scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of Stone Mastic Asphalt Incorporating Kenaf Fibre

CONSTRUCTION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
G. Danoshini ◽  
A. Baqadeem ◽  
A. K. S. Al-Shakhrit ◽  
N. E. Jasni ◽  
Khairil Azman Masri
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Kenaf Fiber ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt

Stone mastic asphalt consists of two components of coarse aggregate and bitumen-filled mortar (bituminous blend, filler, and stabilizing additives like cellulosic or mineral fibers). Such a form of hot mix asphalt (SMA) was first developed in Germany in the mid-1960s to cope with corrosion and ribbed wheel destruction. The mixture was then known as stone mastic asphalt, which was not only immune to ribbed wheels but also has strong resistance against rutting. One of the most significant problems when constructing the stone mastic asphalt pavement is permanent deformation. By a load of traffic and the strain of the tires, much of the irreversible deformation happens in the ground. According to a previous study, researchers have stated that the kenaf fiber's physical strength and thermal characteristics are superior compared to other forms of natural fiber polymer composites, and therefore deemed a desirable applicant for elevated-performance natural fiber composite materials. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the mechanical performance of stone mastic asphalt incorporating kenaf fiber by developing a regression model. A set of data of SMA mixture incorporating various percentages of kenaf fiber were assessed through statistical analysis in Minitab 19 by using the resilient modulus as the dependant variable in the first model and the accumulated strain from the dynamic creep test as the dependant variable in the second model. The regression models showed a positive impact of kenaf fiber as an additive in the SMA mixture.  For more future studies, it is recommended to analyze the effect of the various proportions of kenaf fiber with bitumen modification towards stone mastic asphalt performance that will render the satisfactory performance of SMA during service.

Performance Characterization of Stone Mastic Asphalt using Steel Fiber

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekarizan Shaffie ◽  
◽  
H.A. Rashid ◽  
Fiona Shiong ◽  
Ahmad Kamil Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Fiber ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Bitumen Content ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Marshall Stability

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towards permanent deformation and rutting potential by 30% to 40% more than dense-graded asphalt, due to its stable aggregate skeleton structure. However, compared to other types of hot mix asphalt, SMA unfortunately has some shortcomings in term of its susceptibility towards moisture-induced damage due to its structure and excessive bitumen content in the composition. This research aims to assess the performance of a SMA mixture with steel fiber by enhancing overall stability, abrasion resistance, and, most importantly, moisture susceptibility. This study involved the incorporation of various steel fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% by the total weight of mixture. The steel fiber modified SMA was made up of 6.0% PEN 60/70 bitumen content. The performance of SMA were evaluated through Marshall stability and flow test, Cantabro loss test and indirect tensile strength test. The results obtained from the testing showed that the incorporation of steel fiber is significantly effective to enhance the resistance towards moisture damage, while increasing the stability and reducing the abrasion loss of SMA mixture, compared to conventional mixture. Overall, it can be concluded that the addition of steel fiber in asphalt mixture specifically SMA, has improved the mechanical performance in the application of asphalt pavement with the optimum steel fiber proportion of 0.3% by the weight of mixture. The developed models between the independent variables and responses demonstrated high levels of correlation. The study found that Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an effective statistical method for providing an appropriate empirical model for relating parameters and predicting the optimum performance of an asphaltic mixture to reduce flexible pavement failure.

Predictions of the Mechanical Performance of Leaf Fiber Thermoplastic Composites by FEA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris M. AL-Oqla
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Cantilever Beam ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Natural Fiber Composites ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Structural Applications

The available potential plant waste could be worthy material to strengthen polymers to make sustainable products and structural components. Therefore, modeling the natural fiber polymeric-based composites is currently required to reveal the mechanical performance of such polymeric green composites for various green products. This work numerically investigates the effect of various fiber types, fiber loading, and reinforcement conditions with different polymer matrices towards predicting the mechanical performance of such natural fiber composites. Cantilever beam and compression schemes were considered as two different mechanical loading conditions for structural applications of such composite materials. Finite element analysis was conducted to modeling the natural fiber composite materials. The interaction between the fibers and the matrices was considered as an interfacial friction force and was determined from experimental work by the pull out technique for each polymer and fiber type. Both polypropylene and polyethylene were considered as composite matrices. Olive and lemon leaf fibers were considered as reinforcements. Results have revealed that the deflection resistance of the natural fiber composites in cantilever beam was enhanced for several reinforcement conditions. The fiber reinforcement was capable of enhancing the mechanical performance of the polymers and was the best in case of 20 wt.% polypropylene/lemon composites due to better stress transfer within the composite. However, the 40 wt.% case was the worst in enhancing the mechanical performance in both cantilever beam and compression cases. The 30 wt.% of polyethylene/olive fiber was the best in reducing the deflection of the cantilever beam case. The prediction of mechanical performance of natural fiber composites via proper numerical analysis would enhance the process of selecting the appropriate polymer and fiber types. It can contribute finding the proper reinforcement conditions to enhance the mechanical performance of the natural fiber composites to expand their reliable implementations in more industrial applications.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Banana Fabric and Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Effect of Treatment and Hybridization

