scholarly journals Endocrine Disruptors in Food: Impact on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros ◽  
Sara Páez ◽  
Celia Monteagudo ◽  
Ana Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Shed Light

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) have been associated with the increased incidence of metabolic disorders. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of the literature in order to identify the current knowledge of the interactions between EDCs in food, the gut microbiota, and metabolic disorders in order to shed light on this complex triad. Exposure to EDCs induces a series of changes including microbial dysbiosis and the induction of xenobiotic pathways and associated genes, enzymes, and metabolites involved in EDC metabolism. The products and by-products released following the microbial metabolism of EDCs can be taken up by the host; therefore, changes in the composition of the microbiota and in the production of microbial metabolites could have a major impact on host metabolism and the development of diseases. The remediation of EDC-induced changes in the gut microbiota might represent an alternative course for the treatment and prevention of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Role of Dietary Lipids in Modulating Inflammation through the Gut Microbiota

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Wisniewski ◽  
Robert A. Dowden ◽  
Sara C. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Taxonomic Resolution ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis

Inflammation and its resolution is a tenuous balance that is under constant contest. Though several regulatory mechanisms are employed to maintain homeostasis, disruptions in the regulation of inflammation can lead to detrimental effects for the host. Of note, the gut and microbial dysbiosis are implicated in the pathology of systemic chronic low-grade inflammation which has been linked to several metabolic diseases. What remains to be described is the extent to which dietary fat and concomitant changes in the gut microbiota contribute to, or arise from, the onset of metabolic disorders. The present review will highlight the role of microorganisms in host energy regulation and several mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory pathways. This review will also discuss the immunomodulatory effects of the endocannabinoid system and its link with the gut microbiota. Finally, a brief discussion arguing for improved taxonomic resolution (at the species and strain level) is needed to deepen our current knowledge of the microbiota and host inflammatory state.

scholarly journals Molecular Insight into the Interaction between Epigenetics and Leptin in Metabolic Disorders

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Wróblewski ◽  
Justyna Strycharz ◽  
Ewa Świderska ◽  
Karolina Drewniak ◽  
Józef Drzewoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Leptin Sensitivity ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Biological Event ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Nowadays, it is well-known that the deregulation of epigenetic machinery is a common biological event leading to the development and progression of metabolic disorders. Moreover, the expression level and actions of leptin, a vast adipocytokine regulating energy metabolism, appear to be strongly associated with epigenetics. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of the epigenetic regulation of leptin as well as the leptin-induced epigenetic modifications in metabolic disorders and associated phenomena. The collected data indicated that the deregulation of leptin expression and secretion that occurs during the course of metabolic diseases is underlain by a variation in the level of promoter methylation, the occurrence of histone modifications, along with miRNA interference. Furthermore, leptin was proven to epigenetically regulate several miRNAs and affect the activity of the histone deacetylases. These epigenetic modifications were observed in obesity, gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome and concerned various molecular processes like glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, liver fibrosis, obesity-related carcinogenesis, adipogenesis or fetal/early postnatal programming. Moreover, the circulating miRNA profiles were associated with the plasma leptin level in metabolic syndrome, and miRNAs were found to be involved in hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. In summary, the evidence suggests that leptin is both a target and a mediator of epigenetic changes that develop in numerous tissues during metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals SAT-657 The Gut Microbiome Regulates Host Glucose Homeostasis via Peripheral Serotonin

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Keating
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Pharmacological Inhibition ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Host Metabolism

Abstract The gut microbiome is an established regulator of aspects of host metabolism, such as glucose handling. Despite the known impacts of the gut microbiota on host glucose homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The gut microbiome is also a potent mediator of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, and this peripheral source of serotonin is itself a regulator of glucose homeostasis. Here, we determined whether the gut microbiome influences glucose homeostasis through effects on gut-derived serotonin. Using both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, we find [1] that the improvements in host glucose handling caused by antibiotic-induced changes in microbiota composition are dependent on the synthesis of peripheral serotonin. [1] The gut microbiome regulates host glucose homeostasis via peripheral serotonin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Oct 1;116(40):19802-19804. Martin AM, Yabut JM, Choo JM, Page AJ, Sun EW, Jessup CF, Wesselingh SL, Khan WI, Rogers GB, Steinberg GR, Keating DJ.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Physical Activity-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota: Possible Implications for Human Health and Athletic Performance

