Advances in mineral processing technologies related to iron, magnesium, and lithium

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-146
Author(s):  
Chaoquan Hu ◽  
Yufei He ◽  
Dongfan Liu ◽  
Shuying Sun ◽  
Dianqing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Western China ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization ◽  
Economic Developments

Abstract Exploitation and utilization of mineral resources have played a vital role in China’s rapid economic developments. Although the history of mineral processing is quite long, technologies in this field have varied with the changes of market demands. This is particularly the case for minerals whose high-grade deposits are depleting. The aim of this review is to present our recent efforts on developing new routes for the utilization of low-grade minerals, such as iron ores and brine-containing lithium. The emphasis on the two minerals lies in the fact that iron plays a vital role in modern-day civilization and lithium is a key component in electric vehicles for transportation. Furthermore, the utilization of magnesium chloride reserves, one of the largest wastes in western China, as raw materials for fabrication of functional materials is also included in this review.

Overview on the Treatment Technology of Wastewater from Copper Mineral Processing (WCMP)

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 1369-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Zhao ◽  
Ji Ze Pan
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Flotation Reagents ◽  
Copper Mineral ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization ◽  
Large Numbers

During the exploitation and utilization of the mineral resources, varieties of pollutants have been produced, which would impact the natural environment inevitably and bring many adverse effects to ecological environment and the human health. Its worth noting that the wastewater from copper mineral processing (WCMP) is one of the main source of mine environmental pollution. The WCMP is characterized by large quantity and containing large numbers of suspended solids, residual flotation reagents and heavy metals, etc. Wastewater can be discharged and realized reuse only after effective treatment. Recently, natural sedimentation, neutralization, flocculation, oxidation and other treatment techniques by wastes are the commonly used methods to treat the mineral processing wastewater.

scholarly journals Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12826
Author(s):  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
Katri Avarmaa
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Iron Sulphides ◽  
The Heat Balance ◽  
Nickel Lead

The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.

Advances Research on Preparation of Magnesium Carbonate Whisker

2013 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Rui Shen ◽  
Gang Chu ◽  
Xin Pu Shen
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization

Magnesium carbonate whisker is a single crystal of magnesium carbonate crystal, which has an integral crystal growth, and small defects, furthermore, it is colorless, transparent, and has high-intensity. It has an incomparable property compared to other conventional whiskers. It is a cost-effective whisker; thus has been of great interest due of this characteristic. Reported magnesium carbonate whiskers have been increased gradually since the beginning of this century. The preparation of magnesium carbonate whisker can be done by using chemicals as raw material, as well as by using natural resources, such as: seawater concentrated liquid and magnesite. Although magnesite resources are abundant in China, its low exploitation and utilization had long been the reason for low grade ore problems. The use of magnesium ore to optimize conditions for the preparation of magnesium carbonate whisker by adjusting reaction conditions, not only took advantage of mineral resources, but also helped to achieve industrial production of magnesium carbonate whiskers. We also analyzed how some factors had influenced the morphologies of MgCO3•3H2O, such as: reaction temperature, reaction time, and stirring speed etc.

scholarly journals Gluten-Free Bread from ingredients and nutrition point of view: A Mini-Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Marcell Toth ◽  
Gyula Vatai ◽  
Andras Koris
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Recent Information ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Antigenic Properties

Consistent gluten consumption leads to one of the most prevalent immune-mediated disorders i.e. celiac disease (CD). Gluten derived from wheat, rye and barley exhibit antigenic properties that may promote immune reactions in some receptive individuals. Hence, a life-long gluten-free diet (GFD) is being recommended as the best therapeutic treatment. Nevertheless, several research fonts have revealed that gluten-free (GF) products play a vital role in the diet, but bakery goods, especially gluten-free bread (GFB) indicate technological challenges and demonstrate sensory, nutritional and quality imbalances. To overcome these issues, numerous investigations such as raw materials or processing technologies are being carried out. To the best of our knowledge, to date no permanent solution has been evolved for replacing the gluten completely, though the combination of certain ingredients, additives and technologies are providing promising results, keeping the door open for further improvements. This review aims to collect recent information on approaches, improvements and still existing gaps in GF bread making.

scholarly journals Formal definition of the concentration flowsheet elements based on the analysis of the processing raw materials properties.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8-2020) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
A.G. Oleynik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Formal Solution ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Separation Equipment ◽  
Definition Of

A variant of a formal solution to the problem of determining methods and apparatus for the synthesis of mineral processing flowsheets is offered in the article. The solution is based on a comparative analysis of the processed raw materials properties and the separation equipment characteristics. The dependence of properties and characteristics on the particle size of the processed mass flow is taken into account. Solutions for the cases of simple and complex ore concentration are considered. The necessary information from the field of mineral processing is presented. The urgency of improving the efficiency of natural and industrial complexes engaged in the extraction and processing of mineral resources in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is emphasized.

