Grauzone Privatarchiv

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-113
Author(s):  
Richard Erkens
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Interdisciplinary Projects ◽  
Public Archives ◽  
Production Mechanisms

AbstractAs Frédéric Döhl recently noted in his article „Potential und Risiken des Archival Turns in den Digital Humanities für die Musikwissenschaft“ (in: „Archiv für Musikwissenschaft“ 75,4 [2018], pp. 301–320), the hierarchy of accessibility among sources shifts perceptibly during digitalization, and musicology and archives ultimately become something like a dual form of music historiography. This paper tries to argue that the limited accessibility of private archives can be regarded as a parallel phenomenon to the digital multiplication of already known sources, while non-digitized sources increasingly disappear from focus. To avoid unintended consequences that hinder research attempting to open up new sources, it is necessary to find feasible paths to a fruitful handling of such archives at the intersection of the public and private interest. The limitations of temporary research projects in particular complicate the options for exploitation, as the grey area of private archives offers the services of public archives only to a very limited extent. Here, the researcher is often not a user but a supplicant. Considering some of the main problems regarding persisting inaccessibility, reduced opening hours and dealing with archive catalogues (when they exist), this article attempts to determine the potential for a restricted, though fruitful, use of undiscovered sources during ongoing research in which the exploitation of a private archive with an abundance of material is just part of a research project and not its main focus. The discussion is enriched with personal experiences, with two examples from Venice and Florence. These empirical insights were obtained during research on the production mechanisms of Italian opera in the first half of the 18th Century, but could be extended to other interdisciplinary projects that tackle an extensive corpus of heterogeneous sources.

O PRINCÍPIO KANTIANO DA PUBLICIDADE NA MORAL E NO DIREITO

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (115) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
José N. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Individual

A moderna concepção de indivíduo justifica-se na esfera pública. O termo publicidade remonta ao modo privado de pensar, no século XVIII, por parte de pessoas que tinham o costume, à maneira iluminista, de ler livros, eram rotineiramente informadas por jornais, criavam associações de leitura e freqüentavam espaços comuns de lazer em cafés, salões e parques, onde à época eram discutidas novas idéias advindas de longe, oriundas dos grandes centros urbanos com universidades centenárias. Esta congruência entre uso privado e público da razão, Kant a contrapõe a um uso específico de razão, privativo a pessoas que exercem funções e cumprem ordens em obediência a comandos superiores, como é o caso dos funcionários públicos; ou seja, na contramão do emprego hoje usual da palavra, o filósofo alemão predica à denominação uso privado aquele que o sábio pode fazer de sua razão em um certo cargo público ou função a ele confiada. Kant estabelece, ao longo de sua obra, o princípio da publicidade como a âncora legitimadora de sua filosofia moral, política e jurídica.Abstract: The modern concept of the individual is justified in the public sphere. The term publicity first appeared in the 18th century to describe the private manner of thinking of those who, following the general enlightenment custom, were used to reading books. These people were kept regularly informed by journals; created reading associations and frequented shared leisure areas in cafés, salons and parks where new ideas coming from afar, originated in the great urban centers with century-old universities, were discussed. Kant opposes this congruency between the public and private uses of reason to a specific use of reason, particular to those who fulfill functions and obey superior orders, as is the case of civil servants. Contrary to the normal usage of the word today, the German philosopher recognizes in the term private use that which the scholar can do with reason in a certain public office or function confided to him. Throughout his work, Kant establishes the principle of publicity as a legitimate anchor for his moral, political and juridical philosophy.

French Domestic Architecture in the Early 18th Century: The Town Houses of Robert de Cotte

1980 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-144
Author(s):  
Robert Neuman
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Domestic Architecture ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Town ◽  
House Building ◽  
Very High ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The original drawings and published designs for town houses by Robert de Cotte are examined here in order to clarify a relatively unknown aspect of his activity as one of the dominant figures in French architecture of the early 18th century. The projects, which date from 1710 to 1716, are set against the background of the history of the hôtel, a distinct architectural type that underwent a remarkable period of development in Paris during the first three decades of the century. New light is shed on the architect's attitude toward the urban mansion by a virtually unknown series of designs in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Taken as a group with the executed plans, they demonstrate that de Cotte's ability lay not in the development of new ideas but in synthesis of a very high order-his sources were primarily the works of J. H. Mansart and Lassurance. His designs are distinguished by a consistent interest in giving the corps-de-logis the appearance of a freestanding block. In the elevations, he concentrated on harmonious compositions with suavely detailed motifs, achieving an elegant simplicity entirely his own. The relation of his plans to the functions of an hôtel, as revealed in house-building manuals of the period, shows that de Cotte sought to satisfy both the public and private needs of his clients.

