scholarly journals Synthesis and extraction routes of allelochemicals from plants and microbes: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-311
Author(s):  
Apurva Anand Singh ◽  
Gunasekaran Rajeswari ◽  
Louis Anto Nirmal ◽  
Samuel Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Natural Herbicides ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Molecular Mode

Abstract Allelopathy, a complex phenomenon has unveiled both stimulatory and inhibitory effects in plant processes that are mediated by the release of certain chemical compounds commonly known as allelochemicals. Allelochemicals, a form of bioactive secondary metabolites are produced by a diverse group of plants and microbes in response to biotic and abiotic stress. It ranges from a simple hydrocarbon to complex polycyclic aromatic compounds like phenol, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, amino acids, alkaloids and quinones. These plant bioactive compounds are released into the environment via decomposition, exudation, leaching and volatilization that play a significant role in regulating the intra-specific or inter-specific relations with counterparts. A wide variety of methods has been proposed for analyzing the basic mechanism and overall effect of allelochemicals. However, the lack of a reliable and effective method to identify their molecular mode of action and their modulation in the metabolic pathway still remains as a great challenge. From a commercial perspective, these allelochemicals are deemed to be better candidates for green natural herbicides and weedicides that are proven to be environment friendly, unlike synthetic chemicals. In order to pave a way for the economic viability of these chemicals, a basic understanding of their chemistry is inevitable. This review article is focused to give an in-depth understanding of metabolic pathways genes responsible for the elicitation/secretion and the adoption of a suitable downstream process and analytical techniques that can intensify the process.

Consumer Behaviour of Organic Food: A Developing Country Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehree Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Organic Food ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Market Opportunity ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Organic Foods ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals

The demand of organic food is increasing despite its premium pricing and lack of availability particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper aims to provide the insights about organic foods and the intention consumers have to purchase or not to purchase organic food. The pesticide-residue problem has opened a market opportunity for organic food as it is produced without any form of synthetic chemicals. As there was insufficient literature, a survey was conducted on 900 respondents on six major supermarkets selling organic food in the capital city of Bangladesh. It is found that, consumers expect the organic foods to be healthier, tastier, and environment friendly. The organic food buyers tend to be older with child, have higher education level and family income than those of non-buyers. The barrier of organic food is that majority consumers have less knowledge and do not know the main differentiation between organic foods and traditional foods.

scholarly journals Evaluating the impact of exposure to environmental contaminants on human health

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1345-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Silkworth ◽  
J F Brown
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Substances ◽  
The Public ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Proportional Contribution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Humans are exposed daily to low concentrations of many different chemical substances, natural and some man-made. Although many of these substances can be toxic at high levels, typical exposures are far below the effect levels. The responses produced by man-made aromatic hydrocarbon receptor agonists, such as dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are also produced, often to greater extents [corrected], by naturally occurring constituents of fried meat, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, cocoa, and curry. Our society seems to be concerned about the health risks associated only with the synthetic chemicals, regardless of their proportional contribution to the total agonist activity, and regulates on the basis of such concerns. It would be more protective of the public health to determine acceptable concentrations for each type of response, regardless of the origin of the inducing agent, and issue advisories or regulations accordingly.

scholarly journals Allelopathic effect of Azadirachta indica L. on the germination of Abelmoschus esculentus L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Vaithiyanathan ◽  
M. Soundari ◽  
M. Rajesh ◽  
K. Sankar Ganesh ◽  
P. Sundaramoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Leaf Extracts

The chemical compounds have been reported to be exuded by plants and their inhibitory effects of other plants. The research work was carried out to study the allelopathic effect of root, bark and leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica L. on the seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Germination studies were conducted in laboratory, the bhendi seeds treated with the root, bark and leaf extracts of Neem. On the seventh day the morphological parameters, photosynthetic pigment and biochemical contents were analysed. The result showed that the rate of germination of bhendi decreased in all Azadirachta indica L. extracts. The reduction in biochemical contents of bhendi was also noted. The highest rate of germination was observed in control (distilled water) treatment and the highest rate of inhibition was observed in root extract followed by bark and leaf extracts.

scholarly journals Cloud Point Extraction in the Determination of Drugs in Biological Matrices

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Kojro ◽  
Piotr Wroczyński
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Point ◽  
Cloud Point Extraction ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Method Of Extraction ◽  
Analytical Laboratories

