scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF FOREIGN TRADE OF THE NORDIC COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Roman Plyusnin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost

The article aims to identify the main trends in the development of international trade in the Nordic Countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland) over the past decade. To achieve it, the author sets three interrelated tasks. The first is to trace the general dynamics of exports and imports of goods, to identify common and special features. The second task is to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected commodity flows and the state of the trade balance. The third task is to analyze the state and dynamics of the foreign trade of these countries with China, which has significantly increased its share in world trade over the past decade. A comparison of the developments that have arisen in the entire international trade of the Nordic countries and in their trade with China may be of considerable research and practical interest. Based on the analysis, it was found that before the coronacrisis, all of Nordic Countries had a steady increase in the cost of imports except Finland, which is most dependent on Russia in this regard. The cost of exports grew more slowly in these countries, and in Norway, as a result of falling energy resource prices, it decreased significantly. The coronacrisis hit all the countries of Northern Europe, but Finland’s foreign trade suffered the most. The volume of trade with China in these countries has increased over the period under review. Even in 2020, there was an increase in almost all indicators. At the same time, the cost of exports to China grew faster than the cost of imports (with the exception of Finland). But the trade balance still remained negative for everyone except Sweden.

scholarly journals Foreign trade competitiveness of the Balkan countries under the conditions of globalization

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Bozic-Miljkovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
The State ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
The World ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Trade Competitiveness ◽  
Economic Nature

The development of international trade on the world scale under the conditions of globalization, more than ever in the economic history has given prominence to the issues of given countries? competitiveness and foreign trade companies. Competitiveness in foreign trade is a complex category affected by the factors of both economic and non-economic nature. With the increase of the degree of liberalization of foreign trade globally, competitiveness represents a very important factor that the results in this particular trade depend on and, consequently, realization of the developmental and stabilization objectives in the progress of trade. The Balkan countries are making efforts, through diverse forms of regional economic networking and economic cooperation, to define their competitiveness in foreign trade in such a way so as to ensure its higher level. The actions of this kind should change their relatively unfavorable position in international trade and improve the state in their foreign trade balance as well as balance of payments. In doing this, they encounter numerous problems of economic and non-economic nature, namely those that still condition their low competitiveness in foreign trade.

scholarly journals Covid-19 pandemic and Foreign Trade: A Comparative Analysis in Indian Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 3334-3340
Author(s):  
Devasish Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Merchandise Trade

Covid-19 and lockdown as its preventive measure hit Indian Economy at a worst time. The trade performances prior to the pandemic was not satisfactory and held a decreasing trend in terms of the previous periods. In this paper an honest attempt has been made to analyse international trade as an Engine of Economic Growth, that is, its importance or significance in Economic Growth processes as well as to assess the comparative trend in international trade before and after the pandemic situation. This paper is based on secondary data. The paper is essentially a descriptive and analytical in nature. Statistical tools like graph, table etc are used for better understanding. The foreign trade is found to be diminishing in its share while analysing the data of last 10 years prior to the pandemic and nationwide lockdown. The merchandise trade surplus in June 2020 was estimated at USD 0.79 billion as against deficit of USD 15.28 billion in June, 2019. The trade balance for service is estimated at USD 6.83 on 15th July,2020. India recorded first trade surplus since January, 2002.

scholarly journals Presidential Address, delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, Friday, July 30th, 1880

1880 ◽  
Vol 26 (115) ◽  
pp. 327-342
Author(s):  
George W. Mould
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Argument ◽  
The Cost

A question that has been prominently before the public for the past few years, and which has not always been discussed with the cool reason so weighty a subject demands, is the control, custody, and treatment of the insane community known as private patients; and for the purpose of present argument I class those patients as private patients whose cost is defrayed without aid from the State—either in the matter of board, lodging, or attendance; for though private patients who reside in hospitals for the insane receive this aid, the building in which they reside is provided from special funds (and most hospitals have a small income from invested funds or annual subscriptions), it amounts to very little, and is absorbed in the free cost, or mitigation in the cost of maintenance, of a few patients. In speaking of lunatic hospitals, I leave out of the question the great Hospital of Bethlem, where the maintenance of the patients is entirely defrayed from the funds of the charity.

scholarly journals THE ROLE AND PLACE OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY IN THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Svirko ◽  
◽  
Valerii Parshakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Extractive Industry ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Fixed Assets