Innovative Biohydrometallurgical Approaches in the EU Project FAME

2017 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
Susan Reichel ◽  
Mirko Martin ◽  
Christopher G. Bryan ◽  
Cristina Vila ◽  
António Fiúza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heap Leaching ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Leaching Solution ◽  
Sulfide Concentrates ◽  
Eu Project

The FAME (Flexible and Mobile Economic Processing Technologies) project targets the development of flexible and economic processing technologies for small and low-grade European ore deposits with complex mineralogy, targeting greisen, skarn and pegmatite ores. Amongst the valuable elements to be recovered are W, Sn, Li and minor constituents like In, Ge, Ga, Nb or Ta. To improve the processing of by-product sulfides to recover critical elements like In or Ga and to develop innovative processing strategies for raw materials, biohydrometallurgical technologies are investigated. There are different approaches in FAME for the biohydrometallurgical recovery of valuable metals from low grade ores: 1) the extraction of Li from zinnwaldite and lepidolite, 2) the heap leaching of low grade sulfide ore unsuitable for conventional processing to recover Zn and In, and 3) the bioleaching of sulfide concentrates in a two-stage tank process for recovery of Zn and Cu. So far the most promising results were achieved for heap-leaching of low-grade Zn-In ores achieving 7.4 ppm In in the leaching solution and for Li extraction (28%) from zinnwaldite.

scholarly journals Multi-Analytical Characterization of Slags to Determine the Chromium Concentration for a Possible Re-Extraction

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horckmans ◽  
Möckel ◽  
Nielsen ◽  
Kukurugya ◽  
Vanhoof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromium Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sodium Peroxide ◽  
Acid Dissolution ◽  
Spinel Structures

The CHROMIC project (effiCient mineral processing and Hydrometallurgical RecOvery of by-product Metals from low-grade metal contaIning seCondary raw materials) aims to recover chromium from steelmaking and ferrochrome slags to regain valuable resources and simultaneously reduce potential environmental impacts. To develop the recovery flowsheets and reliably calculate metal recovery, an accurate assessment of chromium concentration and distribution is essential. Therefore, model streams were thoroughly characterized using a combination of analytical techniques. In all materials, chromium is present in distinct but often small spinel phases, intergrown with other minerals and showing a considerable zonation in Cr content with higher amounts in the cores. The small size of the Cr-rich particles makes recovery by mineral processing challenging. Measured chromium content was found to differ largely based on the chemical dissolution method applied. The analysis of insoluble residues and comparison with a standard reference material evidenced that standard acid dissolution procedures based on HCl/HNO3/HBF4 and HNO3/HF/H2O2 are insufficient to fully dissolve spinel structures, leading to severe underestimations of chromium content. A sodium peroxide treatment is required for a full dissolution of spinels. This is noteworthy, since most of the legislation for the reuse of slags is currently based on acid dissolution methods.

Investigating of Nitric Acid Leaching of High-Sulfur Copper Concentrate

2020 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 968-973
Author(s):  
Denis A. Rogozhnikov ◽  
Andrey A. Shoppert ◽  
L.M. Karimova
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Nitric Acid Leaching ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Thermodynamic Probability

This article describes the problems of deterioration of the quality of processed raw materials due to depletion of mineral resources. It is proposed to use nitric acid for the processing of complex refractory low-grade concentrates containing non-ferrous and noble metals. It was found that the studied concentrate contains: sphalerite (26.9 %), pyrite (22.0 %), chalcopyrite (19.9 %), silica (13.9 %), alumina (5.5 %), galena (1.7 %), oxidized forms of iron (Fe2O3) (12 %). Gold and silver are associated with sulfide minerals. Typical reactions of interaction of these minerals with nitric acid are considered. A sufficiently high thermodynamic probability of these reactions in a wide temperature range is established. With the use of mathematical methods, the optimal conditions of the process of nitric acid leaching are selected: the ratio of L:S = 5:1; the concentration of nitric acid 10 mol/L; the duration of the process is 60 minutes. In this case, the extraction of copper, zinc, iron and sulfur into the solution was 99.00 %, 99.84 % 98.60 %, 88.51 %, respectively.

POSSIBILITIES TO RECOVER ALUMINUM FROM MINING WASTE DUMPS LOCATED IN JIU VALLEY. ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Faur ◽  
◽  
Maria Lazăr ◽  
Izabela-Maria Apostu ◽  
Constantin Rada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Mining Waste ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Waste Dumps ◽  
Mineral Substances ◽  
Tailing Ponds

The exploitation of low-grade ore deposits or the recovery of useful minerals from old waste dumps and tailing ponds is considered as an interesting economic opportunity especially in the context in which we speak more and more of a reduction in availability of some mineral resources or depletion of conventional ore deposits. The exploitation of old waste dumps and tailing ponds is possible on the one hand due to progress in terms of processing technologies (process efficiency and by lowering the minimum useful content that can be recovered) and on the other by the rise in the demand and the price on the internal and international markets for some useful mineral substances. This paper presents some considerations related to the opportunity to extract useful mineral substances, more precisely aluminum, contained in coal mining waste dumps from Jiu Valley (Romania), regarded in terms of economic, social and environmental benefits.

The Therapeutic and Diagnostic Value of Fluorine

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Isma Attique ◽  
Shabbir Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Amjad ◽  
Khalida Nazir ◽  
Muhammad Shahid Nazir
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agent ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agent ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Active Nucleus ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
Tracer Atom

Fluorine has a useful positron transmitting isotope and it enjoys broad application in the medical field. It is utilized in fluorinated agents,therapeutic sciences and steroid field. Fluorine incorporation viafluoroalkylation is a useful approach in the development of new functional materials and in drug design. Fluorine also plays its role as an anticancer agent and is a successful chemotherapeutic agent for certain sorts of malignant growth. 5-fluorouracil plays a vital role in the treatment of cancer. 18 Facts as a radio label tracer atom in PET imaging. 19 F has the second most sensitive and stable NMR-active nucleus.

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