Abstract Cloud point extraction (CPE) is a simple, safe and environment-friendly technique used in the preparation of various samples. It was primarily developed for the assessment of environmental samples, especially analyzed for metals. Recently, this technique has been used in the extraction and determination of various chemical compounds (e.g., drugs, pesticides and vitamins), in various matrices (e.g., human plasma, human serum, milk and urine). In this review, we show that CPE is a reliable method of extraction and can be used in analytical laboratories in combination with other techniques that can be used in the determination of drugs and other chemicals in the human biological matrix. According to the literature, a combination of different methods provides good recovery and can be used in the simultaneous determination of many drugs in a single analysis. CPE can be optimized by changing its conditions (e.g., type of surfactant used, incubation temperature, pH and the addition of salts). In this review, we present the optimized CPE methods used in the determination of various pharmaceuticals and describe how the conditions affect the performance of extraction. This data might support future designing of the new CPE applications that are simple and more accurate. We compared CPE with other extraction methods and also showed the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction techniques along with a discussion on their environmental impact. According to the publications reviewed, it is obvious that CPE is an easy, safe, rapid and inexpensive method of extraction.

scholarly journals Grapevine Cane Extracts: Raw Plant Material, Extraction Methods, Quantification, and Applications

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Aliaño-González ◽  
Tristan Richard ◽  
Emma Cantos-Villar
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The Individual

Grapevine canes are viticulture waste that is usually discarded without any further use. However, recent studies have shown that they contain significant concentrations of health-promoting compounds, such as stilbenes, secondary metabolites of plants produced as a response to biotic and abiotic stress from fungal disease or dryness. Stilbenes have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties and they have been tested as potential treatments of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, and even cancer, with promising results. Stilbenes have been described in the different genus of the Vitaceae family, the Vitis genera being one of the most widely studied due to its important applications and economic impact around the world. This review presents an in-depth study of the composition and concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes. The results show that the concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes is highly influenced by the Vitis genus and cultivar aspects (growing conditions, ultraviolet radiation, fungal attack, etc.). Different methods for extracting stilbenes from grapevine canes have been reviewed, and the extraction conditions have also been studied, underlining the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. After the stilbenes were extracted, they were analyzed to determine the stilbene composition and concentration. Analytical techniques have been employed with this aim, in most cases using liquid chromatography, coupled with others such as mass spectrometry and/or nuclear magnetic resonance to achieve the individual quantification. Finally, stilbene extracts may be applied in multiple fields based on their properties. The five most relevant are preservative, antifungal, insecticide, and biostimulant applications. The current state-of-the-art of the above applications and their prospects are discussed.

Inhibitory action of allelochemicals from Artemisia nanschanica to control Pedicularis kansuensis, an annual weed of alpine grasslands

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanhuan Shang ◽  
Yuan Hou ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Cancan Guo ◽  
Tianhua Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Alpine Pastures ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

The inhibitory action of allelochemicals can be used effectively for biological weed management and can minimise environmental impacts related to herbicides. The aim of the present study was to identify allelochemicals of Artemisia nanschanica Krasch, a typical weed with strong allelopathic effects, that could potentially control Pedicularis kansuensis Maxim, the key pioneer weed that causes rapid degradation of alpine pastures. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to identify the compounds of six extracts from A. nanschanica. Two ethyl acetate extracts were the most effective in reducing the seed germination rate and in inhibiting seedling shoot and root growth of P. kansuensis. Three chemical compounds from the ethyl acetate extracts were identified for their allelopathic inhibitory effects, a sesquiterpene and two aromadendrene oxides, with the sesquiterpene being the most effective. The three compounds showed the best inhibitory effect through synergistic action. We concluded that the three allelochemicals of A. nanschanica, either alone or in combination, can be used to biologically control P. kansuensis in alpine pastures on the Tibetan plateau.

scholarly journals Pembentukan Mikronukleus di Mukosa Bukal akibat Paparan Senyawa Kimia pada Berbagai Macam Pekerjaan