The article analyzes a number of scientific literature on the problems of the functioning and development of the mining industry of Ukraine. However, the analysis showed that the research did not focus on the importance of the extractive industry in the economy of Ukraine. In the course of the research it was established that Ukraine is definitely one of the most powerful mineral resource countries in the world, this situation is explained by the complex geological structure of Ukraine. It is established that for generalization of information data the classification of kinds of economic activity in its consecutive logical heredity is offered for application, thus for the basic level to choose section coding. The article considers the role and place of the extractive industry in the economy of Ukraine. A number of statistical indicators of general economic importance were studied, namely: the volume of produced and intermediate consumption of extractive industries (showed that the leader in intermediate consumption is the processing industry, but it showed a decline in demand for extractive industries); foreign trade balance in the context of the extractive industry (indicates a gradual leveling of Ukraine's foreign trade balance in the extractive industry, both by maintaining a relatively stable indicator of exports of its products and reducing imports); the share of the extractive industry in the total volume of goods and services (demonstrates a steady increase in intermediate consumption of extractive industries in customer prices), the availability and condition of fixed assets (demonstrates a fragmentary increase in the initial cost of fixed assets within the domestic economy) within the industry of Ukraine and in fact stable – within the extractive industry) and the volume of capital investment in this industry (the dynamics should be considered positive, as the level of investment in the studied industry exceeds the level of total investment by 1.3 times and 1.03 times the level of industrial investment Of Ukraine). Based on the analysis, the relevant conclusions were made on the state and activities of the extractive industry, which, in general, should be considered better than the country as a whole, and in some respects – and the country's industry. This, as well as the functional purpose of this industry, allows us to emphasize that the extractive industry is an integral part of the overall economic complex of the country, which ensures its smooth and successful operation.

scholarly journals Fiscal policy and foreign trade as a determinant of economic development – focus Kosovo

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Arben Tërstena ◽  
Ismail Mehmeti ◽  
Sokol Krasniqi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Fiscal System ◽  
Balkan Countries

Fiscal policy and foreign trade as a determinant of economic development – focus Kosovo Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of fiscal policy in Kosovo, comparing with the Western Balkan countries, in the trends of economic development, which are related to the international market, and how to achieve the objectives of the economy of Kosovo, penetrating the foreign market of local companies, using fiscal policy instruments. Design / methodology / approach: data processing is performed using deductive-analytical methods, describing and comparing research findings by commercial companies, extracting data and comparing official reports of national and international institutions on the role of policies analysis in the Western Balkan countries and in Kosovo, and the results of the research are based on these analyzes. Findings: Each sovereign state has its own fiscal policy operating within the fiscal system of that country, which also influences the development trends of international trade, the same applies to Kosovo and the Western Balkan countries, where this policy includes customs tax, VAT, tax in personal income, etc. The government of the country, through fiscal policy instruments creates conditions for companies to be as present in the foreign market as possible with their products, which impacts on the overall economic development of the country. achieved. Practical implications: the paper provides insights into the state of the fiscal system in Kosovo, how fiscal policy affects the creation of conditions for foreign trade development, where is Kosovo's economy is in relation to the Western Balkan countries and what are the steps needed to improve it. Originality / value: the paper provides real data on the state of the fiscal system in Kosovo and its full role in the development of foreign trade in relation to the Western Balkan countries.   Key words: Fiscal policy, international trade, international agreements, fiscal system, economic development, development policy measures, etc.

scholarly journals Rationale of effective option for technological and commercial terms of delivery of international trade cargoes

2018 ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
A.G. Shibaev ◽  
S.P. Onishchenko ◽  
Yu.A. Koskinа
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Port Facilities ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cost Parameters ◽  
The Cost

The paper is dedicated to a modeling choice of foreign trade goods' of optimal delivery, considering the cost parameters, production capabilities and technological features of the individual units of the transport system. The developed model provides the minimum total costs for carriage of goods from the point of origin to the point of destination (i.e. the case of the term provides for full payment of the transportation costs by the seller – the detailed structured costs in the model lets easily to use it for different terms of transportation costs payment). The model includes the carrying capabilities of different modes of transport that can be used for transportation and capacity of port facilities. The model also provides the choice of the developing of shipping system according to the terms of trade contract as far as it includes the current prices for the goods in point of destination and point of origin.

scholarly journals Thyroid diseases detection rate in screenings of the population of the Kherson region

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-14
Author(s):  
V. I. Yaroshenko ◽  
A. I. Golunov
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
The State ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