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1870-1874
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Kenaf Fiber ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽  
Reinforced Composite

Nowadays, Natural Fiber Reinforced composites (NFCs) are emerging to be a good substitute for synthetic fiber reinforced composites as NFCs have many advantages such as low density, high specific strength, recyclability, low cost and good sound abatement quality etc. Among all types of NFCs, a vast study has been done on banana fiber and kenaf fiber reinforced composite. However, only limited work has been done on the banana fabric, kenaf fiber reinforced composite and the effect of their hybridization on mechanical properties. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the mechanical properties of the banana fabric, kenaf fiber and hybrid banana fabric/kenaf fiber reinforced composites. Effect of alkali treatment on kenaf fiber reinforced composite is discussed in the paper. For the present work, plain-woven banana fabric and randomly oriented kenaf fiber are used as reinforcement while the epoxy resin is used as a matrix. samples are fabricated using hand lay-up and vacuum bagging method. Curing is done at ambient temperature (250C-300C) for 48h. Tensile, impact and hardness test has been performed on a specimen according to ASTM standards. Improvement in mechanical properties is observed after alkali (6% NaOH) treatment on kenaf fiber reinforced composite. Tensile testing behavior of randomly oriented kenaf fiber composite has been studied using Finite element method and results are compared with experimental investigations. This topic present big potential because it seeks to find solution for sustainable development with environmental concerns.

scholarly journals Hybrid Modification of Stone Mastic Asphalt with Cellulose and Basalt Fiber

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
You Huang ◽  
Zhaohui Liu ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Yunbao Zhang ◽  
Qingxiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Basalt Fiber ◽  
Moisture Damage ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Damage Resistance ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Hybrid Modification

In this study, cellulose and basalt fiber were introduced simultaneously to stone mastic asphalt (SMA) to investigate the effects of hybrid modification on performance improvement of asphalt mixture. The study consists of three parts. The first part investigated material properties of cellulose and basalt fiber, including microscope electrical scanning. The second part conducted a series of tests to evaluate the effects of different combinations of cellulose and basalt fiber on performance. With a total addition of fiber 0.4% by the weight of mixture, five different cellulose-basalt fiber ratios, 0 : 4, 1 : 3, 2 : 2, 3 : 1, and 4 : 0, were introduced to the asphalt mixtures. A series of tests including draindown, permanent deformation, low temperature bending, beam fatigue, and moisture damage resistance were conducted. In the final part, a benefit-cost ratio was designed to help determine the optimum cellulose-basalt fiber combination in the economic aspect. Results show that material properties of the two fibers are very different, including thermostability, modulus, surface, and microstructure, especially oil absorption. In general, all samples with fibers outperformed the control group in all the performance tests. Specifically, cellulose fiber improved draindown, ductility, and fatigue more significantly, whilst basalt fiber has more influence on improving permanent deformation, deflection strength, and stress sensitivity. Equal portion of cellulose and basalt fiber has the best moisture damage resistance. The mechanisms of the two fibers are different, resulting in different performance improvements on asphalt mixtures. Overall, an appropriate combination of the two fibers would produce paving materials with more balanced performance in an economical way.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Warm Rubberized Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures through the Marshall and Gyratory Compactors

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Juan Gallego ◽  
Ana María Rodríguez-Alloza ◽  
Leticia Saiz-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Warm Mix Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Reflective Cracking ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt

Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures exhibit excellent behaviour; they are highly resistant to reflective cracking and permanent deformation, as well as providing the wearing surface with an optimal texture. However, the production and compaction temperatures are similar to conventional mixtures, which means that there is a significant consumption of energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology, which has been developed over the last few years, might allow lower temperatures without compromising the mechanical behaviour of the mixtures. Also, over the last few decades, rubberized asphalt has proved to be effective in improving the performance and being environmentally suitable, but it requires higher production temperatures than conventional mixtures. In this study, several tests were performed to evaluate the effect of a chemical WMA additive on the compactability and water sensitivity of rubberized SMA mixtures with both the Marshall and the gyratory compactor. The investigation has shown that the gyratory compactor is more suitable for studying compactability and the water sensitivity of rubberized SMA with WMA additives.