The Serenata in Early 18th––Century Rome: Sight, Sound, Ritual, and the Signification of Meaning

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFANIE TCHAROS
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Special Effect ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dynastic Politics ◽  
Early 18Th Century

ABSTRACT By the turn of the 18th century serenatas performed in Rome's urban squares as political or dynastic propaganda were a well-established ritual. In this public forum the effect of sound produced by large instrumental forces was a central feature, yet the serenata was a complex performance in which music was but one element in a series of other displays. Though undoubtedly an important part of the serenata, music's role in this multifaceted performance and its effect on audiences remain unclear. Part of that ambiguity stems from the serenata's ability to service both public and private consumption. Patrons exploited this dual nature, using the more spectacular elements of the serenata to influence the public at large, while also relying on other elements (primarily word and sound) to sway elite audiences. In the context of Rome and its dynastic politics, Giacomo Buonaccorsi's and Pietro Paolo Bencini's serenata Le gare festive in applauso alla Real Casa di Francia (1704) demonstrates how the serenata's dichotomous structures and multiplicity of meaning were deeply linked to larger cultural frameworks and social tensions——in this case, brewing over the War of Spanish Succession. The serenata was both a musical work and a performed event effectively shaped by the genre's ritual practice and by history and politics in late 17th- and early 18th-century Rome. The logic of the serenata's ritual practice shows significant correspondences to the genre's narrative strategies. Within the serenata, allegory served as the catalyst to express layers of meaning to diverse audiences. But more than that, allegory provided the means by which music was contained and its delivery marked. For public audiences, sound was as much visual as it was aural, an immediate and palpable special effect. For privileged listeners, music required reflection as to how spectacular effects acquired deeper meaning when anchored in the significance of the poetic text. Thus music in the serenata was not merely an element in a multifaceted performance but was multidimensional in itself, uniquely straddling both sides of the public/private divide.

The Increase of Complexity and its Reduction

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Nowotny
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Human Stem Cell ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Systems Methodology ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Taking the lead from complexity theory and complex systems methodology, the article argues that we are engaged in a contradictory process when encountering, analysing and dealing with complexity. We face opposite tendencies that indicate an in-built dynamic between the increase of complexity and its reduction. The increase partly comes through evolution, defined as the transmission of information and partly from the desire for a human-built world that functions more efficiently. The reduction of complexity is due partly to the necessity of minimizing unwanted and unintended consequences of its increase, and partly due to the continued re-alignment between social systems and their environments. The article examines the public debate about human stem cell research, the debates in the 18th century about the free circulation of commodities and opinions, and the attempts to provide answers to the question debated between Einstein and Freud: why war? The article concludes by arguing that the plea for a re-alignment of scientific disciplines will not suffice. Instead, the study of the co-evolution between science and society offers itself as a strategic research site by focusing on the dynamic interplay between the increase of complexity and its reduction.

The Irish court of wards under James I

1960 ◽  
Vol 12 (45) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Victor Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
English Court ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
James I ◽  
The Public ◽  
Charles I ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Public Record ◽  
Public Archives ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
Great Mass

The work of J. Murstfield and H. E. Sell hns directed the attention of historians to the importance of the English court of wards and liveries, both as an instrument of fiscal policy and as a welfare organisation for the children and widows of the king's tenants. In the Public Record Office, Lonclon, a great mass of material remains to throw light on every aspect of the court's activity. More recently Dr H. F. Kearney has published a uselul and suggestive paper on the Irish court of wards which was principally concerned with the reign of Charles I. A more detailed appraisal of the earlier period is not easy since the records of the Irish court of wards have, like those of other departments of state, suffered wholesale loss or destruction. It seems unlikely that the wards papers were ever placed in public archives: they apparently never reached the old Public Record Office in Dublin to be consumed in the holocaust of 1922. Consequently, the student has to work from public and private papers scattered throughout these islands in libraries, record ofices and private collections.