In many regions of the world, regardless of the presence of iodine endemic, a steady increase in thyroid pathology has been recorded over the past three decades. Given the unfavorable environmental situation that is typical for most countries today, one can think that this trend will continue and problems of the state of the thyroid gland will take place among the most relevant and significant in modern clinical medicine. A natural consequence of this is the growing interest of scientists and practitioners of endocrinologists in the issues of early diagnosis and monitoring, the etiology and epidemiology of thyroid diseases. In this study, we assessed the state of the thyroid gland with the aim of epidemiological analysis of the frequency of various forms of goiter in 5423 people living in 18 districts of Kherson region.

scholarly journals 楊德昌的殉道英雄與歷史反思：重看《牯嶺街少年殺人事件》

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (36) ◽  
pp. 197-222
Author(s):  
謝世宗 謝世宗
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Moral Ideals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
The Cost

<p>楊德昌的《牯嶺街少年殺人事件》（1991）由於研究材料取得上的困難，二十五年來的研究論文仍然相當有限。不同於形式分析、女性主義、後殖民理論與心理分析的角度，本文以新批評的細讀與敘事學的方法，釐清電影如何透過角色的類比與對比，包含政治的現實主義者、道德的理想主義者與勢利的弄權者之間的妥協與衝突，在舞臺上架構出一齣殉道者的道德悲劇。其次，透過《牯嶺街》作為一部歷史電影，脈絡化上述的人物角色與道德衝突，探討1960年代的國家機器如何形塑了一群道德的理想主義者，而他們理想主義又為何必然與整個時代產生矛盾與衝突。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Due to its inconvenient access, Edward Yang’s masterpiece A Brighter Summer Day, for the past twenty five years, has ellicited very few research articles. To make a contribution to this premature scholarship, this article focuses on the subject matter of the film and employes the method of narratology to argue that through the devices of similarity and contrast, Yang presents an ambitious moral tragedy on the cinematic stage where the heros attempt to realize their moral ideals even at the cost of their inclinations, self-interests and lives. Viewing the film as Yang’s historical reflection on the 1960s, the article then unravel the ways by which the state apparatuse interpellates some individuals into moral subjects and explicate why these moral idealists are doomed to confront and conflict with the millieu. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Direction and Problems of Foreign Trade in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Shashikala Sharma
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World

 Foreign trade or international trade is the transaction of goods and services between two or more countries. It plays a vital role in developing the economy of a country. The purpose of this study was to identify the direction and problems of foreign trade in Nepal, and to find out the possibilities of foreign trade expansion of the period from fiscal year 2011/12 to 2018/19. The study used quantitative data collected from secondary sources consulting physical library and internet. It was found in the study that most of the foreign trade of Nepal is directed to India. It was also found that there was deficit trade balance as there was decreasing export and increasing imports. As a result, the trade balance is negative and growing every year. Further, the foreign trade in Nepal is highly dependent with India which needs to be diversified to rest of the world.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN TRADE OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Olha MYLASHKO
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Physical Volume

The directions of statistical analysis of the country’s foreign trade processes are considered in the article. Possibilities of statistical methods for studying the state and the main trends that have developed in this area are highlighted. The conclusions about the intensity of the dynamics of the trade balance indicators are generalized. The processes of the outstripping development of imports over exports are highlighted. The dynamics of the balance of export-import operations is analyzed and trends of its deterioration are demonstrated. The degree of coverage of imports by exports and the processes of formation of the trade balance deficit are investigated in time. The directions of development of characteristics of the balance of foreign trade operations are studied. High levels of export and import dependence of the country have been demonstrated, which leads to vulnerability to external shocks and instability in the world. The results of the analysis of the structure and structural shifts in the trade of Ukraine with the countries of the Visegrad Four are presented. The emphasis is made on the prospects of interrelations with this group of countries from the point of view of using their experience in preparing for accession to the EU. The article demonstrates more intensive changes in the geographical structure of exports than imports and highlights the tendencies towards an increase in the role of Poland and a decrease in Hungary in the export-import operations of the Visegrad Four with Ukraine. The processes of changing the terms of trade have been investigated in terms of changes in export and import prices and in terms of changes in the physical volume of exports and imports on the example of a group of dairy products, which are widely represented among both export and import goods of Ukraine. The index method was used to analyze the absolute and relative impact of changes in prices and the physical volume of exports and imports of a number of dairy products on the value of exports and imports. Changes in the terms of trade are highlighted by constructing quantitative and price indices of the terms of trade. It was clarified that it was the sharp reduction in the physical volume of exports that contributed to the decrease in foreign exchange earnings from the export of dairy products. The necessity of measures to promote domestic goods abroad, primarily to European countries, has been substantiated. The research results can be used in foreign trade policy at the macro level.

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