is in 3.2 times more as to the control, in 1.3 times more than the norm of N180P135K210 and in 1.1 more than the fertilization level N240P180K280.

Influence of formulations of nitrogen fertilizes on oil flax productivity under conditions of western forest-steppe

2018 ◽  
pp. 108-114
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
High Yields

The results of studies on the influence of forms and doses of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea, carbamide-ammonia mixture, ammonium sulfate) on the productivity of oil flax under the conditions of the western forest-steppe are given. In the traditional system of fertilizer, oil flax is not able to provide high yields and quality products. An effective solution to this is optimization of plant nutrition due to its balance, which promotes intensive plant development, makes it possible to actively and efficiently intervene in the process of harvesting and its quality. Therefore, determining the optimal fertilizer rate for oil flax in specific soil-climatic conditions is important for obtaining stable and high yields of culture. The purpose of our research was to determine the contribution of doses and forms of nitrogen fertilizers to the productivity of flaxseed oil in the soil-climatic conditions of the western forest-steppe. The research was carried out in 2016-2018 at the experimental field of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of NAAS in five-point crop rotation with the total area of the plant growing on a gray forest surface glued type of soil In general, four forms of nitrogen fertilizers were studied: ammonia, nitrate, carbamide-ammonia mixture, urea and ammonium sulfate, which were added in doses: N30; N45 one time; and N30 + N15 under pre-sowing cultivation and in the "fir tree" phase against the background of P30K60. The total number of variants was 16. The object of research was a variety of flax oilseed crops of breeding of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. The seed sowing rate is 6 mln similar seed per hectare. According to the results of three-year studies, the effect of intensification of mineral nitrogen feed and various forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the indices of the elements of productivity and yield of flaxseed oil has been established. In particular, it was found that their use had little effect on the density change of plant stem growth. The use of nitrogen fertilizers in the dose N45 on the background of P30K60 improved plant survival (killed during the vegetation of 0.33-0.42 million pp./ha, which is 5.2-6.3 % for control, where the death observed 0.58 million ppm/ha or 8.4 %)) compared to the N30 dose (0.39-0.49 million pcs/ha). In addition, the use of the dose N45 separately (N30 under cultivation + N15 in the phase of the "fir tree") also improved the survival rate of plants (5.2-5.8 % of dead plants) compared with the simultaneous application of N45 cultivation (5.6-7.1 %) The percentage of deaths grew in control (without fertilizers) - 8.4 % against the background of P30K60 - 7.0 %. The application of various forms and doses of nitrogen fertilizers led to an increase in the control of the elements of productivity. The introduction of N45 against the background of P30K60 contributed to an increase in the number of boxes on plants, according to the variants of fertilizers, this index varied from 14.6 to 18.3 pieces per plant (10.9 - on the control, 12.9 pcs/roll - on the РК background), increasing the amount of seeds per plant by 12.7 pc. per plant, a mass of 1000 seeds per 0.2-0.3 g compared with the control and 0.1-0.2 g compared with the LCD background, where this figure was 6.8 g. On average, over the years of research, the highest productivity of flax seed of oilseed Vodograi (2,27 and 2,48 t / ha) was obtained provided the mineral fertilizer N15P30K60 was applied for cultivation in combination with carbamide feed in the phase of "fir tree" at a dose of N15. When using the nitrogen component in the form of KAS, the gain to control was 1.45 t / ha, to the background - 1.12 t/ha. In control and against the background, this indicator was 1.04 and 1.36 t/ha respectively. When using other forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the background of P30K60, lower yields of flaxseed crops were obtained (1.37-1.38 t/ha). The introduction of the N45 separately (N30 under cultivation + N15 into the "fir tree" phase) generally led to higher performance than a single application for cultivation. Among the studied forms of fertilizers, urea and carbamide-ammonia also caused a slightly higher percentage of fiber content in flax stems, however, it was within the experimental error and was not significantly increased.

CONVISO® SMART – an innovative approach of weed control in sugar beet

2016 ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wegener ◽  
Natalie Balgheim ◽  
Maik Klie ◽  
Carsten Stibbe ◽  
Bernd Holtschulte
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
Bayer Cropscience ◽  
Als Inhibitor

KWS SAAT SE and Bayer CropScience AG are jointly developing and commercializing an innovative system of weed control in sugar beet for the global market under the name of CONVISO SMART. The technology is based on the breeding of sugar beet cultivars that are tolerant to herbicides of the ALS-inhibitor-class with a broad-spectrum weed control. This will give farmers a new opportunity to make sugar beet cultivation easier, more flexible in its timing and more efficient. The use of CONVISO, as new herbicide in sugar beet, will make it possible to control major weeds with low dose rates of product and reduced number of applications in the future. The tolerance is based on a change in the enzyme acetholactate synthase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids. This variation can occur spontaneously during cell division. During the development, sugar beets with this spontaneously changed enzyme were specifically selected and used for further breeding of CONVISO SMART cultivars. As such, these varieties are not a product of genetic modification. Field studies with CONVISO SMART hybrids showed complete crop selectivity and a broad and reliable efficacy against a large range of major weeds. The bio-dossier for an EU-wide registration of CONVISO was submitted in April in 2015. The variety inscription process is in preparation in different countries. The system CONVISO SMART is scheduled to be available to farmers in 2018 at the earliest.