Corruption and the Fatal Power of Envy: Revisiting The Classical Republican Tradition

2014 ◽  
Vol 2013 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-42
Author(s):  
Rebecca Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
American Culture ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Negative Liberty ◽  
The Republic

AbstractOne hurdle to the systematic study of corruption is the plethora of definitions, none of which seems to meet the test of applicability across times and political systems. This, in turn, leads to difficulty in assessing the reasons underlying corruption and explaining its levels in various contexts. Thus, it may be useful to recur to the classical republican notions, particularly the conflation of the public and personal, the degree to which the republic relied upon a virtuous and selfsacrificing citizenry, and the problem of individual desire and envy. The more modern 18th century British concept twisted the equation and drew a boundary between the public and the private such that individuals needed to squelch their private desires in favor of public virtue. Later termed positive and negative liberty, this fundamental divide became the threshold of corruption. How can individual rights be protected from government intrusion? Conversely, how can governmental rights be protected from individual intrusion? How can free, independent humans govern themselves? Such fundamental questions remain central to contemporary American culture. This paper suggests that a return to Classical Republican Tradition, particularly the writing of Thucydides and the concept of “fatal envy” can shed new light on the dialectical nature of public and private liberty and of the issue of corruption.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology – Intentionality and Free-Will

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (Issue 3) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
T. V. Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Body Modification ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Religious Reasons

Body modification (or body alteration) is the wilful altering of the human body by an individual in a way that lasts forever or for a very long time. This is usually for non-medical reasons that include sexual enhancement, a rite of passage, aesthetic reasons, denoting affiliation, trust and loyalty, religious reasons, shock value, and self-expression. It can range from the socially acceptable decoration (e.g., pierced ears or nose in many societies) to the religiously mandated. Body art is the modification of any part of the human body for artistic or aesthetic reasons. Nanotechnology is currently available to implant biometric devices in human beings, which can be monitored by software, satellites and utilized by Government and Industry. In fact several developers are currently bringing these technologies to the public and private sector at affordable prices. The context of “Technology Consumerism” compounded by Intentionality and Free-Will of its consumer’s results in many unintended consequences outlined in this paper. Geometry of Morphogenesis is the proposed theory for decoding body modification.

Institutional collaboration in the creation of digital linguistic resources: the case of the British Telecom correspondence corpus

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Ralph Morton ◽  
Hilary Nesi
Keyword(s):  
Post Office ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Searchable Database ◽  
The Public ◽  
Institutional Collaboration ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Creation ◽  
British Telecom ◽  
Public Archives

This chapter discusses the creation of the British Telecom Correspondence Corpus (BTCC), a searchable database of letters taken from the public archives of British Telecom (BT) that were written by nearly 400 authors on a wide variety of topics between 1853 and 1982. It first discusses some experiences working on the New Connections project, funded by Jisc (formerly the Joint Information Systems Committee) and a collaboration between Coventry University, BT Heritage, and The National Archives, focusing particularly on the methodological issues encountered. The corpus was created to address a gap in existing corpus resources, and so that researchers (primarily linguists) could access and, crucially, engage with the language of the letters. Since the completion of the BTCC there have been efforts to expand the corpus to include correspondence written to and from the Post Office, an institution with many historical links to BT. This chapter addresses issues surrounding institutional collaboration in both phases of this ongoing research.

CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS PROCESSADOS E ULTRAPROCESSADOS POR ESCOLARES DE ARROIO DO TIGRE, RS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
Rubiane Inara Wagner ◽  
Patrícia Molz ◽  
Camila Schreiner Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Private School ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cereal Bars

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a frequência do consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados e verificar a associação entre estado nutricional por adolescentes do ensino público e privado do município de Arroio do Tigre, RS. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes, com idade entre 10 e 15 anos, de uma escola pública e uma privada de Arroio do Tigre, RS. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal. Aplicou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar contendo alimentos processados e ultraprocessados. A amostra foi composta por 64 adolescentes com idade média de 12,03±1,15 anos, sendo 53,1% da escola pública. A maioria dos adolescentes encontravam-se eutróficos (p=0,343), e quando comparado com o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, a maioria dos escolares eutróficos relataram maior frequência no consumo de balas e chicletes (50,0%) e barra de cereais (51,0%), de 1 a 3 vezes por semana (p=0,004; p=0,029, respectivamente). Houve também uma maior frequência de consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados como pizza (73,5%; p0,001), refrigerante (58,8%; p=0,036) e biscoito recheado (58,8%; p=0,008) entre 1 a 3 vezes por semana na escola pública em comparação a escola privada. O consumo de suco de pacote (p=0,013) foi relatado não ser consumido pela maioria dos alunos da escola particular em comparação a escola pública. Os dados encontrados evidenciam um consumo expressivo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados pelos adolescentes de ambas as escolas, destacando alimentos com alto teor de açúcar e sódio.Palavras-chave: Hábitos alimentares. Adolescentes. Alimentos industrializados. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods and to verify the association between nutritional status by adolescents from public and private schools in the municipality of Arroio do Tigre, RS. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with adolescents, aged 10 to 15 years, from a public school and a private school in Arroio do Tigre, RS. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index. A food frequency questionnaire containing processed and ultraprocessed foods was applied. The sample consisted of 64 adolescents with a mean age of 12.03±1.15 years, 53.1% of the public school. Most of the adolescents were eutrophic (p=0.343), and when compared to the consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods, most eutrophic schoolchildren reported a higher frequency of bullets and chewing gum (50.0%) and cereal bars (51.0%), 1 to 3 times per week (p=0.004, p=0.029, respectively). There was also a higher frequency of consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods such as pizza (73.5%, p0.001), refrigerant (58.8%, p=0.036) and stuffed biscuit (58.8%, p=0.008) between 1 to 3 times a week in public school compared to private school. Consumption of packet juice (p=0.013) was reported not to be consumed by the majority of private school students compared to public school. Conclusion: The data found evidenced an expressive consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods by the adolescents of both schools, highlighting foods with high sugar and sodium content.Keywords: Food Habits. Adolescents. Industrialized Foods.

Listening for the “Still Small Voice” of Mendelssohn’s Domestic Elijah

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-77
Author(s):  
Peter Mercer-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Second Phase ◽  
Divine Presence ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
Will To Live ◽  
Three Phases

The notion that there might be autobiographical, or personally confessional, registers at work in Mendelssohn’s 1846 Elijah has long been established, with three interpretive approaches prevailing: the first, famously advanced by Prince Albert, compares Mendelssohn’s own artistic achievements with Elijah’s prophetic ones; the second, in Eric Werner’s dramatic formulation, discerns in the aria “It is enough” a confession of Mendelssohn’s own “weakening will to live”; the third portrays Elijah as a testimonial on Mendelssohn’s relationship to the Judaism of his birth and/or to the Christianity of his youth and adulthood. This article explores a fourth, essentially untested, interpretive approach: the possibility that Mendelssohn crafts from Elijah’s story a heartfelt affirmation of domesticity, an expression of his growing fascination with retiring to a quiet existence in the bosom of his family. The argument unfolds in three phases. In the first, the focus is on that climactic passage in Elijah’s Second Part in which God is revealed to the prophet in the “still small voice.” The turn from divine absence to divine presence is articulated through two clear and powerful recollections of music that Elijah had sung in the oratorio’s First Part, a move that has the potential to reconfigure our evaluation of his role in the public and private spheres in those earlier passages. The second phase turns to Elijah’s own brief sojourn into the domestic realm, the widow’s scene, paying particular attention to the motivations that may have underlain the substantial revisions to the scene that took place between the Birmingham premiere and the London premiere the following year. The final phase explores the possibility that the widow and her son, the “surrogate family” in the oratorio, do not disappear after the widow’s scene, but linger on as “para-characters” with crucial roles in the unfolding drama.

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