e-GIGI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deny Setiabudi ◽  
Rizki Amalina ◽  
Anggun Feranisa
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Buccal Mucosa ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Gasoline Station ◽  
Micronucleus Formation ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: In general, an occupation could have hazzard and risk of exposure to genotoxic chemical compounds. These compounds could lead to micronucleus formation on buccal mucosa. This study was aimed to obtain the impact of chemical exposure on micronucleus formation in buccal mucosa at various occupations. This was a literature review study using databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar based on the keywords. The criteria of literatures were articles published in 2016-2021 using Indonesian or English language. The results showed that  group compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), metals, carbamate, and organophospate, also compunds of silica, bezene, toluene, xylene (BTX), sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, gemcitabin, and 5-fluoro uracil were genotoxic chemical compunds and could cause micronucleus formation in buccal mucosa of mechanics, grillers, miners, e-waste recyclers, construction workers, road markers, car painters, gasoline station workers, farmers, and healthcare workers. Genotoxic chemical compounds could be found excessively in occupational environment. These compounds could damage cells’ DNA and caused micronucleus formation on buccal mucosa of workers. It is suggested to study further about cell damage biomarkers caused by genotoxic chemical compound exposure.Keywords: micronucleus formation in buccal mucosa, chemical exposure of genotoxic compounds, occupational riskAbstrak: Suatu pekerjaan dapat memiliki risiko dan bahaya terpapar senyawa kimia yang bersifat genotoksik. Senyawa kimia tersebut dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya mikronukleus di mukosa pipi rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengulas pengaruh paparan senyawa kimia pada berbagai macam pekerjaan terhadap pembentukan mikronukleus di mukosa bukal. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review. Penelusuran literatur melalui database PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar berdasarkan kata kunci yang sesuai. Kriteria literatur ialah terbitan tahun 2016-2021 dengan Bahasa Indonesia atau Inggris. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan senyawa kelompok polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), logam, carbamate, dan organophospate, serta senyawa silica, benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, nitrous oksida, gemcitabin, dan 5-fluoro uracil merupakan senyawa kimia yang bersifat genotoksik dan dapat memicu pembentukan mikronukleus di mukosa bukal mekanik, pemanggang daging, penambang, pendaur ulang sampah elektronik, pekerja konstruksi, pekerja marka jalan, pengecat mobil, petugas SPBU, petani dan tenaga kesehatan. Senyawa kimia yang bersifat genotoksik banyak ditemukan di lingkungan pekerjaan. Senyawa tersebut dapat merusak DNA sel sehingga terbentuk mikronukleus di mukosa bukal pekerja. Disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian lanjut mengenai biomarker kerusakan sel akibat paparan senyawa kimia yang genotoksik.Kata kunci: pembentukan mikronukleus di mukosa pipi, paparan senyawa kimia genotoksik, risiko pekerjaan

scholarly journals The Volatilome: A Vital Piece of the Complete Soil Metabolome

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnea K. Honeker ◽  
Kelsey R. Graves ◽  
Malak M. Tfaily ◽  
Jordan E. Krechmer ◽  
Laura K. Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Ion Cyclotron Resonance ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Icr Ms

Soils harbor complex biological processes intertwined with metabolic inputs from microbes and plants. Measuring the soil metabolome can reveal active metabolic pathways, providing insight into the presence of specific organisms and ecological interactions. A subset of the metabolome is volatile; however, current soil studies rarely consider volatile organic compounds (VOCs), contributing to biases in sample processing and metabolomic analytical techniques. Therefore, we hypothesize that overall, the volatility of detected compounds measured using current metabolomic analytical techniques will be lower than undetected compounds, a reflection of missed VOCs. To illustrate this, we examined a peatland metabolomic dataset collected using three common metabolomic analytical techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). We mapped the compounds to three metabolic pathways (monoterpenoid biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation), chosen for their activity in peatland ecosystems and involvement of VOCs. We estimated the volatility of the compounds by calculating relative volatility indices (RVIs), and as hypothesized, the average RVI of undetected compounds within each of our focal pathways was higher than detected compounds (p < 0.001). Moreover, higher RVI compounds were absent even in sub-pathways where lower RVI compounds were observed. Our findings suggest that typical soil metabolomic analytical techniques may overlook VOCs and leave missing links in metabolic pathways. To more completely represent the volatile fraction of the soil metabolome, we suggest that environmental scientists take into consideration these biases when designing and interpreting their data and/or add direct online measurement methods that capture the integral role of VOCs in soil systems.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fine Particulate Matter Induce Oxidative Stress and the Inflammatory Response in Human Vocal Fold Fibroblast Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hyunsu Choi ◽  
Choung-Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Family

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxicants in particulate matter (PM). The vocal fold, part of the larynx and a key structure for voicing, is always in contact with air. In recent epidemic studies, PM was shown to cause laryngitis; however, the basic mechanism has not been evaluated. In the present study, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokine levels were analyzed after exposing human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs) to PM standard reference material (SRM 2786). Expression levels of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP1A1) were also evaluated. PM induced ROS formation and proinflammatory cytokines via the AhR CYP1A1 pathway and caused lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Blocking AhR or CYP1A1 production using siRNAs significantly decreased ROS production and IL-6 and IL-9 expression in PM-exposed hVFFs, thus protecting the cells against oxidative stress. These results confirm that PAHs in PM play an important role in cell damage and inflammation, confirming a basic pathophysiologic relationship between PM exposure and laryngitis.

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