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3075
Author(s):  
Vittoria Cella ◽  
Viviana M. Bimonte ◽  
Claudia Sabato ◽  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
Carlo Baldari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
External Causes ◽  
General Populations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Induced Changes

The gut microbiota is a complex heterogeneous microbial community modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Among the external causes, nutrition as well as physical activity appear to be potential drivers of microbial diversity, both at the taxonomic and functional level, likely also influencing endocrine system, and acting as endocrine organ itself. To date, clear-cut data regarding which microbial populations are modified, and by which mechanisms are lacking. Moreover, the relationship between the microbial shifts and the metabolic practical potential of the gut microbiota is still unclear. Further research by longitudinal and well-designed studies is needed to investigate whether microbiome manipulation may be an effective tool for improving human health and, also, performance in athletes, and whether these effects may be then extended to the overall health promotion of general populations. In this review, we evaluate and summarize the current knowledge regarding the interaction and cross-talks among hormonal modifications, physical performance, and microbiota content and function.

scholarly journals Molecular basis of ageing in chronic metabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1373-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Spinelli ◽  
L. Parrillo ◽  
M. Longo ◽  
P. Florese ◽  
A. Desiderio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Ageing Process ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Ectopic Lipids

Abstract Aim Over the last decades, the shift in age distribution towards older ages and the progressive ageing which has occurred in most populations have been paralleled by a global epidemic of obesity and its related metabolic disorders, primarily, type 2 diabetes (T2D). Dysfunction of the adipose tissue (AT) is widely recognized as a significant hallmark of the ageing process that, in turn, results in systemic metabolic alterations. These include insulin resistance, accumulation of ectopic lipids and chronic inflammation, which are responsible for an elevated risk of obesity and T2D onset associated to ageing. On the other hand, obesity and T2D, the paradigms of AT dysfunction, share many physiological characteristics with the ageing process, such as an increased burden of senescent cells and epigenetic alterations. Thus, these chronic metabolic disorders may represent a state of accelerated ageing. Materials and methods A more precise explanation of the fundamental ageing mechanisms that occur in AT and a deeper understanding of their role in the interplay between accelerated ageing and AT dysfunction can be a fundamental leap towards novel therapies that address the causes, not just the symptoms, of obesity and T2D, utilizing strategies that target either senescent cells or DNA methylation. Results In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the pathways that lead to AT dysfunction in the chronological ageing process as well as the pathophysiology of obesity and T2D, emphasizing the critical role of cellular senescence and DNA methylation. Conclusion Finally, we highlight the need for further research focused on targeting these mechanisms.

scholarly journals Liver Cirrhosis and Sarcopenia from the Viewpoint of Dysbiosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nishikawa ◽  
Hirayuki Enomoto ◽  
Shuhei Nishiguchi ◽  
Hiroko Iijima
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) has been attracting much attention these days because of the close linkage to adverse outcomes. LC can be related to secondary sarcopenia due to protein metabolic disorders and energy metabolic disorders. LC is associated with profound alterations in gut microbiota and injuries at the different levels of defensive mechanisms of the intestinal barrier. Dysbiosis refers to a state in which the diversity of gut microbiota is decreased by decreasing the bacterial species and the number of bacteria that compose the gut microbiota. The severe disturbance of intestinal barrier in LC can result in dysbiosis, several bacterial infections, LC-related complications, and sarcopenia. Here in this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between sarcopenia and dysbiosis in patients with LC.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota, in the Halfway between Nutrition and Lung Function

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1716
Author(s):  
Christophe Espírito Santo ◽  
Catarina Caseiro ◽  
Maria João Martins ◽  
Rosário Monteiro ◽  
Inês Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
The Impact