Tensile and Statistical Analysis of Sisal Fibers for Natural Fiber Composite Manufacture

2015 ◽  
Vol 1115 ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Masudur R. Abir ◽  
S.M. Kashif ◽  
Md. Abdur Razzak
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Gage Length ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Natural Fiber Composite ◽  
Sisal Fibers

To achieve sustainability in the composite industry, natural fibers must be able to replace synthetic fibers .In this work the tensile properties of sisal fibers were determined. The relationships between tensile strength, young modulus, failure to strain and gage length was studied. Also variation in tensile strength was quantified using statistical analysis. The relationship between Weibull statistics and gage length were also investigated. The strength of the sisal fiber obtained in this work was between 255-377 MPA and decreased with an increase in gage length. The Weibull modulus obtained was similar for all gage lengths and was around 2.5.

Performance evaluation of crumb rubber and paraffin modified stone mastic asphalt

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baha Vural Kök ◽  
Mehmet Yilmaz ◽  
Mustafa Akpolat
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Bituminous Mixtures ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Different Characteristics

Recently, crumb rubber (CR) obtained from waste tires and Fischer–Tropsch paraffin are mostly used in bitumen modification to improve the performance of bituminous mixtures. Each of these additives affects the different properties of mixtures. There are limited studies in the literature about the combined usage of additive in the same mixture to utilize the different characteristics. In this study, the stability, stiffness, fatigue resistance, permanent deformation resistance, and moisture susceptibility characteristics of the stone mastic asphalt prepared with the bitumen modified with CR and paraffin were examined and compared with the control mixture. It was determined that CR-modified mixtures showed significantly more elastic characteristics. The mixture in which the 10% CR and 3% paraffin were used together gave better results in terms of moisture susceptibility and fatigue resistance when compared with the control mixture. It was determined that the use of paraffin together with CR contributed to the improved performance, and was in accordance with the CR in terms of mechanical characteristics of stone mastic asphalt.

Thermal Properties and Mechanical Performance of Unsaturated Polyester/Phenolic Blends Reinforced by Kenaf Fiber

2015 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marliana Mohd Mahadar ◽  
Azman Hassan ◽  
Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus ◽  
H.P.S. Abdul Khalil ◽  
Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Kenaf Fiber ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this study, unsaturated polyester resin (UP) is blended with resole type phenolic resin (PF) to develop a material with good flame retardancy. The UP/PF resin blends are expected to show good compatibility when compounded with natural fibers which in this research is kenaf fiber. The thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The char yields of the UP/PF blends reinforced kenaf composite increased with PF content. The degradation temperature of the composite at 50% weight loss rose to 410.13°C as the PF content was increased to 40%. The result shows with additional of PF to UP resin enhance the thermal stability of the composite. Meanwhile the mechanical performance of UP/PF kenaf composite were evaluated and compared with neat UP and PF reinforced with kenaf fiber using tensile and impact testing. The mechanical properties of all resin blends at different mixing proportions slightly decrease by increasing the phenolic content but shown an improvement as compared to the PF kenaf fiber composite. The fracture surface morphology of the tensile testing samples of the composites was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

scholarly journals Properties of Kenaf Filled Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Firdaus Abdrahman ◽  
E.S. Zainudin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Stress Transfer ◽  
Phenyl Isocyanate ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Kenaf Fiber ◽  
Plastic Composite ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fiber ◽  
The People

Combination of lignocellulosic fiber with thermoplastic is leading to the new areas of research in plastic composite field. Due to the problem of petroleum shortages and encouragement for reducing the dependence on fossil fuel products, thus increased the people interest in maximizing the utilize of renewable materials like kenaf fiber. By adding optimum natural fiber to thermoplastics could provide some cost reduction to the world of plastic industry as well as to dominance the agro-based industry. With a view to identifying the effect of fiber content and effect of coupling agent in kenaf fiber reinforced unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (UPVC) composite on the mechanical properties, the fiber and matrix mixture were mixed with poly [methylene poly (phenyl isocyanate)] (PMPPIC) using thermal mixing process followed by compression molding technique for the composite preparation that required for tensile characteristic (ASTM D638). The fiber loading were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% in weight. Since the kenaf fiber and UPVC are chemically different, the compatibility and dispersability of kenaf fiber in UPVC can be improved by lowering the surface energy of the fiber to make it less polar, consequently more similar to the plastic matrix. Generally, PMPPIC act as a bonding agent that facilitates the optimum stress transfer at the interface between fiber and matrix which gives an optimal mechanical performance of kenaf fiber reinforced UPVC composites. Meanwhile, the addition of 30% fiber contents with PMPPIC was successful to enhance the tensile properties and the efficiency of PMPPIC was verified using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy.

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