scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome “Interacts” With COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeling Guo ◽  
Shanping Jiang ◽  
Zilun Li ◽  
Sifan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Metabolic Comorbidities

COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a global pandemic and poses a great threat to public health and society in general. SARS-CoV-2 invades cells via its spike protein, which initiates endocytosis via its binding to host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and membrane fusion after being cleaved by the serine protease, TMPRSS2. The most common clinical manifestations are fever, dry cough, fatigue and abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT). However, some patients rapidly progress to severe pneumonia and develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 triggers a severe cytokine storm, which may explain the deterioration of pre-existing metabolic disorders. Interestingly, conversely, underlying metabolic-related diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc., are associated with progression and poor prognosis of COVID-19. The putative mechanisms are dysregulation of ACE2, impaired immunity especially uncontrolled hyperinflammation, hypercoagulability, etc. In this review, we summarize the crosstalk between COVID-19 and metabolic diseases and propose that in addition to controlling COVID-19, more intensive attention should be paid to the symptomatic treatment and prevention of pre-existing and foreseeable metabolic comorbidities.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of COVID-19: ACE2, Cytokine Storm and Extrapulmonary Manifestations

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Abdul Muhaymin Muhaymin ◽  
Hyder Wajid Abbasi ◽  
Naeem Ullah ◽  
Adnan Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
First Century ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Alveolar Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Taste And Smell

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic of the twenty-first century and currently fourthwave is creating fear and panic worldwide. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-COV-2), a highly contagious viral infection of humans. The COVID-19 can be spread mainly throughrespiratory droplet particles and in contact with a COVID-19 infected person. Clinical manifestation of COVID-19patients includes cough, fever, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell. In critical cases of COVID-19, the developmentof pneumonia and dyspnea leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome that may cause the death of thepatient. It is well established that Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on alveolar cells act as anentry gate for the SARS-COV-2. However, ACE2 is also highly expressed in multiple extrapulmonary vital organssuch as the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, kidney, etc. Therefore, the direct viral entry in theseorgans can be a likely pathway of injury. In addition, decoupling of immune responses leads to the cytokinesstorm, which might contribute to the injury of extrapulmonary organs. In this review, we report the multipleorgan pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients, which could aid clinicians and researchersin prioritizing therapeutics remedies and developing research for all vital body systems involved.

scholarly journals A snapshot on COVID-19: A review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfuz Al Mamun ◽  
Kaiissar Mannoor ◽  
Tahmina Shirin ◽  
Meerjady Sabrina Flora ◽  
Firdausi Qadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Sputum Production ◽  
Common Enemy

The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus in China in December 2019 has turned into a global pandemic through continued spread beyond borders. This review was aimed to extract up-to-date information on the evolution, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19 to fight against this common enemy. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were the sources of literature; whereas CDC, WHO and Worldometer provided updated information. Bats served as the reservoirs of this virus while pangolin is believed as an intermediate host to transmit the virus to humans. Direct human-to-human and indirect transmissions were involved. Major clinical manifestations included fever, cough, fatigue, sputum production and shortness of breath. Chest radiographs mostly showed bilateral ground-glass opacities. Aged patients and patients with comorbidities had higher case fatality ratios. Critical cases were vulnerable to develop pneumonia, multi-organ failure and deaths. Overall situation in China has improved substantially. The European region and region of the Americas were the worst hit out of six WHO global regions. PCR based methods are used for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Severe/critical cases essentially require supportive or intensive cares. Avoiding exposure to COVID-19 is the best way to prevent the disease. Thus, this review provides a snapshot on COVID-19.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in COPD and IPF fibroblasts- the forgotten cell in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noof Aloufi ◽  
Hussein Traboulsi ◽  
Jun Ding ◽  
Gregory J Fonseca ◽  
Parameswaran Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Fibroblasts ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
A Cell