The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a “forgotten organ” or “metabolic organ”, given its profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy diet is undoubtedly a major contributor for promoting a “good” microbial community that turns out to be crucial for a fine-tuned symbiotic relationship with the host. Both microbial-derived components and produced metabolites elicit the activation of downstream cascades capable to modulate both local and systemic immune responses. A balance between host and gut microbiota is crucial to keep a healthy intestinal barrier and an optimal immune homeostasis, thus contributing to prevent disease occurrence. How dietary habits can impact gut microbiota and, ultimately, host immunity in health and disease has been the subject of intense study, especially with regard to metabolic diseases. Only recently, these links have started to be explored in relation to lung diseases. The objective of this review is to address the current knowledge on how diet affects gut microbiota and how it acts on lung function. As the immune system seems to be the key player in the cross-talk between diet, gut microbiota and the lungs, involved immune interactions are discussed. There are key nutrients that, when present in our diet, help in gut homeostasis and lead to a healthier lifestyle, even ameliorating chronic diseases. Thus, with this review we hope to incite the scientific community interest to use diet as a valuable non-pharmacological addition to lung diseases management. First, we talk about the intestinal microbiota and interactions through the intestinal barrier for a better understanding of the following sections, which are the main focus of this article: the way diet impacts the intestinal microbiota and the immune interactions of the gut–lung axis that can explain the impact of diet, a key modifiable factor influencing the gut microbiota in several lung diseases.

scholarly journals Microbiota-Mitochondria Inter-Talk: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Teresa Vezza ◽  
Zaida Abad-Jiménez ◽  
Miguel Marti-Cabrera ◽  
Milagros Rocha ◽  
Víctor Manuel Víctor
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Shed Light

The rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing concern worldwide. New discoveries in the field of metagenomics and clinical research have revealed that the gut microbiota plays a key role in these metabolic disorders. The mechanisms regulating microbiota composition are multifactorial and include resistance to stress, presence of pathogens, diet, cultural habits and general health conditions. Recent evidence has shed light on the influence of microbiota quality and diversity on mitochondrial functions. Of note, the gut microbiota has been shown to regulate crucial transcription factors, coactivators, as well as enzymes implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. Moreover, microbiota metabolites seem to interfere with mitochondrial oxidative/nitrosative stress and autophagosome formation, thus regulating the activation of the inflammasome and the production of inflammatory cytokines, key players in chronic metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the association between intestinal microbiota and mitochondrial function and examines the mechanisms that may be the key to their use as potential therapeutic strategies in obesity and T2D management.

scholarly journals You Are What You Eat—The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders—A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Moszak ◽  
Monika Szulińska ◽  
Paweł Bogdański
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

scholarly journals Role of the Gut Microbiota in Stroke Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kazuo Yamashiro ◽  
Naohide Kurita ◽  
Takao Urabe ◽  
Nobutaka Hattori
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Stroke Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Acute Cerebral Ischemia

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Major advances have been made in stroke treatment and prevention in the past decades. However, the burden of stroke remains high. Identification of novel targets and establishment of effective interventions to improve stroke outcomes are, therefore, needed. Recent research highlights the contribution of the gut microbiota to stroke pathogenesis. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiota, termed dysbiosis, are linked to stroke risk factors, such as obesity, metabolic diseases, and atherosclerosis. In acute cerebral ischemia, the gut microbiota plays a key role in bidirectional interactions between the gut and brain, referred to as the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Gut dysbiosis prior to ischemic stroke affects outcomes. Additionally, the brain affects the gut microbiota during acute ischemic brain injury, which in turn impacts outcomes. Interactions between the gut microbiota and stroke pathogenesis are mediated by several factors including bacterial components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide), gut microbiota-related metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine N-oxide), and the immune and nervous systems. Clinical studies have reported that patients with acute ischemic stroke exhibit gut dysbiosis, which is associated with host metabolism and inflammation, as well as functional outcomes. Modulation of the gut microbiota or its metabolites improves conditions related to stroke pathogenesis, including inflammation, cardiometabolic disease, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota plays a possible role in stroke pathogenesis. Modulation of the gut microbiota may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of stroke.

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