Determination of microbiological activity during the processing of frost damaged sugar beets

2014 ◽  
pp. 228-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Wojtczak ◽  
Aneta Antczak-Chrobot ◽  
Edyta Chmal-Fudali ◽  
Agnieszka Papiewska
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Bacterial Metabolites ◽  
Kinetics Of

The aim of the study is to evaluate the kinetics of the synthesis of dextran and other bacterial metabolites as markers of microbiological contamination of sugar beet.

scholarly journals Demand Response Coupled with Dynamic Thermal Rating for Increased Transformer Reserve and Lifetime

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1378
Author(s):  
Ildar Daminov ◽  
Rémy Rigo-Mariani ◽  
Raphael Caire ◽  
Anton Prokhorov ◽  
Marie-Cécile Alvarez-Hérault
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Thermal Model ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Network Access ◽  
Maximal Amplitude ◽  
Demand Response Program

(1) Background: This paper proposes a strategy coupling Demand Response Program with Dynamic Thermal Rating to ensure a transformer reserve for the load connection. This solution is an alternative to expensive grid reinforcements. (2) Methods: The proposed methodology firstly considers the N-1 mode under strict assumptions on load and ambient temperature and then identifies critical periods of the year when transformer constraints are violated. For each critical period, the integrated management/sizing problem is solved in YALMIP to find the minimal Demand Response needed to ensure a load connection. However, due to the nonlinear thermal model of transformers, the optimization problem becomes intractable at long periods. To overcome this problem, a validated piece-wise linearization is applied here. (3) Results: It is possible to increase reserve margins significantly compared to conventional approaches. These high reserve margins could be achieved for relatively small Demand Response volumes. For instance, a reserve margin of 75% (of transformer nominal rating) can be ensured if only 1% of the annual energy is curtailed. Moreover, the maximal amplitude of Demand Response (in kW) should be activated only 2–3 h during a year. (4) Conclusions: Improvements for combining Demand Response with Dynamic Thermal Rating are suggested. Results could be used to develop consumer connection agreements with variable network access.

Critical periods for functional and anatomical compensation in lateral suprasylvian visual area following removal of visual cortex in cats

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tong ◽  
R. E. Kalil ◽  
P. D. Spear
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Cortex Lesion ◽  
Thalamic Projections ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Visual Cortical

Previous experiments have found that neurons in the cat's lateral suprasylvian (LS) visual area of cortex show functional compensation following removal of visual cortical areas 17, 18, and 19 on the day of birth. Correspondingly, an enhanced retino-thalamic pathway to LS cortex develops in these cats. The present experiments investigated the critical periods for these changes. Unilateral lesions of areas 17, 18, and 19 were made in cats ranging in age from 1 day postnatal to 26 wk. When the cats were adult, single-cell recordings were made from LS cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. In addition, transneuronal autoradiographic methods were used to trace the retino-thalamic projections to LS cortex in many of the same animals. Following lesions in 18- and 26-wk-old cats, there is a marked reduction in direction-selective LS cortex cells and an increase in cells that respond best to stationary flashing stimuli. These results are similar to those following visual cortex lesions in adult cats. In contrast, the percentages of cells with these properties are normal following lesions made from 1 day to 12 wk of age. Thus the critical period for development of direction selectivity and greater responses to moving than to stationary flashing stimuli in LS cortex following a visual cortex lesion ends between 12 and 18 wk of age. Following lesions in 26-wk-old cats, there is a decrease in the percentage of cells that respond to the ipsilateral eye, which is similar to results following visual cortex lesions in adult cats. However, ocular dominance is normal following lesions made from 1 day to 18 wk of age. Thus the critical period for development of responses to the ipsilateral eye following a lesion ends between 18 and 26 wk of age. Following visual cortex lesions in 2-, 4-, or 8-wk-old cats, about 30% of the LS cortex cells display orientation selectivity to elongated slits of light. In contrast, few or no cells display this property in normal adult cats, cats with lesions made on the day of birth, or cats with lesions made at 12 wk of age or later. Thus an anomalous property develops for many LS cells, and the critical period for this property begins later (between 1 day and 2 wk) and ends earlier (between 8 and 12 wk) than those for other properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals The ex-illiterate brain: The critical period, cognitive reserve and HAROLD model

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vania Silva Nunes ◽  
Alexandre Castro-Caldas ◽  
Dolores Del Rio ◽  
Fernado Maestú ◽  
Tomás Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The lifelong acquisition of cognitive skills shapes the biology of the brain. However, there are critical periods for the best use of the brain to process the acquired information. Objectives: To discuss the critical period of cognitive acquisition, the concept of cognitive reserve and the HAROLD (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older adults) model. Methods: Seven women who learned how to read and to write after the age of 50 (ex-illiterates) and five women with 10 years of regular schooling (controls) were submitted to a language recognition test while brain activity was being recorded using magnetoencephalography. Spoken words were delivered binaurally via two plastic tubs terminating in ear inserts, and recordings were made with a whole head magnetometer consisting of 148 magnetometer coils. Results: Both groups performed similarly on the task of identifying target words. Analysis of the number of sources of activity in the left and right hemispheres revealed significant differences between the two groups, showing that ex-illiterate subjects exhibited less brain functional asymmetry during the language task. Conclusions: These results should be interpreted with caution because the groups were small. However, these findings reinforce the concept that poorly educated subjects tend to use the brain for information processing in a different way to subjects with a high educational level or who were schooled at the regular time. Finally, the recruiting of both hemispheres to tackle the language recognition test occurred to a greater degree in the ex-illiterate group where this can be interpreted as a sign of difficulty performing the task.

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