The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome leading to death in susceptible individuals. For those who recover, post-COVID-19 complications may include development of pulmonary fibrosis. Factors contributing to disease severity or development of complications is not known. Using computational analysis with experimental data, we report that IPF and COPD-derived lung fibroblasts express higher levels of ACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and part of the renin-angiotensin system that is anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory. In preclinical models, we found that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, a risk factor for both COPD and IPF and potentially for SARS-CoV-2 infection, significantly increased pulmonary ACE2 protein expression. Further studies are needed to understand the functional implications of ACE2 on lung fibroblasts, a cell type that thus far as received relatively little attention in the context of COVID-19.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Current Understanding of Pathophysiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359
Author(s):  
Gentle Sunder Shrestha ◽  
Sushil Khanal ◽  
Sachit Sharma ◽  
Gaurav Nepal
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 has emerged as a global pandemic, affecting millions of people across the globe. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the human cell after binding to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 receptors, that are present in various organs. The involvement of the respiratory system is common and may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Besides the involvement of respiratory system other systems like cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and central nervous are not uncommon. In-depth understanding of the pathophysiological basis of organs and systems involvement and disease progression aids in the safe and effective management of the COVID-19 patients. It also helps to guide future well-designed clinical trials, which is the need of time. This review aims to explore the current understanding of pathophysiological basis of various organ system involvement in patients with COVID-19, that can have relevance for patient management and future research. We reviewed the articles in various databases to assemble the current evidences. Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19; pathophysiology; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

scholarly journals Human Stem Cell Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Cardiovascular System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Ernzen ◽  
Aaron J. Trask ◽  
Mark E. Peeples ◽  
Vidu Garg ◽  
Ming-Tao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Stem Cell Models ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

AbstractThe virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected over 190 million people to date, causing a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 relies on binding of its spike glycoprotein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for infection. In addition to fever, cough, and shortness of breath, severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in the rapid overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This overactive immune response is known as a cytokine storm, which leads to several serious clinical manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and myocardial injury. Cardiovascular disorders such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and heart failure not only enhance disease progression at the onset of infection, but also arise in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Tissue-specific differentiated cells and organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) serve as an excellent model to address how SARS-CoV-2 damages the lungs and the heart. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the current clinical perspectives of the bidirectional relationship between the cardiovascular system and viral progression. Furthermore, we also address the utility of hPSCs as a dynamic model for SARS-CoV-2 research and clinical translation. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Endocrine Disruptors in Food: Impact on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros ◽  
Sara Páez ◽  
Celia Monteagudo ◽  
Ana Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Shed Light

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) have been associated with the increased incidence of metabolic disorders. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of the literature in order to identify the current knowledge of the interactions between EDCs in food, the gut microbiota, and metabolic disorders in order to shed light on this complex triad. Exposure to EDCs induces a series of changes including microbial dysbiosis and the induction of xenobiotic pathways and associated genes, enzymes, and metabolites involved in EDC metabolism. The products and by-products released following the microbial metabolism of EDCs can be taken up by the host; therefore, changes in the composition of the microbiota and in the production of microbial metabolites could have a major impact on host metabolism and the development of diseases. The remediation of EDC-induced changes in the gut microbiota might represent an alternative course for the treatment and prevention of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and Viral Sepsis: Immune Dysfunction and Implications in Kidney Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 4057
Author(s):  
Alessandra Stasi ◽  
Giuseppe Castellano ◽  
Elena Ranieri ◽  
Barbara Infante ◽  
Giovanni Stallone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first emerged in Wuhan, China. The clinical manifestations of patients infected with COVID-19 include fever, cough, and dyspnea, up to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute cardiac injury. Thus, a lot of severe patients had to be admitted to intensive care units (ICU). The pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are mediated by the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spikes to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. The overexpression of human ACE-2 is associated with the disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrating that viral entry into cells is a pivotal step. Although the lung is the organ that is most commonly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection, acute kidney injury (AKI), heart dysfunction and abdominal pain are the most commonly reported co-morbidities of COVID-19. The occurrence of AKI in COVID-19 patients might be explained by several mechanisms that include viral cytopathic effects in renal cells and the host hyperinflammatory response. In addition, kidney dysfunction could exacerbate the inflammatory response started in the lungs and might cause further renal impairment and multi-organ failure. Mounting recent evidence supports the involvement of cardiovascular complications and endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 syndrome, in addition to respiratory disease. To date, there is no vaccine, and no specific antiviral medicine has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating COVID-19. The removal of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the shutdown of the cytokine storm could ameliorate the clinical outcome in severe COVID-19 cases. Therefore, several interventions that inhibit viral replication and the systemic inflammatory response could modulate the severity of the renal dysfunction and increase the probability of a favorable outcome.

scholarly journals An Update of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Essential Brief for Clinicians

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Zare ◽  
Seyyede Fateme Sadati-Seyyed-Mahalle ◽  
Amirhossein Mokhtari ◽  
Nima Pakdel ◽  
Zeinab Hamidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

During 2019, the number of patients suffering from cough, fever and reduction of WBC’s count increased. At the beginning, this mysterious illness was called “fever with unknown origin”. At the present time, the cause of this pneumonia is known as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 is one member of great family of coronaviruses. Coronaviruses can cause different kind of illnesses including respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological diseases in animals like cat and bat. Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 has some particular structures for binding to host cells, reproducing itself in cells and damaging human cells. The SARS-CoV-2 can bind angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE‐2) receptors and cause various difficulties for human. The SARS-CoV-2 can cause either not-serious issues like fever and cough or serious concerns such as multi-organ failure. Source(s) of SARS-CoV-2 is under debate. Malayan pangolin and bat are the most suspicious candidate for being sources of the SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by various ways such as transmitting from infected human to healthy human and can make severe pneumonia, which can lead to death. The SARS-CoV-2 can infect different kind of people with different ages, races, and social and economic levels. The SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can cause various sorts of clinical manifestations like cough and fever and intensity of signs and symptoms depends on sufferer conditions. Clinicians use all of available documents and tests like laboratory, histopathological and radiological findings for diagnosing new cases and curing patients with high accuracy. At the present time, there is no particular way for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection; neither antiviral drugs nor palliative agents. It seems that the best way for standing against the SARS-CoV-2 infection is preventing from it by social distancing and vaccination. This review tries to prepare an essential brief update about SARS-CoV-2 infection for clinicians.

The Ineluctable Role of ACE-2 Receptors in SARS COV-2 Infection and Drug Repurposing as a Plausible SARS COV-2 Therapy : A Concise Treatise

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherin Joseph ◽  
Bhagyalakshmi Nair ◽  
Lekshmi R. Nath
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Peptidase Activity ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Lung Histology

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent for the COVID-19 infectious disease that spreads via the respiratory route and has reached a drastic level of a global pandemic. Symptoms of COVID-19 may vary from mild (fever, dry cough, shortness of breath) to severe pneumonia-like respiratory symptoms as exacerbation of disease occurs. Unlike SARS-CoV, the SARS-CoV-2 has a higher binding affinity to ACE-2 receptors which signify its higher transmission rate from person to person. Even though ACE-2 is significant in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulation that exhibits protection to various organs, they play a significant role in COVID-19 disease pathogenesis. Viral interferences with the ACE-2 peptidase activity are found in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients leading to pro-inflammatory responses, hypertension and multi-organ damage. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 is constrained to a variety of organ systems but surface ACE-2 receptors on lung epithelia are largely affected, that lead to pathological alterations in lung histology which may progress to respiratory failure. The viral tropism mainly occurs by the attachment to the angiotensin-converting enzymes-2 receptors in the host cell, thus drugs targeting ACE-2 expressions may arise as the future therapeutic strategy to combat COVID-19 infections.The innovative approach of repurposing of drugs has shown temporary effectiveness to the rising pandemic. This article mainly focuses on the prominence of ACE-2 receptors which are expressed during the COVID infections and repurposing strategy of available drug therapies.

scholarly journals The Effect of Amino Acid, Carbohydrate, and Lipid Metabolism Disorders on Eyes

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-196
Author(s):  
Abdolreza Medghalchi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders ◽  
Inherited Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Ophthalmological Assessment

Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are a class of genetic disorders. Each metabolic disorder may have different forms with different age of onset, clinical manifestations, severity, and even type of inheritance. Ideally, a group of different specialists, including ophthalmologists, pediatricians, biochemists, and medical geneticists are needed for the final diagnosis and management of IMDs. Because of the importance of the aforementioned issue, we investigated the effect of IMDs on the eye in this review. Metabolic disorders can induce abnormalities in conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve, and eye motility.  In this study, the authors aimed to address the effect of metabolic diseases of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids on eye metabolism. Because of the direct toxic mechanisms of abnormal metabolites on the eyes and regarding the effect of eye monitoring on follow-up, management, and treatment of IMDs, a detailed ophthalmological assessment is essential.

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